金属微通道热沉换热特性仿真与实验研究

为了解决雷达等高热流密度电子设备的散热问题,通过数值模拟方法,设计了一款高宽比为5,当量直径为166.67μm的金属微通道热沉。基于热边界层中断技术,设计出间断的微通道,提升了热沉的换热性能。利用SU-8胶紫外光刻和微电铸技术制作了微通道热沉底板,再将盖板与底板焊接在一起得到金属微通道热沉。搭建了换热性能测试系统,以去离子水为工质,对微通道热沉进行了实验研究。实验结果表明,当热沉底部热源的热流密度为74.5 W/cm~2、工质流量为1.8 L/min时,其底部温度低于40℃,平均换热系数达到67.0 kW/(m~2·K)。     

叶脉型微通道热沉设计及散热特性分析

为改善相控阵天线多热源阵面温度的均匀性,基于植物叶脉优良的传质特性,提出一种用于相控阵多热源阵面的叶脉型微通道热沉。首先,对叶脉型微通道热沉的流动特性和散热特性进行仿真分析,得到热沉的热源温度分布。然后,以热源温度标准差最小化为目标,进一步优化叶脉型微通道结构,得到了非对称叶脉型微通道拓扑结构。最后,采用金属3D打印加工了铝基微通道热沉样件并进行散热性能测试。数值仿真结果表明,相比于传统平行微通道热沉,叶脉型微通道热沉不仅强化了传热,而且使得热源温度更均匀,压力损失更小;实验结果验证了叶脉型微通道热沉优良的散热性能。研究结论可为相控阵多热源阵面的热沉设计提供依据。     

高功率半导体激光器阵列微通道热沉的温度

微通道热沉是解决高功率半导体激光器阵列散热有效的途径,本文利用有限元方法研究半导体激光器的温度,给出了横向尺寸为200 μm×60 μm单个及间距100μm的3,5,9的微通道热沉中的温度,得到微通道数量影响激光器最高温度变化.结果表明,单个微通道构成的热沉可以把注入电流为36 A稳态工作的激光器阵列冷却到342 K,9个微通道可以冷却到306 K.仿真了增加微通道间距的温度分布,发现为间距260 μm的5个微通道热沉,可以将激光器冷却到308 K.     

狭缝微膜热虹吸沸腾自补偿现象的实验研究

对采用狭缝沸腾传热强化措施的工业用板翅式冷凝蒸发器实验单元的危险点壁面温度波动进行了瞬态测试，阐明了狭缝中微膜热虹吸机理具有一定的自动补偿的调节作用它能维持通道处于稳定的良好的传热状态，对于空分装置的稳定和安全运行具有重要地意义。     

藕状多孔铜微通道热沉的散热性能优化研究

藕状多孔铜是一种具有长直圆孔的新型微通道结构,可用于对大功率电子器件进行散热。通过实验和Flow Simulation数值计算系统地研究了以水为工质,具有均匀微槽道结构的多孔铜热沉的散热性能。实验结果表明,该热沉具有很高的换热系数,在110 m L/s流量下,换热系数可达10.1 W/(cm~2·K)。模拟结果表明存在最佳的微槽道数和微槽道方向使得多孔铜热沉的散热性能最优。以水为工质时,最佳槽道数和微槽道方向分别为7~11和45°。随着微槽道宽度减小,热沉散热性能提高,对比了数值模拟结果与实验结果,并分析了其存在差异的原因。     

辐射换热对悬空微器件温度的影响

基于悬空微器件法的一维纳米结构热物性测量技术在纳尺度传热研究中得到了广泛的应用。为了研究辐射换热给这类实验测试带来的误差,本文在20~360 K温度范围内测试了低温恒温器中遮热罩的个数对悬空微器件热源/热沉和基底温度的影响。研究结果表明:在没有加热电流的情况下,使用三层遮热罩时,热源/热沉温度和基底温度的差异可以忽略;采用两层遮热罩时,热源/热沉温度同基底温度最多差0.4 K;只使用一层遮热罩时,辐射换热使得360 K时热源/热沉温度比基底温度低11.8 K。因此,为了降低辐射换热对实验结果的影响,低温恒温器中至少应该使用2个遮热罩。     

多通道自校准热红外辐射计实验室定标及比对验证

热红外辐射计在获取野外地物信息和验证遥感卫星观测数据方面起着至关重要的作用，其定标精度直接影响到遥感数据分析的精度和应用的水平。探讨多通道自校准热红外辐射计的设计思想，进行了实验室定标实验和重复性实验，验证了长时间运行状态下仪器测量数据的水平，得到仪器辐射亮温的不确定度为0.27 K。与主流辐射计进行了实验室测试分析，对比二者所得定标结果的准确性，多通道自校准热红外辐射计最大偏差值为0.26℃,整体偏差在0.3℃以内，通过户外草地测试实验验证了仪器的测量水平。结果表明多通道自校准热红外辐射计具有较高的精度水平，能够满足外场长时间、多通道、高精度的工作要求，为外场定标提供了有力的数据支撑。     

动力电池充放电测试系统在线校准装置的研究

目前对于动力电池充放电测试系统的校准,主要采用在停机状态下人工手动依次校准各通道,耗费时间长,降低了生产效率,且对校准人员存在安全隐患。采用非接触测量方式,研发了一套可在充放电测试系统正常运行情况下进行多通道电压电流高精度测量的在线校准装置。     

基于热声效应的多功能声波制冷系统的研制

在详细分析了热声效应的微观工作原理的基础上,结合有关温度、压力等参数测量与控制技术。完成了以天然工质——空气为制冷工质的声波制冷主机系统、电气控制系统、高精度动态测试系统和高速数据采集系统的研制与开发,最终形成了一套相对完整的多功能声波制冷测试实验平台。在实验系统的运行范围内,温度测量的准确度为0．5K,通道扫描数为50／s,压力测量的准确度为量程的0．1％,最大采样时间为3μs。大量的实际运行结果表明：新研制的多功能声波制冷实验系统性能稳定,测试结果可靠,利用该实验系统既可获得声波制冷各个参数间的动态关联特性,同时可以完成声波制冷的综合性能测试及优化对比实验,为声波制冷的理论研究和实用化进程提供可靠的实验数据。     

采用低温流体氘和氧的介电常数测量流体的密度

为测量低温流体在不同受控状态下的密度,设计了一套基于G-M低温制冷机的介电常数法低温流体密度测量实验装置,该实验装置适用温度测量范围为15~300 K,压力测量范围0.01~0.30 MPa。实验中的低温液体由常温气态流体经低温制冷机冷却液化得到,蓄流在装有平行板电容器的样品流体测试腔内。该测试腔上开有视窗,可用于观察冷却过程中低温液体的形成及其液位情况。对受控压力及温度下的液氘、液氧的密度进行了测量,所得数据与文献实验值及美国NIST标准数据吻合良好,液相区相对偏差小于±0.5%,满足高精度p-ρ-T热物性参数的需要。     

Enhancing flow boiling heat transfer in microchannels for thermal management with monolithically-integrated silicon nanowires

Thermal management has become a critical issue for high heat flux electronics and energy systems. Integrated two-phase microchannel liquid-cooling technology has been envisioned as a promising solution, but with great challenges in flow instability. In this work, silicon nanowires were synthesized in situ in parallel silicon microchannel arrays for the first time to suppress the flow instability and to augment flow boiling heat transfer. Significant enhancement in flow boiling heat transfer performance was demonstrated for the nanowire-coated microchannel heat sink, such as an early onset of nucleate boiling, a delayed onset of flow oscillation, suppressed oscillating amplitudes of temperature and pressure drop, and an increased heat transfer coefficient.     

基于热阻网络模型的硅基微槽热沉多目标优化设计

微槽热沉具有传热效率高、可靠性强的优点,可用于对微尺度高热流密度电子元件进行冷却。为满足其性能需求和控制成本,在对微槽热沉进行设计时需要对其传热能力和流动阻力同时进行优化。传统研究采用的热阻网络模型较为简单,不能很好地反映热阻和流动阻力对微槽道截面形状拓扑变化的响应,且其优化对象通常为既定截面的形状尺寸。为此提出一种基于离散化方法的单层硅基微槽热沉热阻网络模型,将热沉鳍片细分为厚度较小的微元,根据微元热阻对微元宽度的响应及微元热阻对整体热阻的贡献来描述微槽道的整体热阻。以微泵输出功率为优化边界条件,压降和热阻为优化目标,通过SQP（sequential quadratic programming,序列二次规划）方法对层流状态下四边形等截面硅基微槽热沉进行尺寸优化,利用CFD（computational fluid dynamics,计算流体动力学）对优化结果进行模拟和验证。结果表明,当鳍片高度较低时,鳍片截面形状为矩形,随着鳍高增加,截面形状有向三角形发展的趋势。在设计区间内,微槽道截面为梯形、鳍片截面为三角形时传热效率与压降相对占优。用边界点法和理想点法优化模型求得微槽道高度、鳍底宽、槽底宽、槽顶宽的优化结果分别为500,50,64.5,114.5 μm和500,50,50,100 μm。该方法能根据设计需求调整评价函数,同时计算结果具有重要工程意义,为微槽热沉设计人员提供参考。     

芯片封装均温板壳体的传热特性研究

高热流密度、微型化芯片的发展使传统金属材料的热扩散能力受限.本文设计加工了一款具有微针筋的均温板,应用于芯片封装壳体,实验研究了充液率、芯片尺寸、散热器运行参数(水流量、温度)对均温板壳体(VC IHS)传热性能的影响,并与同工况条件下芯片封装金属铜壳体(Cu IHS)的传热性能进行对比.结果表明:VC IHS的充液率...     

金属浴石油产品铜片腐蚀检测仪器的研制

为解决传统液体浴腐蚀仪器试验恒温时间长、控温误差大的问题,设计了一种基于金属浴温控技术的石油产品铜片腐蚀测定器。该仪器主要用于测定部分石油产品在特定温度下,对金属铜的腐蚀程度。试验结果表明该仪器温场波动小、加热均匀、工作效率高,可在石油产品铜片腐蚀试验中广泛应用。     

Numerical comparison for thermo-hydraulic performance of pin fin heat sink with micro channel pin fin heat sink

Cooling of miniature size electronic components has become a challenge for designer in the development of integrated circuits. Micro pin fin heat sink and Micro channel pin fin heat sink are thermal management techniques for effective cooling. The paper presents comparison of fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics for micro pin fin heat sink and micro channel pin fin heat sink with unfinned micro channel heat sink. A three-dimensional heat sink with water as coolant subjected to constant heat flux 10 W/cm², for Reynolds number ranging between 100 and 900 was considered for the study. Extended surfaces of different shapes namely, square and circular with staggered arrangement was considered for both micro pin fin heat sink and micro channel pin fin heat sink. Two non-dimensional parameters namely Nusselt number and thermal performance index were employed to access the performance of heat sink. Results indicate that the microchannel pin fin heat sink has highest nusselt number and friction factor over the whole Reynolds number range. Results also revealed that formation of secondary vortices enhances heat transfer in micro channel heat sink with square pin fin compared to micro channel heat sink with circular pin fin. However, pin fin heat sink has better thermal performance index compared to Micro channel pin fin heat sink and is more preferable when heat dissipation is compared with pressure drop penalty. The Governing equations for fluid and solid domain were solved using FLUENT to study flow and heat transfer characteristics.     

Condensation heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics of CO2 in a microchannel

The condensation heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop of CO₂ in a multiport microchannel with a hydraulic diameter of 1.5 mm was investigated with variation of the mass flux from 400 to 1000 kgm⁻²s⁻¹ and of the condensation temperature from −5 to 5 °C. The heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop increased with the decrease of condensation temperature and the increase of mass flux. However, the rate of increase of the heat transfer coefficient was retarded by these changes. The gradient of the pressure drop with respect to vapor quality is significant with the increase of mass flux. The existing models for heat transfer coefficient overpredicted the experimental data, and the deviation increased at high vapor quality and at high heat transfer coefficient. The smallest mean deviation of ±51.8% was found by the Thome et al. model. For the pressure drop, the Mishima and Hibiki model showed mean deviation of 29.1%.     

热真空试验设备控温热沉设计分析

为满足某型号航天产品的热真空试验要求,设计了专用的控温热沉,由热沉、加热器及配套的控温系统等组成。本文简述了某型号专用控温热沉的设计,并对该结构进行了仿真分析验证,分析结果表明,产品发热量为200W时,空间温度最高可高于+120℃,热沉本体低温可低于-180℃,具备温控条件。温控系统采用PID自适应调节,使用结果表明,能将空间温度度在(-180^+120)℃可控,控温精度可达±0.5℃,满足试验要求。     

Review of flow condensation of CO2 as a refrigerant

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) has emerged as an excellent substitute natural refrigerant for low temperature refrigeration applications, but a better understanding of its in-tube flow condensation is needed in order to achieve its full potential. From experimental studies in the open literature we review the effects of mass flux, vapour quality and saturation pressure on CO₂ flow condensation heat transfer, frictional pressure drop and flow regime transition inside smooth, micro-fin and microchannel tubes. Successful condensation models which were developed from experiments with other refrigerants are evaluated against the CO₂ flow condensation experimental data. Comparison between the predicted and experimental data shows that the unique thermophysical properties of CO₂ at high reduced pressure conditions lead to these correlations having high prediction errors on the flow condensation heat transfer inside smooth tubes and microchannels, but have less significant effects on the flow condensation heat transfer and two-phase frictional pressure drop under high mass flux conditions inside micro-fin tubes. Recommendations for condensation and pressure drop models to apply to CO₂ flow condensation in different tubes are made. As there is inconsistency between the experimental data in smooth tubes from different sources, and the effects of microchannel and micro-fin tube geometries, on the flow regime transition and condensation heat transfer of CO₂, are unclear, a more extensive range of the experimental data in different tubes is needed for a fully understanding of in-tube CO₂ flow condensation.     

An experimental investigation of saturated flow boiling heat transfer and pressure drop in square microchannels

In this study, saturated flow boiling characteristics of deionized water in parallel microchannels are investigated experimentally. The silicone microchannel heat sink consists of 29 parallel square microchannels having hydraulic diameters of 150 µm. Experiments have been conducted for four different values of the mass flux consisting of 51, 64.5, 78 and 92.6 kg/m²s and heat flux values from 59.3 to 84.1 kW/m². Inlet temperature of deionized water is kept at 50 ± 1 °C. Heat transfer and pressure drop are examined for varying values of the governing parameters. Simultaneous high-speed video images have been taken as well as temperature and pressure measurements. The flow visualization results lead to key findings for flow boiling instabilities and underlying physical mechanisms of heat transfer in microchannels. Quasi-periodical rewetting and drying, rapid bubble growth and elongation toward both upstream and downstream of the channels and reverse flow are observed in parallel microchannels.