SiCp/Al复合材料超塑性变形的断口特征

对SiCp/2024Al复合材料在不同温度下超塑性变形后的断口形貌进行了分析，结果表明，变形温度愈高，晶界结合强度愈低，沿晶断裂愈明显，晶界滑动愈易实现；超塑性变形需要强度适中的晶界结合；典型超塑变形条件下的断口呈晶界圆滑型沿晶断裂。     

喷油嘴开裂分析

对喷油嘴开裂原因进行了断口分析、金相检验和硬度测定。结果表明，喷油嘴的断裂主要是沿晶断裂，引起沿晶断裂的原因主要是渗碳层厚度控制不当和晶界析出了韧性较差的呈网状分布的非马氏体组织。     

生物陶瓷增韧前后的比较研究

通过扫描电子显微镜对氧化锆增韧的羟基磷灰石和纯羟基磷灰石的裂纹扩展和断口形貌特征的观察，发现增韧的羟基磷灰石是以沿晶方式断裂，而纯羟基磷灰石是以解理方式断裂。本文分析了造成增韧前后两种材料不同断裂方式的机制，并讨论了颗粒增韧生物陶瓷的机理。     

轴坯校直断裂分析

材料为3Cr13钢的轴坯在进行机械校直时，有30%的轴坯发生了横向断裂。经分析，轴坯的化学成分符合技术条件要求。经宏、微观检验，发现轴坯的外表面有数条裂纹；其显微组织为位向明显的回火索氏体，裂纹表面有轻微的氧化脱碳；轴坯断口为萘状断口，其微观断裂途径为沿晶断裂。通过对断裂轴坯表面裂纹的分析，认为轴坯表面裂纹分为两类：一类裂纹是由于轴坯原材料表面有较深的纵向划伤缺陷，热处理时沿缺陷处进一步扩展形成的；另一类裂纹是轴坯在淬火加热过程中由于温度偏高而形成的过热裂纹。因此，淬火加热时的过热导致轴坯在淬火冷却时形成表面裂纹，这样在轴坯机械校直时表面裂纹又诱发轴坯发生断裂。     

物理金相三级人员试题参考答案

二　问答题2 6.当疲劳裂纹扩展速率很低时 ,即ｄａｄＮ小于每周 10 - 5～ 10 - 4ｍｍ时 ,断口微观上常呈无特征的光面 ,或近似于静力断裂的特征。2 7.在蠕变过程中沿晶开裂有楔型 (Ｗ )和椭圆型 (Ｏ)断裂。通常 ,较低的试验温度和较高的应力以及较高的蠕变速率有利于楔型裂纹的形成 ;但当较高的温度和较低应力及应变时 ,晶界空穴将占优势 ,这时就形成椭圆形裂纹。2 8.这两种断裂都是由于环境介质侵蚀而引起的沿晶断裂。应力腐蚀的断口可呈脆性断口也可呈塑性断口。断裂方式有沿晶断裂和穿晶断裂两种 ,碳钢及低合金钢多半是沿晶断裂 ,而奥氏…     

低温和高载荷速率对某船用结构钢断口形貌的影响--对动载荷促进材料脆性断裂本质的探讨

研究了低温和高载荷速率条件下结构钢断口形貌变化规律,讨论了沿晶断裂的本质.研究指出降低温度和提高载荷速率都使沿晶断裂倾向增加,结构钢沿晶断裂倾向决定于晶界协调相邻晶粒塑性变形的能力.     

Mo2C含量对Ti(C,N)基陶瓷力学性能和显微结构的影响

采用热压烧结工艺制备了添加微量Cr3C2的Ti(C0.5N0.5)-(Ni-Co)-Mo2C-Cr3C2系Ti(C,N）基金属陶瓷。分析三种不同Mo2C含量材料的力学性能、断口形貌和磨削表面压痕裂纹扩展情况，研究表明：材料的断裂均以沿晶断裂为主；材料的抗弯强度与Rim相有关，8wt%Mo2C含量的金属陶瓷Rim相厚度适中，抗弯强度高；0.6wt%Mo2C含量的金属陶瓷的扩展裂纹短，裂纹扩展发生偏转，断裂韧性高。     

0Cr17Ni4Cu4Nb钢制螺钉断裂原因分析

某故障螺钉所用材料为0Cr17Ni4Cu4Nb沉淀硬化型不锈钢。通过断口宏微观观察、金相检验、硬度检测和能谱分析等实验,确定螺钉的断裂性质及断裂原因。结果表明:螺钉的失效性质为疲劳断裂;故障螺钉与疲劳实验螺钉疲劳源区附近均为准解理与沿晶特征,故障螺钉的沿晶特征较明显,应与该材料特性有关,尤其是螺纹根部在预紧力、拉应力、弯曲应力等复杂的综合应力状态下,螺钉产生沿晶特征。     

形变热处理LC4高强铝合金的拉伸行为

本文详细考察了国产LC4合金在形变热处理各工艺阶段的组织及性能变化,用扫描电镜研究了材料的断口特征,并用断口斜剖法观察了断裂形式和金相组织的对应关系。结果表明,形变热处理可以显著提高LC4合金的强度,并降低该合金的沿晶断裂倾向。这种有利作用与该处理引起的材料晶界及晶内组织结构的改善有关。     

20CrMo连杆断裂失效分析

采用光学金相和电子探针分析仪等分析手段，对20CrMo嘉陵摩托车连杆的断裂进行了分析。结果表明：连杆在热处理过程中在其表面层形成了粗大的马氏体针状组织是造成断裂的主要原因，并在其显微断口上形成沿晶断口。     

汽车发动机曲轴断裂失效分析

采用断口分析、显微组织检验、低倍组织检验、能谱分析和化学成份分析等方法对某汽车发动机曲轴断裂进行了失效分析,判断断裂失效的主要原因是非金属夹杂和次表面的原始微裂纹,建议改进热处理工艺,保证组织的均匀性,选用非金属夹杂物含量小的钢材。     

45钢汽车稳定杆断裂失效分析

采用断口分析、显微组织检验、低倍组织检验和化学成份分析等方法,对45钢汽车稳定杆进行了失效分析。断裂失效的主要原因是由于材料的成分偏析、热处理工艺不当和表面缺陷造成的。建议改进热处理工艺,保证组织的均匀性;选用成分均匀的钢材。     

Experimental and computational failure analysis of TR upset-bending equipment for heavy crankshaft with continuous grain flow

The objective is to analyze the fracture of TR upset-bending equipment for the heavy crankshaft with continuous grain flow, in which the die base was broken in the first service when the crankshaft’s formation was changed as the closed-die forging. The chemical composition, mechanical properties and the hardness of the die base’s material were examined in comparison with the design requirement. The metallurgical properties inspection and SEM observation were conducted to seek the failure reason of the die base. At the same time, the computational failure analysis was also carried out. The heavy crankshaft forging process was simulated by software DEFORM-3D, through which the forming load was obtained. The forging simulation result was introduced to software I-dears as the boundary condition of the structural strength analysis for upset-bending equipment. The field of stress and deformation in the die base was calculated and the maximum load capacity was estimated. Structural optimization was performed in the high risk region of the die base, by which the stress magnitude was decreased and the load capacity was improved. This research achievement will be helpful to the design of heavy crankshaft’s forging process and die structure optimization.     

Failure analysis of a crankshaft made from ductile cast iron

This paper describes the failure analysis of a diesel engine crankshaft used in a truck, which is made from ductile cast iron. The crankshaft was found to break into two pieces at the crankpin portion before completion of warranty period. The crankshaft was induction hardened. An evaluation of the failed crankshaft was undertaken to assess its integrity that included a visual examination, photo documentation, chemical analysis, micro-hardness measurement, tensile testing, and metallographic examination. The failure zones were examined with the help of a scanning electron microscope equipped with EDX facility. Results indicate that fatigue is the dominant mechanism of failure of the crankshaft. It was observed that the fatigue cracks initiated from the fillet region of the crankpin-web. The absence of the hardened case in the fillet region and the presence of free graphite and nonspheroidal graphite in the microstructure of the crankshaft made fatigue strength decrease to lead to fatigue initiation and propagation in the weaker region and premature fracture.     

Failure Analysis of a Vehicle Engine Crankshaft

An investigation of a damaged crankshaft from a horizontal, six-cylinder, in-line diesel engine of a public bus was conducted after several failure cases were reported by the bus company. All crankshafts were made from forged and nitrided steel. Each crankshaft was sent for grinding, after a life of approximately 300,000 km of service, as requested by the engine manufacturer. After grinding and assembling in the engine, some crankshafts lasted barely 15,000 km before serious fractures took place. Few other crankshafts demonstrated higher lives. Several vital components were damaged as a result of crankshaft failures. It was then decided to send the crankshafts for laboratory investigation to determine the cause of failure. The depth of the nitrided layer near fracture locations in the crankshaft, particularly at the fillet region where cracks were initiated, was determined by scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with electron-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX). Microhardness gradient through the nitrided layer close to fracture, surface hardness, and macrohardness at the journals were all measured. Fractographic analysis indicated that fatigue was the dominant mechanism of failure of the crankshaft. The partial absence of the nitrided layer in the fillet region, due to over-grinding, caused a decrease in the fatigue strength which, in turn, led to crack initiation and propagation, and eventually premature fracture. Signs of crankshaft misalignment during installation were also suspected as a possible cause of failure. In order to prevent fillet fatigue failure, final grinding should be done carefully and the grinding amount must be controlled to avoid substantial removal of the nitrided layer. Crankshaft alignment during assembly and proper bearing selection should be done carefully.     

QT700-2球墨铸铁发动机曲轴失效分析

目的某厂生产的QT700-2球墨铸铁曲轴在路试过程中出现断裂,需寻找失效原因并提出解决措施。方法通过应用金相组织分析、化学成分分析、表面残余应力测试和力学性能测试等方法,对该曲轴的失效原因进行了分析。结果测试后分析结果表明,曲轴是在较大扭转循环载荷下,在第四连杆颈滚压圆角边缘多点萌生裂纹而导致疲劳断裂是其失效的主要原因。结论建议改进热处理工艺,保证组织的均匀性;改进加工工艺,减少应力集中;并强化表面残余应力以提高曲轴的疲劳寿命。     

42CrMoA钢锻件内部裂纹失效分析

采用化学成分分析、低倍检验、金相检验、能谱分析以及显微硬度测试等方法对某42CrMoA钢锻件内部裂纹产生的原因进行了分析。结果表明:42CrMoA钢锻件的内部裂纹属氢致白点裂纹;由于该锻件锻造后去氢处理不及时,加上锻造不良产生的枝晶组织促进了氢分子在锻件内部的扩散,导致了微裂纹的萌生和扩展。建议42CrMoA钢锻件在锻造后及时进行去氢热处理,锻造时适当增加锻造比,改善材料的组织。     

高强度渗碳钢制构件的断裂分析

利用化学分析、金相检验、扫描电镜以及电子探针微区分析等方法对高强度20CrNiMo渗碳钢制矿岩牙轮钻头和汽车发动机活塞销的断裂原因进行了分析。结果表明，两构件的断裂是由于锻轧温度过高，引起硫化物在晶界上的再析出所造成的。指出了要重视这类渗碳钢的缺口敏感性及对钢中非金属夹杂物的检验方法。     

Crankshaft failure and why it may happen again

This case study involves two continuously cast steel crankshaft failures. Three parties performed their own failure analyses: (1) the engine manufacturer responsible for component design, specification, and application; (2) the steel supplier and forging supplier responsible for making the steel, forging the shape, and preliminary heat treatment; and (3) a supplier that provided induction hardening, finish machining, and inspection. An independent fourth party engineering firm was subsequently involved, but because each party had their own agenda, there was no agreement on the metallurgical failure cause and therefore no continued analysis to pin-down and eliminate the root cause. A classic case showing how we may be doomed to repeat our failures because sound engineering was not allowed to proceed.     

非调质钢曲轴感应淬火裂纹失效分析

目的分析非调质钢曲轴感应淬火时出现裂纹的原因。方法首先统计了裂纹的分布规律,并确定了裂纹源位置,之后通过金相检验、低倍检验,从锻打工艺、材料偏析等角度对裂纹进行了原因分析。结果产生在分模面位置的裂纹,是因产品结构造成该区域材料在锻打过程中发生流速不均,当材料的框型偏析位置在锻造挤压下流动到此处时,偏析的材料产生了微细空洞,该微细空洞在后续感应淬火时成为裂纹源而引起开裂。结论该裂纹的产生与材料框型偏析有直接关系。研究对控制非调质钢曲轴生产中的裂纹缺陷,提高曲轴生产质量,具有重要应用价值。