Interval dynamic reliability analysis of mechanical components under multistage load based on strength degradation

To further study the law of strength degradation, the residual strength degradation model is established based on the definition of fatigue damage, considering the interaction of various uncertain factors and time factors in service environment. Combined with equivalent damage model, a nonlinear cumulative damage model is proposed, which takes the interaction among loading loads into account and improves the accuracy of calculation. Additionally, the equivalent transformation of multistage load is studied using interval theory. According to the interval dynamic nonprobability reliability prediction model, a dynamic reliability analysis of the interval model is carried out. Dynamic reliability of the component is analyzed under multistage load accumulation damage to verify the effectiveness of the method.     

Optimal planning of structural performance monitoring based on reliability importance assessment

Recently, the effective use of information from structural health monitoring (SHM) has been considered as a significant tool for rational maintenance planning of deteriorating structures. Since a realistic maintenance plan for civil infrastructure has to include uncertainty, reliable information from SHM should be used systematically. Continuous monitoring over a long-term period can increase the reliability of the assessment and prediction of structural performance. However, due to limited financial resources, cost-effective SHM should be considered. This paper provides an approach for cost-effective monitoring planning of a structural system, based on a time-dependent normalized reliability importance factor (NRIF) of structural components. The reliability of the system and the NRIFs of individual components are assessed and predicted based on monitored data. The total monitoring cost for the structural system is allocated to individual components according to the NRIF. These allocated monitoring costs of individual components are used in Pareto optimization to determine the monitoring schedules (i.e., monitoring duration and prediction duration).     

Effects of porosity and pore size distribution on mechanical strength reliability of industrial-scale catalyst during preparation and catalytic test steps

This paper investigates the effects of porosity and pore size distribution on crushing strength reliability of industrial-scale catalysts during their preparation and after reactor tests. Six supports, fabricated from two types of γ-alumina (type A, 119?m²/g; and type B, 343?m²/g), were used as starting materials. The supports were impregnated using a copper/zinc nitrate solution. The supports and catalysts, before and after the reactor tests, were characterized using XRD, ICP, SEM, and BET methods and were subjected to single particle crushing strength tests. The results revealed that the strength and Weibull modulus of all samples were decreased after the impregnation process due to the emergence of new flaws. In contrast, the partial sintering/necking of the interparticles during the reaction led to an increase of the crushing strength of the used catalysts. Furthermore, the porosity of the supports and catalysts from type A to type B γ-alumina were increased, leading to the strength decrease. Nevertheless, their Weibull modulus and strength reliability were increased due to the narrowing of pore size distribution in the range of mesopores.     

纸浆模塑制品结构强度与缓冲性能综合研究

纸浆模塑制品在环保方面确实具有一定的优势,但在缓冲性能方面与EPS材料还存在着相当的差距.而在一定的条件下,纸浆模塑制品具有替代EPS的潜力.通过对纸浆模塑缓冲衬垫结构上的改进可以改善其缓冲性能.文中主要通过研究纸浆模塑制品抗压能力以及缓冲性能的影响因素来探讨可提高其各方面性能的途径.     

盘式自动折叠纸盒结构设计中的数学模型

盘式自动折叠纸盒因其方便性得到了广泛的应用.本文讨论了盘式自动折叠纸盒的折叠角及体板高度等数学问题,为该类包装纸盒CAD开发建立了有效的数学模型.     

动力可靠度约束下基于概率测度变换-全局收敛移动渐近线法的结构优化设计EI北大核心CSCD

基于动力可靠度的结构优化是实现随机动力系统优化设计的重要途径。针对设计变量为系统中部分随机变量分布均值的情形,提出了一种基于动力可靠度的结构优化设计方法。在该方法中,通过概率密度演化理论实现了结构动力可靠度的高效分析。在此基础上,结合概率测度变换,可以在不增加任何确定性结构分析的前提下,实现动力可靠度对设计变量的灵敏度分析。进而,通过将上述概率密度演化-测度变换方法嵌入全局收敛移动渐近线法,实现了基于动力可靠度的结构优化设计问题的高效求解。数值算例的结果表明,所提方法可以显著降低结构分析次数,具有较高的效率与稳健性。     

机械结构相似度评价及可靠性预计研究

在用传统的相似产品法进行可靠性预计时,所选取的相似产品与评价对象之间差异较大,会造成预计结果的偏差较大。为解决这一问题,提出了一种基于"功能—运动—动作"结构化分解的可靠性预计新方法。通过明确产品的各大运动功能建立功能层,分析完成各功能的机械部件运动建立运动层,确定实现各机械部件运动的元动作运动单元建立元动作层,建立了可靠性预计的"功能—运动—元动作运动单元"层次模型。引入区间层次分析法,确定了"功能—运动—元动作运动单元"层次模型中各子代运动单元对父代运动单元的可靠性影响权重,并构建了由子代运动单元预计父代运动单元可靠性的数学模型。确定影响评价机械结构相似度的因素,构建了区间数综合评判云模型并选取与元动作运动单元相似的参考结构,以区间数综合评价云模型得出的相似度值修正参考结构的可靠性数据来预计元动作运动单元的可靠性。将元动作运动单元的可靠性预计值代入数学模型,层层预计父代运动单元的可靠性,从而得出整个产品的可靠性水平。最后以数控转台为例进行了分析,得出了可靠性预计值,并将该方法与传统方法进行了比较。结果表明,新的可靠性预计方法具有较好的可行性和较高的准确性。     

Comprehensive reliability evaluation of multistate complex electromechanical systems based on similarity of cloud models

High reliability and security have become the hallmarks of complex electromechanical systems. Owing to the difficulties in fault data collection, ambiguity and uncertainty have been inevitably associated with complex electromechanical systems. Thus, the ability to perform reliability evaluation using scarce fault data is of immense significance to these machines and is the focus of this study. A similarity based cloud model is proposed to evaluate the running state of complex electromechanical systems. By combining objective and subjective factors, the reliability of complex electromechanical systems is evaluated by calculating the similarity between the cloud models of actual and standardised states. Next, the inverter of an offshore wind turbine is used to verify the accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed approach. The cloud model based framework for reliability evaluation inherits the preponderance of the uncertainty problem, overcomes the drawbacks of the current reliability approaches, and provides a theoretical basis, as well as a practical approach for the maintenance and repair of complex electromechanical systems with missing fault data. Additionally, it also provides a new methodology for solving the uncertainty problems caused by paucity of data.     

Reliability assessment of a tanker using the model correction factor method based on the IACS-CSR requirement for hull girder ultimate strength

The model correction factor method (MCFM) is adopted to assess the reliability of a Suezmax oil tanker considering the ultimate vertical bending moment capacity of the hull girder as a limit state. The approach uses the incremental iterative method proposed by the International Association of Classification Societies (IACS) Common Structural Rules (CSR) to evaluate the hull girder ultimate strength as a response model that is calibrated iteratively at the design points calculated by the First Order Reliability method (FORM) by means of advanced non-linear Finite Element Analyses (FEA). The considered loads are the still water and the wave-induced bending moments in a typical seagoing operational condition of the oil tanker in the full load and ballast load conditions. First, the predictions of the hull girder bending capacities calculated by the IACS-CSR method and by non-linear FEA are compared and then the efficiency of the MCFM for hull girder reliability problems is illustrated. It is shown that using semi-empirical response models, which include the important mechanical features with respect to the bending capacity of the ship hull girder, the reliability evaluation can be performed with a limited number of non-linear FEAs (less than 10) promoting the application of advanced response and reliability methods to complex structures.     

Electrostatic Effects on Dispersion,Transport, and Deposition of Fine Pharmaceutical Powders: Development of an Experimental Method for Quantitative Analysis

Currently, there is no standard method for testing the electrostatic properties of pharmaceutical powders. The objective of this study was to develop a method of characterizing the dispersion, charging, and transport properties of fine powder flowing through tubes of different materials. Powders of known composition and size distribution were dispersed pneumatically and transported through a short section of tubing containing spiral baffle inserts of the same material to simulate powder flow in long sections of horizontal and vertical tubes with bends. The test powder was dispersed using ring jet suction and passed through the baffled tube to a sampling chamber, from which the powder cloud was sampled for particle size and electrostatic charge distribution measurement using an Electrical Single Particle Aerodynamic Relaxation Time (E-SPART) analyzer. Experimental data on the tribocharging and transport properties of different powders are presented along with an explanation of the charging mechanisms. Analyses of particle size and electrostatic charge distributions in real time and on a single particle basis using the E-SPART analyzer coupled with surface structure analyses with XPS and UPS showed that: (1) most powders are charged bipolarly with relatively high charge-to-mass ratio (Q/M) values that would have a strong effect on transport and deposition of powders; and (2) surface structures, particularly adsorbates, influence the work function and tribocharging of powder. Different methods, including plasma treatment, with minimal changes or contamination of the bulk properties of the powders are also suggested. pharmaceutical powders tribocharging dispersion work function charge distributions charge decay plasma treatment     

风、列车作用下斜拉桥索-梁相关振动对拉索疲劳可靠性的影响

以实际大跨度斜拉桥为研究对象,研究了随机风、列车作用下发生的索-梁相关振动对拉索疲劳可靠性的影响.使用编制的动力有限元计算程序,建立了大跨度铁路斜拉桥全桥3维精细有限元模型,计算了斜拉桥全桥在风、列车动力作用下的振动响应,分析了全桥索-梁相关振动的特性.建立了列车交通荷载概率模型,根据桥位处风速统计数据资料建立了桥梁的...     

连接方式对非对称双塔连体结构动力可靠度影响

针对非对称双塔连体结构受力特点和地震地面加速度在强震阶段内的大致平稳性,采用串并联质点系层模型建立了5种连接方式下连体结构计算模型,将状态空间分析法、Bouc-Wen模型等效线性化与虚拟激励法相结合,求解不同连接方式下连体结构的平稳随机响应;利用获得的随机响应并结合动力可靠度理论详细讨论了小震、大震下高层连体结构的动力可靠度以及不同连接方式对结构在大、小地震功率谱作用下连体结构动力可靠度的变化规律,采用Monte Carlo方法对所给模型进行了验证计算。研究结果表明：耗能柔性连接方式在小震下对提高连体结构动力可靠度效果较明显;大震下连接方式对塔楼的可靠度影响不明显,但对连体可靠度影响较大;当采用非耗能连接方式连接时,随连体与塔楼连接方式增强对毗邻塔楼可靠度影响显著,分析了结果产生的原因,为实际工程应用和研究提供一些参考。     

Bounds approximation of limit-state surface based on active learning Kriging model with truncated candidate region for random-interval hybrid reliability analysis

This article reports a brand-new methodology based on active learning Kriging model for hybrid reliability analysis (HRA) with both random and interval variables. Unlike probabilistic reliability analysis, the limit state surface (LSS) of HRA is projected into a banded region in the domain of random variables. Only approximating the bounds of the banded region is able to meet the accuracy requirement of HRA. In the proposed methodology, the HRA problem is innovatively transformed into a traditional system reliability analysis (SRA) problem with numerous failure modes. And then a basic idea from the field of SRA is borrowed into HRA, and the so-called truncated candidate region (TCR) for HRA is proposed. In each iteration, the negligible region which probably does not influence the bounds estimation of failure probability is truncated from the original candidate region, and the optimal training point is chosen from the TCR. After several iterations, the TCR will converge to the true ideal candidate region, that is, the candidate region without the inner part of LSS, and the added training points will be driven to the region around the bounds of LSS. The performance of the proposed method is compared with relevant methods by five case studies.     

Effects of surfactants on spinning carbon nanotube fibers by an electrophoretic method

Abstract

Thin fibers were spun from a colloidal solution of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) using an electrophoretic method. Sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (NaDDBS) was chosen as a surfactant and showed good performance owing to its special chemical structure. The highest spinning velocity reached 0.5 mm s^?1. The resulting SWNT fibers had a tensile strength of 400 MPa and a conductivity of 355 S cm^?1. Their mechanical and electrical properties were markedly improved after adding NaDDBS as the dispersant in water.     

The Effects of Electrode Force on the Mechanical Behaviour of Resistance Spot‐Welded 5083‐O Aluminium Alloy Joints

Abstract: In this study, the effects of electrode force on the static and fatigue strength of spot welded joints of 5083‐O aluminium alloy sheets were investigated. The thickness of the sheet joints was 1.5 mm. Tensile‐shear joints with one spot weld were considered and three different load levels for electrode force were selected as 2500 N, 3000 N and 3500 N while the welding time and electric current were fixed during resistance spot welding process. Also, micro‐structures and micro‐hardness of cross‐sectional area of the test samples were investigated. The results show that increasing the electrode force from 2500 N to 3000 N has no major impact on the nugget size and fatigue strength of the specimens, but increasing the electrode force from 3000 N to 3500 N, despite reducing in the diameter of the nuggets, increases the fatigue life of the joints significantly. The results also indicate that increasing the electrode force increases the life associated with the crack initiation phase of total fatigue lifetime.     

The Influence of Multiple-Solution Annealing on Kinetics of Structural Transformation of Maraging Steels

The paper presents effects of multiple solution annealing on kinetics of structural transformation of maraging steels 18 9 5. Multiple solution annealing testing was carried out in dilatometer by simultaneous registration of transformation temperatures austenite start A_s at heating and martensite start M_s at cooling and registration of linearly dilatatic changes.

Analysis of dilatometric curves has quantified coefficients of dilatation during heating and coefficient of contraction during cooling, and has established mathematical model for determination of quantity of retained austenite in microstructure of maraging steels.     

Effect of Si or W Alloying on the Strength and Lifetime of a Kh14N20 Structural Steel under Thermal Cycling Conditions

Results of experimental studies on the effect of Si (3%) or W (4%) alloying of Kh14N20 structural steel as-received on its resistance to short-term and long-term static and cyclic thermal loading are presented. The increase in short-term and long-term static strength as well as in thermal fatigue characteristics is more pronounced for W alloying and less marked for Si alloying.     

Determination of Stress-Strain State and Strength of Structural Elements on the Basis of Strain-Hardening Analysis

We outline the fundamentals of the method whereby the stress-strain state and strength of structural elements loaded along linear paths and small-curvature paths are determined by allowing for strain hardening of material of the structure or plastic indicators attached to it. The method is based on a model of hardening which assumes that during the deformation beyond an elastic range the loading surface separating elastic and elastoplastic deformation ranges changes its shape and shifts in the direction of the vector which connects its center and an image point on the loading path. It is assumed that the material in its initial state is isotropic and the hypotheses for the unified stress-strain curve and for the proportionality of stress and strain deviators are met.__________Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 2, pp. 28 – 48, March – April, 2005.     

蜂窝夹层修理结构的弯曲性能试验分析

采用四点弯加载方式研究分析了含损伤蜂窝夹层修理结构的弯曲性能,该夹层结构由碳纤维增强的聚合物面板和蜂窝芯子组成。进一步分析了挖补斜度、挖补方式、损伤程度、修理设备和修理材料对修理板弯曲性能的影响。研究表明,修理板的破坏模式可分为补片边缘折断、补片中面折断和胶层破坏三种,相同破坏模式修理板的名义弯曲强度相近,其中前两种破坏模式修理板的名义弯曲强度与完好板相近,而第三种破坏模式修理板的名义弯曲强度相对较低。所有修理板的名义弯曲强度恢复率基本处于95%以上,同时修理后抗弯刚度也满足修理准则。     

Effects of random heterogeneity of soil properties on bearing capacity

This study examines the effect of random heterogeneity of soil properties on bearing capacity. The stochastic soil property considered is the undrained shear strength and two major sources of uncertainty are identified with it: inherent spatial variability (modeled as a non-Gaussian, homogeneous stochastic field) and uncertainty in the estimation of its expected value (modeled as a random variable). The two sources of uncertainty are treated separately, before being eventually combined. A Monte Carlo simulation approach is followed in combination with non-linear finite element analysis. It is demonstrated that the inherent spatial variability of soil shear strength can drastically modify the basic form of the failure mechanism in this bearing capacity problem. Consequently, there is no ‘average’ failure mechanism (surface) in this problem, leading to the conclusion that Monte Carlo simulation is the only methodology capable of providing a solution to this geomechanics problem. It is further demonstrated that this behavior of the failure mechanism translates into a substantial reduction in the ultimate bearing capacity (in an average sense), compared to the corresponding deterministic (homogeneous soil) case. In addition, differential settlements are computed in the stochastic analysis, something impossible in a deterministic analysis of a symmetric problem. A parametric study is performed using fragility curves to investigate the effects of various probabilistic parameters involved in the problem. It is found that the coefficient of variation and the marginal probability distribution of the soil's shear strength (both controlling the amount of loose pockets in the soil mass) are the two most important parameters in reducing the bearing capacity (in an average sense) and producing substantial differential settlements in heterogeneous soils (compared to homogeneous soils). A technique is finally introduced for determining ‘overall’ fragility curves that account for both inherent soil spatial variability and uncertainty in the expected value of soil strength. Based on such ‘overall’ fragility curves obtained at failure (ultimate bearing capacity), nominal values of the bearing capacity of a heterogeneous soil deposit corresponding to an exceedance probability of 5% are established for a range of probabilistic characteristics.