Recovered soda residue as alkaline activator of furnace slag: geopolymer prepared from furnace slag incorporated with soda residue and its reuse in composite cement

Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy - The accumulation of soda residue (SR) poses a consequential threat to the environment because of the absence of effective methods for treating them on...     

高温固相法制备钒掺杂含钛高炉渣光催化抗菌材料

采用高温固相法,掺杂不同质量分数的V2O5,在800℃煅烧2h合成了钒掺杂的含钛高炉渣催化剂(vanadium oxide modified titanium bearing blast furnace slag,VTBBFS)。用X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜和紫外-可见漫反射光谱仪对钒掺杂的含钛高炉渣催化剂进行了表征,确定其具有钙钛矿结构;粉体的颗粒形态均为不规则块状,800℃煅烧后出现了团聚现象;在紫外区域具有强光吸收能力,并发生红移。以白色念珠菌为实验菌种考察钒掺杂的含钛高炉渣催化剂抗真菌能力。结果表明,V2O5掺杂量为10%时,催化剂具有较强的抗白色念珠菌能力,在普通光照下杀菌率可达到100%。     

海泡石/高炉干渣纤维的制备及性能研究

利用ACCⅡ高温坩埚电阻炉将高炉干渣与一定量的海泡石相混合,经高温熔化、拉丝等工艺进行制备海泡石/高炉干渣纤维,通过扫描电镜(SEM)对其结构、形貌和特性进行研究,并讨论海泡石含量对高炉干渣纤维性能的影响。结果表明,质量比为20%～30%的海泡石和高炉干渣混合在高温熔化下,可形成新网状结构的硅酸盐功能材料。并且海泡石能够改变高炉干渣纤维的结构、化学组成及性质,使高炉干渣纤维的化学耐久性、柔韧性和耐热强度等方面都有明显提高。     

Mix design of concrete for prestressed concrete sleepers using blast furnace slag and steel fibers

The application of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) and steel fibers in prestressed concrete railway sleepers was investigated in this study. The use of GGBFS was considered as an eco-friendly material aimed at reducing CO₂ emissions and energy consumption as well as to enhance the durability performance of railway sleepers. Steel fibers improves the durability and structural performance in terms of crack control and reduction of spalling and can replace shear reinforcement. The mix proportions of the concrete incorporating GGBFS (56% GGBFS) and GGBFS with steel fibers (56% GGBFS and 0.75% steel fibers) were determined through a series laboratory tests and a life cycle assessment. These mixes satisfied the requirements of the Korean Railway Standard and resulted in improved flexural capacity as well as less CO₂ emissions compared with current railway sleepers. Using these mixes, a total of ninety prestressed concrete sleepers were produced in a factory under the same manufacturing process as current railway sleepers, and their mechanical properties as well as durability performance were evaluated. The mix with partial replacement of Type III Portland cement by GGBFS showed an improved resistance to chloride ion penetration and freeze-thaw cycles compared with the concrete used for current railway sleepers. However, these mixes were more vulnerable to carbonation. The mix with GGBFS and steel fibers (mix BSF) showed a slightly better durability performance than the mix with GGBFS only (mix BS), including better carbonation and freeze-thaw resistances. The mix BSF showed decreased chloride ion penetration depth than mix BS but showed a slightly higher chloride ion diffusion coefficient.     

Influence of granulated blast furnace slag on the reaction,structure and properties of fly ash based geopolymer

Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS) has been used to alter the geopolymerisation behaviour of fly ash. The influence of varying amount of GBFS (5–50%) on the reaction kinetics has been studied using isothermal conduction calorimetry. It was observed that the reaction at 27 °C is dominated by the GBFS activation, whereas the reaction at 60 °C is due to combined interaction of fly ash and GBFS. The reaction product of geopolymerisation has been characterised using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy–X-ray microanalysis. Alumino–silicate–hydrate (A–S–H) and calcium–silicate–hydrate (C–S–H) gels with varying Si/Al and Ca/Si ratio are found to be the main reaction products. Coexistence of A–S–H and C–S–H gel further indicates the interaction of fly ash and GBFS during geopolymerisation. Attempt has been made to relate the microstructure with the properties of the geopolymers.     

碳酸化钢渣和矿渣作硅酸盐水泥混合材水化性能研究

通过对钢渣碳酸化前后的硅酸盐相提取及水化放热性能和将碳酸化钢渣和矿渣作为混合材的硅酸盐水泥的胶砂强度和水化产物种类的测定,以及对它们微观形貌的观察,研究了碳酸化钢渣对胶凝体系水化性能的影响.结果表明,碳酸化使钢渣中硅酸盐相的含量由47.06％下降至14.38％;碳酸化促进了钢渣的早期水化,抑制其后期水化;在配比相同的条件下,碳酸化钢渣-矿渣-硅酸盐熟料体系试样的3、28d抗压强度较未碳酸化钢渣-矿渣-硅酸盐熟料体系试样的高;碳酸化生成的CaCO3促进了熟料的水化;碳酸化钢渣促进了胶凝体系中AFt的生成,且生成水合碳铝酸钙.     

Utilisation of steel slag as an aggregate in concrete

This paper aims to investigate the possibility of utilizing steel slags produced in Croatian plants as a concrete aggregate. Aggregate properties were determined on coarse slag fractions (4–8, 8–16 mm) according to the relevant European Standards. Considering the obtained results, slags were specified in accordance with the classes as given in the main European standard for aggregates, whereupon these classes were compared to the Croatian regulation requirements. The obtained results proved that coarse slag fractions can be suitable for concrete application. Therefore, concrete mixtures were prepared with coarse slag fractions whose hardened state properties (compressive and flexural strength, static modulus of elasticity, volume changes and corrosion susceptibility) were then compared with the properties of reference concrete made of commonly used natural aggregate materials, namely dolomite. According to the obtained test results it can be concluded that the observed slags can be a good substitute for natural aggregate materials.     

The preparation of slag fiber and its application in heat resistant friction composites

In this study, a fiber-blowing process was utilized to prepare mineral fibers from water-quenched slags to raise the additional value of the recycled slag. Based on their excellent physical and thermal properties, slag fibers were added into a phenol–formaldehyde matrix followed by thermal curing to produce slag fiber-based composites. The friction and wear tests were applied to evaluate the tribological performance of the slag fiber-based composites. Although the optimum process parameters are still under investigation, however, it appeared that slag fiber prepared by this study shows its potential for use in frictional composites based on our results.     

A method for predicting the alkali concentrations in pore solution of hydrated slag cement paste

The alkalinity of the pore liquid in hardened cement paste or concrete is important for the long-term evaluation of alkali-silica reaction (ASR) expansion and corrosion prevention of steel bar in steel reinforced structures among others. It influences the reactivity of supplementary cementitious materials as well. This paper focuses on the alkali binding in hydrated slag cement paste and a method for predicting the alkali concentrations in the pore solution is developed. The hydration of slag cement is simulated with a computer-based model CEMHYD3D. The amount of alkalis released by the cement hydration, quantities of hydration products, and volume of the pore solution are calculated from the model outputs. A large set of experimental results reported in different literatures are used to derive the alkali-binding capacities of the hydration products and practical models are proposed based on the computation results. It was found that the hydrotalcite-like phase is a major binder of alkalis in hydrated slag cement paste, and the C?CS?CH has weaker alkali-binding capacity than the C?CS?CH in hydrated Portland cement paste. The method for predicting the alkali concentrations in the pore solution of hydrated slag cement paste is used to investigate the effects of different factors on the alkalinity of pore solution in hydrated slag cement paste.     

Synthesis of zeolite from steel slag and its application as a support of nano-sized TiO2 photocatalyst

Steel slag, commercial waste material containing silica and alumina which are the chemical components elements of zeolite, was used as a source for synthesis of FAU zeolite (Y-zeolite, X-zeolite). Through acid-treatment to remove CaO species from steel slag and hydrothermal treatment, well-crystallized Na type FAU zeolite was obtained. Furthermore the synthesized FAU zeolite was applied as a support of photocatalyst. It was found that hydrophobic surface property of zeolite enhances photocatalytic activity for decomposition of organic pollutants and the zeolite synthesized from steel slag would be applicable as promising support of TiO₂ photocatalyst.     

Cu@C composite nanotube array and its application as an enzyme-free glucose sensor

We report a novel hydrothermal method for the synthesis of a Cu@C nanotube array on a centimeter-scale substrate for the first time. In this hydrothermal reaction process, employing the carbon coated ZnO nanorod array as an inexpensive and partially sacrificial template, along with the ZnO dissolving in the alkaline atmosphere, the formed Cu particles deposit and grow on the carbon surface gradually. Importantly, the carbon shell of the template is not only essential to the preservation of the array configuration, but also makes a significant contribution to the final nanostructure. Such a method provides a morphology-reservation transformation when various shaped carbon-containing templates are adopted. Moreover, this designed Cu@C array has been demonstrated as an excellent electrode material for an enzyme-free glucose sensor in terms of sensitivity (1200 μA mM( - 1) cm( - 2)) and significantly lower applied potential (-0.2 V). Our results present the first preparation of the Cu@C composite nanotube array and may open up an opportunity for rational design of advanced electrode materials for enzyme-free glucose sensors.     

Fabrication of a composite powder and its application as an active brazing alloy

A copper-based active brazing alloy containing a high titanium content was produced by an electroless coating technique. Particles with a narrow density distribution were produced by deposition of nano-copper on a fine titanium powder. Both conventional titanium powder and sponge titanium were studied. The effects of pH and time on copper deposition were investiguated.Higher pH was found to increase the quantity of copper deposited. Using multiple depositions, a copper-titanium ratio of 75 wt% copper-25 wt% titanium could be achieved after several platings for pH varying between 12 and 12.8. The particle size distribution of the composite powder shows uniform growth of the copper shell and no agglomeration under pH 12. Major agglomeration of the final powder was observed for a bath pH of 12.8.Complete melting of the composite powder has been studied by DSC and the sessile drop technique. Melting began within the diffusion zone formed at the interface through the Cu₄Ti → Cu(s) + L peritectic reaction that occurs at 885^∘C. The melting process continued by successive peritectic reactions and dissolution of the remaining elements of the diffusion couple. The wetting behavior of this alloy was evaluated on different ceramic substrates (Al₂O₃, Si₃N₄) and found to be similar to literature observations.     

钢渣制备水滑石阻燃剂及其在EVA复合发泡材料中的应用

以钢渣为原料合成了磷酸根型水滑石(P-LDHs),并用十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)插层P-LDHs得到改性水滑石(SDS-P-LDHs).分别将P-LDHs,SDS-P-LDHs和膨胀石墨、EVA共混,发泡得到EVA复合发泡材料.利用XRD,XRF,FT-IR,SEM,TEM对P-LDHs和SDS-P-LDHs的形貌结构进行表征.结合极限氧指数(LOI),垂直燃烧(UL-94),SEM,TG,拉伸强度、断裂伸长率等测试,讨论了P-LDHs和SDS-P-LDHs用量对EVA复合发泡材料的阻燃性能和力学性能的影响.结果表明,P-LDHs和SDS-P-LDHs的加入显著提高了EVA复合发泡材料的阻燃性能,可起到良好的成炭作用.相比P-LDHs,SDS-P-LDHs与EVA基体相容性更好,当SDS-P-LDHs添加量为30％(质量分数)时,LOI达到27.5％,UL-94达到V-0级别,拉伸强度和断裂伸长率分别为2.27 MPa和251％,体系综合性能达到最佳.     

聚乙烯醇/季铵盐壳聚糖复合水凝胶的制备及其烫伤敷料的应用

采用聚乙烯醇为基础材料,以季铵盐壳聚糖为抗菌剂,丙三醇为辅料,采用溶液共混法制备聚乙烯醇/季铵盐壳聚糖复合水凝胶作为皮肤烫伤敷料,通过流变实验、抗菌实验、细胞实验以及动物活体实验考察复合水凝胶的综合性能。结果表明,制备的复合水凝胶具有适宜的粘度(22~35Pa·s),涂覆于皮肤表面呈现较好的粘附性能;对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌均有良好的抑菌作用,同时具有优良的细胞相容性;复合水凝胶敷料对皮肤刺激极小,昆明鼠深Ⅱ度烫伤修复实验表明,凝胶敷料可有效加快创面愈合速度以及瘢痕的形成,创面愈合从一般的数周缩减至3周左右,大大缩短创面修复时间,且愈后瘢痕组织小。     

活化剂对焦煤基多孔碳制备的影响及其在锂硫电池中的应用

煤炭作为一种来源广泛的非金属矿物,是制备大量多孔碳的理想原料。本文以1/3焦煤为原料,NaOH和KOH为活化剂,制备了多孔碳,并研究了硫/多孔碳复合正极材料的电化学性能。结果表明:采用NaOH和KOH单独活化时制备的多孔碳比表面积很大,分别为1 649 m2/g和1 867 m2/g,而采用NaOH和KOH混合活化制备的多孔碳比表面积大幅度下降,当NaOH与KOH质量比为1:1活化时多孔碳的比表面积最小,为290 m2/g。电化学测试表明,NaOH与KOH质量比为1:1混合活化的硫/多孔碳正极材料的电性能优于NaOH和KOH单独活化的硫/多孔碳正极材料,0.2 C下首次放电比容量为790 mA·h/g,库仑效率为93.16%,100次循环后放电比容量为740 mA·h/g。还分析讨论了煤基多孔碳孔径分布对电化学性能的影响。