裂解性福氏志贺氏菌噬菌体SF-A2 的生物学特性及其在巴氏杀菌牛奶中的灭菌效果

分离裂解性福氏志贺氏菌(Shigella flexneri)噬菌体,鉴定其生物学特性,研究其在巴氏杀菌牛奶的灭菌效果。以福氏志贺氏菌为宿主菌,从污水中分离获得特异性针对福氏志贺氏菌的具有高裂解活性的噬菌体,命名为SF-A2。运用PEG/NaCl 法纯化SF-A2,经负染后电镜观察,该噬菌体为肌尾科噬菌体。生物学特性分析表明：该噬菌体特异性针对福氏志贺氏菌,且对温度及pH 值具有良好的耐受能力。将SF-A2 以高感染复数(103)用于即食性食品(牛奶)中的福氏志贺氏菌的生物防控实验。结果表明：SF-A2 能够有效灭菌,在加入48h 后,福氏志贺氏菌降低了3lg(CFU/mL);作用至72h,能够完全将福氏志贺氏菌灭活。从而表明,裂解性福氏志贺氏菌噬菌体SF-A2具有良好的杀菌能力,能够在食品中防控福氏志贺氏菌的污染,也为防治由福氏志贺氏菌引起的腹泻性疾病提供生物源性治疗源。     

食源性大肠杆菌噬菌体的分离及其特性分析

目的从污水样品中分离致病性大肠杆菌的烈性噬菌体,分析其生物学特性,为食品中致病性大肠杆菌的控制提供参考。方法以标准菌株Escherichia coli EPEC(CICC10664)为宿主菌,采用双层平板法,从扬州市各地污水中分离纯化噬菌体,通过透射电镜观察其形态、测定最佳感染复数、一步生长曲线、裂解镨及其对宿主菌生物被膜的影响。结果分离到一株肠致病性大肠杆菌烈性噬菌体,命名为Ec.P01,电镜观察其为肌尾噬菌体,直径约为80 nm,最佳感染复数为0.01,一步生长曲线显示其噬菌体Ec.P 01的平均裂解量为48 PFU/m L,潜伏期约为10 min,裂解期约为90 min,热稳定性较好,对宿主菌生物被膜的形成有明显的抑制作用。结论本研究分离到一株肠致病性大肠杆菌烈性噬菌体,为治疗大肠杆菌感染疾病和治理食品及其环境污染提供新的思路与方法。     

沙门氏菌裂解性噬菌体的分离鉴定及其生物学特性

从家禽屠宰场污水中,以肠炎沙门氏菌ATCC13076和禽沙门氏菌CVCC2184为宿主菌,分离到两株裂解性沙门氏菌噬菌体,分别命名为vB_SenM-PA13076（简称PA13076）和vB_SenM-PC2184（简称PC2184）。同时对这两株噬菌体进行了噬菌斑、噬菌谱系（含耐药菌）、形态学（透射电镜）、遗传物质、酸碱及热稳定性、最佳感染复数、一步生长曲线等生物学特性研究。结果表明：两株噬菌体的裂解空斑均透亮清晰;除对本身宿主菌产生强裂解作用,还裂解其他沙门氏菌,为宽噬菌谱,其中PA13076能强裂解一株耐氨苄青霉素ATCC13076转化菌株（A+13076）,PC2184则能裂解另一株耐氨苄青霉素CVCC2184转化菌株（A+2184）;电镜观察这两株噬菌体均为肌尾病毒科;遗传物质为dsDNA;pH值和温度耐受能力较好;PA13076、PC2184最佳感染复数分别为0.01、10,潜伏期分别为20、30 min,爆发期分别为70、60 min,平均爆发量分别为21、23。     

一株沙门氏菌噬菌体SalmpYZU27的生理学特性及其在牛奶和鸡肉中的抑菌作用研究

目的 分离鉴定沙门氏菌裂解性噬菌体,并研究其生理学特性及抑菌能力。方法 以沙门氏菌SalmonellaagonaCICC21586为宿主菌,采用点斑法从农贸市场污水中分离沙门氏菌噬菌体,研究其生理学特性,并测定其在牛奶和鸡肉中的抑菌效果。结果 分离到一株沙门氏菌裂解性噬菌体Salmp YZU27,其具有宽裂解谱,可裂解鼠伤寒沙门氏菌CICC 21483、丙型副伤寒沙门氏菌CICC 21512和肠沙门氏菌2011K-1440染色体血清型N16等12株不同血清型沙门氏菌;最佳感染复数为0.001; pH在4～11时保持高活性;潜伏期为20 min,爆发期为100 min,爆发量为89 PFU/cell;在40～70℃可保持较高活性;噬菌体全基因组测序未检出致病因子和抗性基因;不同感染复数下在LB肉汤中均可抑制宿主菌至少8h,且在牛奶和鸡肉片中对宿主菌均有一定的抑制效果。结论 本研究分离鉴定的沙门氏菌噬菌体SalmpYZU27裂解谱广,酸碱耐受性较好,耐热能力强,爆发量适中,为后续噬菌体抑菌剂的研制提供理论基础。     

霍乱弧菌噬菌体在消除海产品中相关弧菌的潜在应用研究

噬菌体具有裂解病菌的作用,可用作生物净化因子.本实验以霍乱弧菌为宿主菌,采用双层平板法从鲍鱼养殖环境中分离到5株霍乱弧茵噬菌体.以23株弧菌为宿主菌,本文研究了霍乱弧菌噬菌体对海产品中常见弧茵的裂解消除能力,同时针对宽裂解谱噬菌体进行包括热失活、pH稳定性、紫外照射、不同镁离子浓度、不同柠檬酸钠浓度等理化因素对其裂解能力的影响,以探索其裂解消除弧茵的最优条件.实验结果表明噬菌体在消除霍乱弧菌方面有潜在的应用价值,紫外照射、柠檬酸钠对噬菌体裂解有不同程度的抑制作用,温度和pH值对噬茵体裂解也有不同程度的影响,而适度的镁离子则有促进作用.     

金黄色葡萄球菌噬菌体的分离筛选

以金黄色葡萄球菌为宿主菌,采用富集法从污水、粪便样品中分离筛选噬菌体,纯化后观察噬菌斑特征,电镜形态,并测定其效价、RTD(RoutineTest Dilution,常规实验稀释度)值,初步分析该噬菌体的宿主谱.结果获得一株对金黄色葡萄球菌敏感的噬菌体,该噬菌体在宿主菌平板上能形成直径1～2mm、边界清晰、圆形透明的噬菌斑,效价是3.2×1010PFU/mL,RTD值为10-3,电镜观察显示此噬菌体由直径约为30nm的多面体头部和约50nm的尾部组成,可以裂解宿主菌及其它2株金黄色葡萄球菌,不能裂解大肠杆菌,鼠伤寒沙门氏菌及痢疾志贺氏菌.本文为深入研究金黄色葡萄球菌噬菌体的生物学特性及其功能提供了依据,为进一步利用噬菌体检测食源性金黄色葡萄球菌、防治由金黄色葡萄球菌引起的疾病提供了理论基础.     

携带质粒李斯特菌耐药及重金属抵制特性研究

鉴定单核细胞增生性李斯特菌(Lm)携带质粒特性,分析携带质粒Lm对抗生素、重金属镉及苯扎氯铵的敏感性。结果表明,11株Lm携带内源性质粒;所有Lm菌株对阿莫西林、红霉素和利福平均敏感(22/22),对头孢拉定100%耐药(22/22);其中5株对盐酸万古霉中度耐受,部分菌株对盐酸环丙沙星(17/22)、硫酸新霉素(16/22)及盐酸四环素素(9/22)具有一定耐受性。耐镉分析表明,菌株对重金属镉呈现抵制特性(14/22),且均为携带质粒菌株;而在苯扎氯铵敏感性检测中,仅3株携带质粒Lm菌株对苯扎氯铵具有抵制性。对Lm菌株进行噬菌体杀菌检测,结果均能够被噬菌体识别并裂解。综上所述,Lm分离株耐药性增强,且对苯扎氯铵和镉有抵制特性,而噬菌体能够杀灭抵制菌株,为控制耐药及抵制性菌株污染提供了新途径。     

1 株金黄色葡萄球菌烈性噬菌体的生物学特性及其裂解效果

以耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus，MRSA）为宿主菌从奶牛养殖场污水中分离到1 株烈性噬菌体P65。透射电镜表明，噬菌体P65头部呈多面体结构，属于有尾噬菌体目长尾噬菌体科。噬菌体P65最佳感染复数为0.01，一步生长曲线显示，噬菌体P65潜伏期为10 min，裂解周期为90 min，裂解量为35.46 PFU/cell。在pH 4～10和温度30～45 ℃条件下具有稳定的裂解活性。紫外线照射70 min后，噬菌体P65效价由1.91×108 PFU/mL降至2.65×104 PFU/mL。经噬菌体处理48 h后，菌株MRSA 2和MRSA 24的生物被膜清除率分别为91.3%和92.2%。在25 ℃条件下，噬菌体P65在牛奶和牛肉细菌污染模型中有一定的抑菌效果。本研究表明噬菌体P65具有较宽的宿主谱和稳定的裂解杀菌能力，在清除生物被膜和食品抗菌方面有一定的运用潜能。     

噬菌体防控食源性致病菌的研究进展

噬菌体因其高效特异识别并裂解宿主菌的特性被认为是最具潜力的抗生素替代品之一。越来越多的学者将其应用于临床、兽医和食品领域中致病菌的防控。该文就噬菌体的基本特性、抑菌机理、安全性以及在对各种食品中食源性致病菌控制的研究进展以及应用前景进行综述。     

副溶血性弧菌广谱裂解性噬菌体的筛选及其在海产品安全控制中的应用

以致病性副溶血性弧菌（Vibrio parahaemolyticus,Vp）菌株作为宿主,从污水样品中分离裂解性噬菌体,并对其生物学特性及其在模拟污染黄鱼中Vp的抑菌作用进行研究。结果获得5 株广谱裂解性噬菌体,形态鉴定属于肌尾噬菌体科（Myoviridae）、长尾噬菌体科（Siphoviridae）和盖噬菌体科（Corticoviridae）,裂解谱结果显示单噬菌体分别可以对5～24 株不同来源的Vp菌株产生裂解效应,由5 株噬菌体构成的混合物VppMIX能裂解所有Vp菌株（42 株）。噬菌体分离株在60 ℃和pH 4～10条件下具有良好的裂解活性。单噬菌体不敏感突变频率（bacteriophage insensitive mutant frequency,BIMF）在10－3～10－5范围内,但VppMIX能够显著降低的BIMF值达到10－6。应用Vp模拟污染黄鱼片作为模型研究VppMIX的抑菌效果,结果显示在25 ℃恒温保藏12 h后,不同剂量VppMIX处理的黄鱼样品中Vp载量比对照组（未处理）降低了1.41～4.98（lg（CFU/g））（P＜0.01）。本研究为海产品中致病性Vp的控制提供了新型生物抑菌剂。     

即食食品中单核细胞增生李斯特菌的血清学分型和毒力基因分析

目的掌握即食食品中单核细胞增生李斯特菌(简称单增李斯特菌)的血清型、谱系和感染相关基因的分布。方法以全国食源性致病菌监测网中2007—2009年自即食食品分离的226株单增李斯特菌为研究对象,采用传统的血清学分型技术和等位基因特异性寡核苷酸PCR方法(ASO-PCR)研究其血清学分型,并采用PCR方法检测其与感染相关的基因。结果 226株单增李斯特菌血清学分型结果显示,1/2a、1/2b、1/2c、4b为主要血清型,比例分别为41.59%(94/226)、40.71%(92/226)、10.62%(24/226)和5.31%(12/226)。引起人类疾病的常见血清型1/2a、1/2b和4b菌株占87.61%(198/226)。谱系Ⅰ菌株为105株,谱系Ⅱ菌株为120株,谱系Ⅲ菌株为1株;我国绝大部分即食食品中单增李斯特菌分离株的感染相关基因缺失率较低,只有个别菌株缺失感染相关基因。结论本研究通过对分离自即食食品中的单增李斯特菌进行血清学分型、谱系分析和感染相关基因的检测,提示我国需要加强食品场所卫生管理,降低单增李斯特菌对即食食品的感染风险。     

Characterization of a lytic Lactobacillus plantarum bacteriophage and molecular cloning of a lysin gene in Escherichia coli

Bacteriophage SC921, which can infect Lactobacillus plantarum specifically, was isolated from a fermented vegetable source, Kimchi. This phage is active against six of 11 strains of L. plantarum tested as hosts. Morphologically, it has an isometric head (60 nm in diameter) and a non-contractile tail (260 nm long and 9-11 nm wide), indicating that it belongs to Bradley's group B or the Siphoviridae family according to the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). The bouyant density was 1.58 g/cm3. SDS-PAGE experimentation indicated that the phage particle contains two major structural proteins and several minor proteins. The genome was a double stranded linear DNA molecule with cohesive ends and 66.5 kb long by mapping genomic DNA digested with the restriction endonucleases: KpnI, SmaI, and XbaI. The [G + C] content of the phage DNA is 39.4%. For this lysin gene study, 9.4 kb of KpnI-digested DNA fragment was cloned into pUC19 and expressed in Escherichia coli. The KpnI fragment was considered as the genetic element responsible for the lysis gene of L. plantarum bacteriophage. The cloned fragment in pUC19 was hybridized to a 9.4-kb fragment generated by KpnI digestion of SC 921 as a probe. This confirmed that the fragment in pUC19 originated from phage DNA. The lysin gene was near the middle of the phage genome.     

2003-2004年中国食品中单核细胞增生李斯特菌耐药监测

为了解我国食品中单核细胞增生李斯特菌（Listeria monocytogenes，Lm）药物敏感性的状况，为我国食源性单核细胞增生李斯特菌耐药性监测提供基线资料。对2003及2004年全国食品污染物监测网11省（市）分离的142株Lm，采用E-test法对13种抗生素进行药物敏感性试验。142株Lm的平均耐药率为14、1％，主要耐受四环素、强力霉素、红霉素和链霉素。其中，对四环素耐受最严重，耐药率达13．4％。7类食品中自生鸡肉中分离的菌株耐药率最高，达28．3％。11省市中，来自河南、北京和吉林的菌株耐药率居前三位，分别为37．5％，26．3％，25、0％。监测结果表明我国食品中的Lm存在耐药株，分离自不同食品、不同省份的Lm耐药性存在差异。     

实时荧光PCR定量检测食品中单增李斯特菌

目的建立快速、敏感、特异的食品中单增李斯特菌检测方法。方法针对单增李斯特菌溶素A基因（hlyA）设计一对引物和一条探针，并用该引物和探针运用实时荧光PCR技术对单增李斯特菌的DNA、细胞、质粒和样品进行实时荧光PCR定量检测。结果利用实时荧光PCR技术，建立了DNA校正曲线、细胞校正曲线和质粒校正曲线。DNA校正曲线在1～32CFU/ml、细胞校正曲线在32—320CFU／ml、质粒校正曲线在1—37Copies／ml，线形关系良好，且三种校正曲线检测样品得出的结果基本吻合。结论本试验建立起来的实时荧光PCR定量检测单增李斯特菌的方法灵敏度高、特异性好、准确，可应用于食品中单增李斯特菌的检测。     

Daily variability of Listeria contamination patterns in a cold-smoked salmon processing operation

An understanding of Listeria transmission and contamination patterns in processing environments of ready-to-eat foods is critical for improving control of Listeria monocytogenes. A cold-smoked fish processing operation was the site used to study variability in Listeria contamination in a processing environment associated with a ready-to-eat food product throughout one production week (five consecutive days). Intensive testing was conducted on finished products and environmental samples collected at the beginning, middle, and end of each working day. A total of 20 finished products and 22 to 36 environmental samples were collected at each sampling time, and an additional 12 environmental samples were collected on days 4 and 5. Overall, a total of 782 samples, 300 finished products and 482 environmental samples, were tested. All samples were collected from processing steps after smoking, including skinning, trimming, slicing, staging, and packing. A total of 28 finished and 57 environmental samples (9.3 and 11.8%, respectively) were positive for Listeria spp. (including 1 and 5 samples positive for L. monocytogenes, respectively). DNA sequencing of the sigB gene allowed differentiation of eight Listeria subtypes. Listeria prevalence varied significantly between days, and a high prevalence in both environmental samples and finished products on day 3 was likely associated with a point source contamination event by a single Listeria welshimeri subtype. There were no consistent differences in Listeria prevalence among samples collected from the beginning, middle, and end of the production day, but subtype data often revealed unique contamination patterns for samples collected at different times of a given day. Listeria contamination patterns and prevalences were highly variable between days and within a given day. These findings indicate that chance events play an important role in the contamination of finished products, thus complicating efforts to define Listeria transmission patterns in processing environments associated with ready-to-eat foods.     

Isolation and lytic activity of the Listeria bacteriophage endolysin LysZ5 against Listeria monocytogenes in soya milk

The endolysin gene (lysZ5) from the genome of the Listeria monocytogenes phage FWLLm3 was cloned in Escherichia coli and characterized. Comparative sequence analysis revealed that lysZ5 resembled the murein hydrolase ply511 encoded by L. monocytogenes phage A511. The encoded protein LysZ5 had a predicted molecular mass of 35.8 kDa and was expressed in E. coli as an N-terminal fusion protein of 41.5 kDa. Addition of purified fusion protein to lawns of indicator bacteria showed that LysZ5 could lyse L. monocytogenes, Listeria innocua and Listeria welshimeri, but not Staphylococcus aureus or Enterococcus faecalis. The purified protein was able to kill L. monocytogenes growing in soya milk, with the pathogen concentration reduced by more than 4 log₁₀ CFU ml⁻¹ after 3 h incubation at 4 °C. As far as we know, this is the first report of a Listeria phage endolysin to control pathogens in soya milk and to demonstrate endolysin activity in foods at refrigeration temperatures. Moreover, LysZ5 may also be useful for biocontrol in other ready-to-eat foods.     

Molecular genetics of bacteriophage and natural phage defence systems in the genus Lactococcus

Bacteriophage infection of starter cultures used in a range of milk fermentation processes, particularly those involving Lactococcus lactis, poses a significant problem in industrial practice. The application of genetic and molecular technologies to the study of lactococcal bacteriophages has proven to be very rewarding in terms of understanding the nature of phage with respect to their physical and genetic organisation. The availability of the full genomic sequence of a number of phages provides an unambiguous basis for determining the relationship between them, for elucidating their evolutionary progression and will also yield strategies for obstructing successful phage proliferation on previously sensitive hosts. The genetic analysis of phage/host interactions has also highlighted the presence of natural defence systems (e.g. adsorption blocking, inhibition of phage DNA entry, restriction modification and abortive infection) in lactococci. A number of restriction modification systems and abortive infection mechanisms have been characterized at a molecular level and the genes involved have been cloned and sequenced. Plasmid-encoded phage resistance mechanisms can be exploited to generate strains which can successfully counter phage proliferation and will provide a basis for understanding the complex interactions between phages and their target hosts at a molecular level.     

Effect of gamma irradiation on Listeria monocytogenes in frozen,artificially contaminated sandwiches

Gamma irradiation has been shown to effectively control L monocytogenes in uncooked meats but has not been extensively studied in ready-to-eat foods. The presence of Listeria in ready-to-eat foods is often due to postprocess contamination by organisms in the food-manufacturing environment. Because gamma irradiation is applied after products are packaged, the treated foods are protected from environmental recontamination. Currently, a petition to allow gamma irradiation of ready-to-eat foods is under review by the Food and Drug Administration. This study was conducted to determine if gamma irradiation could be used to control L. monocytogenes in ready-to-eat sandwiches. Ham and cheese sandwiches were contaminated with L. monocytogenes, frozen at -40 degrees C, and exposed to gamma irradiation. Following irradiation, sandwiches were assayed for L. monocytogenes. A triangle test was performed to determine if irradiated and nonirradiated sandwiches differed in sensory quality. We found that the D10-values ranged from 0.71 to 0.81 kGy and that a 5-log reduction would require irradiation with 3.5 to 4.0 kGy. The results of a 39-day storage study of sandwiches inoculated with 10(7) CFU of L monocytogenes per g indicated that counts for nonirradiated sandwiches remained fairly constant. Counts for sandwiches treated with 3.9 kGy decreased by 5 log units initially and then decreased further during storage at 4 degrees C. Sensory panelists could distinguish between irradiated and nonirradiated sandwiches but were divided on whether irradiation adversely affected sandwich quality. Our results suggest that manufacturers of ready-to-eat foods could use gamma irradiation to control L. monocytogenes and improve the safety of their products.     

新疆食源性单增李斯特菌监测及血清型分析

目的 了解新疆食品中单增李斯特菌的污染状况,为食源性疾病的监测提供科学依据。方法 按照GB 4789.30和^,监测分析了2013-2019年的3329份样品。结果 共检出59份单增李斯特菌阳性样品,检出率为1.78%;共分离得到63株单增李斯特菌,分为4个血清型(1/2a、1/2b、1/2c和4b),优势血清型为1/2a,占57.14%(36株)。食品中存在不同血清型混合污染,尤其在即食食品中监测到4b型。结论 ^{新疆食品中存在单增李斯特菌的污染,卫生监督部门尤其要加强肉制品和即食食品的监管力度。}