环境土工基本理论及工程应用

随着工业化和城市化的快速发展,各类固体废弃物产量迅速增大,地下水土污染不断加剧,人类赖以生存的环境日益恶化。岩土工程研究者力图利用岩土工程的原理和方法来研究和解决这样的环境问题,并逐步形成了岩土工程学科的一个新兴分支——环境土工。环境土工问题伴随着生化反应、物理变化和机械运动等过程,目前国内外尚未建立统一的基本理论体系。该文论述了土体的生化反应、骨架变形、孔隙水运移、溶质迁移和孔隙气运移机理,并建立了考虑生化反应-骨架变形-水气运移-溶质迁移耦合作用的模型及其控制方程,界定并明确了模型参数及测试方法;揭示了高厨余城市固体废弃物填埋场存在严重的生化降解酸化抑制、骨架弱化和液气传导相互阻滞现象,以及城市固体废弃物压缩变形和液气产生及运移、污染物迁移与土体固结相互作用、污染物击穿防污屏障及覆盖屏障防水闭气的内在机理;结合笔者研究团队近二十年的环境土工研究和工程实践积累,总结了所提出的填埋场固废降解程度、渗滤液产量、填埋气收集率、填埋体沉降与填埋场容量、填埋场边坡稳定、防污屏障服役寿命评价方法以及所研发的填埋场液气立体导排、新型防污屏障和TDR污染土勘察技术的合理性和可靠性,并给出了工程应用实例。     

Numerical and experimental simulation of pollutants migration in porous media

 Quantitative prediction of pollutant migration is now of great interest in the field of waste management and storage. Numerical modelling of contaminant transport through porous media is an efficient tool to make this prediction possible. Site selection and design of protective liners for landfills and storage facilities are largely related to the behaviour of contaminants in such structures. This behaviour may be well defined by numerical simulations. This paper proposes a two-dimensional finite element model for pollutant migration. The implementation of the advection-dispersion equation in the numerical model and validation tests by comparison with analytical and semi-analytical solutions are presented. Experimental laboratory tests on cadmium and chloride migration through liner samples are also discussed and compared with the results from the numerical model. Received: 5 July 1999 · Accepted: 15 April 2000     

Design concerns and performance of geomembrane anchor trenches

The main purpose of an anchor trench is to secure geosynthetics at the top of slopes. As such, the tendency for most designers is to firmly secure the geosynthetics so that movement or pullout does not occur. However, the basic design consideration should be extended to allow pullout of the geosynthetics from the anchor trench rather than have the geomembrane tear if excess stresses are developed. The emphasis should be placed not on the construction condition, where potential problems may be easily remedied, but on the long-term performance where liner problems may have a greater impact. A realistic design procedure is therefore needed to determine the resistance provided by the anchor trench to check the potential stresses that can be resisted while confirming that the allowable tensile strengths of the geosynthetics are not exceeded.

Following a review of anchor trench designs and methodologies, case studies will be presented to show anchor trenches that have been demonstrated to work. Perhaps more importantly, cases where problems have occurred as a result of poorly designed or constructed anchor trenches will also he presented.     

Geotechnical characterisation of alluvial soils used to contain industrial liquid wastes

A wide range of geotechnical tests has been carried out to characterise an extensive alluvial deposit that is used as containment for a landfill in which liquid wastes are disposed. The landfill covers an area of 357 ha. Data obtained from the current and previous studies have been used to explore the variability of the properties of two alluvial layers. The upper layer is predominantly silty clay, while the lower layer contains a much wider range of particle sizes. Variations in hydraulic conductivity covering seven orders of magnitude have been measured in both layers. The selection of appropriate parameters for contamination migration studies is discussed.      

Geoenvironmental assessment of climate impacts from landfill gas emissions

An extensive field investigation was conducted to determine emissions of 80 individual landfill gas species from 3 cover categories (daily, intermediate, and final) at 5 California (USA) landfills over 2 main seasons (wet and dry). The gases included 15 principal anthropogenic greenhouse gases (methane, nitrous oxide, and 13 F-gas species) and 65 non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs). Emissions were measured using the static flux chamber method. In addition, field and laboratory tests were conducted to determine geotechnical index properties of the covers. Results are presented for flux and baseline emissions as well as for direct and indirect climate forcing emissions (CO₂-eq.) of the chemicals. Positive flux of a given chemical at a given landfill varied by up to 8 orders of magnitude and similarly, between landfills by up to 8 orders of magnitude. Direct emissions varied from 480 to 38,000 Mg CO₂-eq./yr, where emissions per m³ waste in place ranged from 0.0004 to 0.013 Mg CO₂-eq./m³-yr and per ha of landfill area ranged from 4.8 to 1320 Mg CO₂-eq./ha-yr. Flux and emissions decreased as the cover soils varied from coarser to finer materials, clay content of cover soils increased, and with increasing composite parameters representing combined void ratio and cover thickness, total cover solids, and combined gas-phase tortuosity and thickness. These parameters and the associated numerical thresholds identified in this paper can be used to inform improved engineering design, construction, and operations of landfill covers to mitigate gas emissions and limit climate change effects from landfills.     

非饱和土中水分迁移及污染物扩散的离心模拟

近十年来 ,土工离心机被作为模拟污染物扩散的一个重要手段。但是 ,目前能否采用离心机进行非饱和土中的水分迁移研究尚有争议 ;另外在无机可溶性污染物方面的研究也仅限于对惰性的、土壤吸附能力很低的无机物 (如钠离子 )在土体中的扩散机理研究。本文选用能够与土颗粒发生较强作用的重金属镉 ,利用土工离心机进行了非饱和土中一维模型的模拟研究 ,分析了非饱和土中含水率的变化和污染物的迁移机理 ,检验采用离心模拟方法研究污染物扩散机理的可行性 ,验证与污染物扩散机理相关的模型相似律。     

地下连续墙泥浆槽的稳定性分析

本文论述泥浆槽(Slurry Trenches)在短槽挖掘时的稳定性问题。文中叙述了四个泥浆槽挖掘的典型实例,其中包括两个塌槽的例子,并用土拱理论进行了分析。当前的某些关于槽稳定性分析的方法,在预测土压力方面显得较为保守。本文重点讨论了泥浆槽在附加荷载(如产生于邻接基础和邻近基础的作用)很大的情况下的稳定性问题。针对这种荷载条件,提出了一种设计步骤,通过考虑在挖掘处邻近土壤中由于附加荷载引起的应力的重分布,以及建筑结构中的应力重分布,可避免在设计中出现过分保守的现象。     

空沟对SH波隔离效果的理论解答

借助复变函数的保角映射方法将有限长度的空沟映射变换为单位圆,根据空沟四周完全自由的边界条件,运用波动函数展开法得到了空沟对SH波隔离的理论解答。引入位移比值(屏障后某点由入射和散射弹性波产生的总位移与入射弹性波单独产生的位移之比),计算了沟宽0.4 m、沟长分别为3.0 m、4.0 m、5.0 m和6.0 m共4条空沟的位移比值,通过比较发现:随着空沟长度的增加(由3.0 m增加到5.0 m),最佳隔振效果明显提高,区域明显增大;当空沟长度超过一定值(5.0 m)后,最佳隔振效果基本不变,而有效隔振区域由中间向两侧扩展。最后对比了空沟和单排空心管桩的隔振效果,结果表明:空沟的最佳隔振效果高于单排空心管桩,空沟的最佳隔振区域在屏障后靠近屏障的一定区域内,而单排空心管桩的最佳隔振区域在屏障后远离屏障的一定区域内。     

疏浚土作为填埋场粘土垫层防渗材料的研究

基于填埋场粘土类防渗垫层的3个关键因素:渗透性、强度、吸附性,对混合土(疏浚土和粉质粘土)与原粉质粘土做了大量对比试验。结果表明,在最优含水量时,前者的渗透系数低于后者,且随疏浚土掺入量增加而降低;前者的不固结不排水抗剪强度高于后者,且随疏浚土掺入量增加而增加;前者对Cu2 ,Zn2 的吸附能力远高于后者,在高浓度时对K 的吸附能力也较后者强,且随疏浚土掺入量增加有所增强。     

Use of artificial neural network to evaluate the vibration mitigation performance of geofoam-filled trenches

Development activities in a city often generate ground vibration that can cause discomfort to the occupants in nearby buildings, disturbances to the activities undertaken in the buildings and possible damage to nearby structures. This ground vibration is caused by construction activities such as pile driving, ground compaction etc., and road and rail traffic. The use of trenches has been an effective way to mitigate the adverse effects of such ground vibration. The effectiveness of the trench depends on many parameters including the properties of the vibration source, soil medium and trench in-fill material, trench dimensions and the requirements of the receiver. The process of selecting an effective trench for vibration mitigation can therefore become complex due to the influence of a number of parameters and their wide range of values. This paper investigates the use of artificial neural network (ANN) as a smart and efficient tool to predict the effectiveness of geofoam-filled trenches to mitigate ground vibration. Towards this end, a database is developed from an extensive study on the effects of the controlling parameters through numerical simulations with a validated finite element (FE) model. At a certain distance from the vibration source, a geofoam-filled trench is introduced to evaluate the efficiency of vibration mitigation with changes in key parameters such as excitation frequency, amplitude of load, trench configuration (i.e. depth and width), soil shear wave velocity, soil density and damping ratio. These were selected as the input parameters for the ANN while amplitude reduction ratio and peak particle velocity (PPV) were considered as outputs. A multilayer feed forward network was used and trained with the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm. Neural networks with different configurations were evaluated by comparing coefficient of determination (R²) and mean square error (MSE). The optimum architecture was then used to predict previous results, which revealed the accuracy and the effectiveness of the ANN approach. The findings of this study will provide useful information for vibration mitigation using geofoam-filed trenches.     

Use of stable nitrogen isotope fractionation to estimate denitrification in small constructed wetlands treating agricultural runoff

Constructed wetlands (CWs) in the agricultural landscape reduce non-point source pollution through removal of nutrients and particles. The objective of this study was to evaluate if measurements of natural abundance of (15)NO(3)(-) can be used to determine the fate of NO(3)(-) in different types of small CWs treating agricultural runoff. Nitrogen removal was studied in wetland trenches filled with different filter materials (T1--sand and gravel; T3--mixture of peat, shell sand and light-weight aggregates; T8--barley straw) and a trench formed as a shallow pond (T4). The removal was highest during summer and lowest during autumn and winter. Trench T8 had the highest N removal during summer. Measurements of the natural abundance of (15)N in NO(3)(-) showed that denitrification was not significant during autumn/winter, while it was present in all trenches during summer, but only important for nitrogen removal in trench T8. The (15)N enrichment factors of NO(3)(-) in this study ranged from -2.5 to -5.9 per thousand (T3 and T8, summer), thus smaller than enrichment factors found in laboratory tests of isotope discrimination in denitrification, but similar to factors found for denitrification in groundwater and a large CW. The low enrichment factors compared to laboratory studies was attributed to assimilation in plants/microbes as well as diffusion effect. Based on a modified version of the method presented by Lund et al. [Lund LJ, Horne AJ, Williams AE, Estimating denitrification in a large constructed wetland using stable nitrogen isotope ratios. Ecol Engineer 2000; 14: 67-76], denitrification and assimilation were estimated to account for 53 to 99 and 1 to 47%, respectively, of the total N removal during summer. This method is, however, based on a number of assumptions, and there is thus a need for a better knowledge of the effect of plant uptake, microbial assimilation as well as nitrification on N isotopic fractionation before this method can be used to evaluate the contribution of dinitrification in CWs.     

上海世博会主题馆西展厅综合管沟系统设计的地坪施工技术

上海世博会主题馆西展厅地面采用管沟系统设计,即:将建筑物所需的管线统一规划、合理配置在地面以下稳固的管沟内,它是城市综合管沟的一个缩影,具有增加展厅的完整性和美观、管线维修方便、使用寿命长等优点。为防止展会期间管沟及盖板体系被破坏,确保展厅的美观,在施工中对管沟边框的施工精度和地坪平整度进行了严格的控制,确保了工程质量,达到了设计要求。     

生活垃圾填埋场随填埋年龄增长对周边大气环境的影响趋势研究

针对生活垃圾填埋场的主要恶臭污染物NH3、H2S、臭气浓度,以某城市生活垃圾填埋场为例,采用该填埋场自运行至今近10年的历史监测数据进行统计分析.结果表明,随着填埋年龄的增加,厂界处恶臭污染物浓度先增加后降低,在填埋场运行的第5～7年,恶臭污染物浓度达到最大值;通过监测数据和现场调查分析可知,该填埋场对周边800 m以外的村庄影响不明显.     

Apparent clogging effect in vacuum-induced consolidation of dredged soil with prefabricated vertical drains

The improvement efficiency of a dredged slurry by vacuum preloading is greatly affected by the apparent clogging effect arising during the consolidation process, where the apparent clogging effect refers to the combined impacts of filter clogging and particle blinding around the drain due to particle migration and non-uniform consolidation. Three laboratory model tests with different types of soils were performed to investigate the apparent clogging effect. First, the filter clogging effect was investigated by scanning electron microscopy and cross-plane permeability tests. Second, changes in the particle size distribution due to particle migration were analysed at the micro- and macro-levels, and the particle migration induced blinding effect was assessed through the results of the compressibility and permeability tests. The test results indicated negligible particle migration in pure clay and relatively higher blinding effect in mixture soils. Finally, the effects of blinding due to particle migration and non-uniform consolidation on the overall consolidation rate were theoretically quantified. Both the analytical and tests results implied that the apparent clogging effect is predominantly by non-uniform consolidation rather than the particle migration-induced blinding effect, especially for cohesive marine clay.     

地下连续墙成槽施工参数对槽壁稳定的影响研究

 以宁波地铁1号线鼓楼站与东门口站地下连续墙成槽施工为背景,通过分析成槽施工参数对连续墙充盈系数的影响,研究软土地层连续墙槽壁稳定的影响因素,并结合对连续墙槽壁的超声波检测记录以及统计连续墙混凝土浇筑过程中混凝土液面的上升速率分析槽壁坍塌的位置。结果表明,成槽速度和混凝土浇筑速度对槽壁稳定性有一定影响;泥浆质量和液面高度符合设计要求时,成槽施工顺序和槽深对槽壁稳定性影响较小;槽壁坍塌主要集中在导墙以下5m范围内及含黏性土粉砂层中。     

红黏土覆盖层水力参数演变规律与防渗设计讨论

以红黏土为对象,通过室内单元体并结合填埋场现场原位试验,从建设施工和建成后长期服役两个不同时间尺度对土质覆盖层水力参数开展了5a的跟踪监测;分析对比了从实验室到现场、从建设施工到建成长期服役水力参数的劣化衰减规律.结果 表明:①5a长期服役中,无植被红黏土覆盖层入渗系数从10-7 cm/s增大到10-3 cm/s,增大...     

生物反应器填埋场中水平沟回灌渗滤液非饱和-饱和渗流分析

水平沟回灌是生物反应器填埋场中渗滤液回灌的主要模式之一，为研究水平沟回灌时生物反应器填埋场中渗滤液的非饱和-饱和运移规律，垃圾体的饱和与非饱和区域采用不同水流控制方程，饱和区域的水流控制方程采用饱和Richards方程，对垃圾体非饱和区域，由质量守恒原理，以修正的Darcy定理为基础，结合Elagroudy等提出的垃圾体沉降模型，建立了考虑垃圾体沉降的非饱和渗滤液运移控制方程。基于建立的考虑沉降特性的二维非饱和-饱和水平沟回灌计算模型，研究了水平沟回灌时渗滤液在生物反应器填埋场中的运移规律，提出水平沟回灌系统的设计方法。     

黄土覆盖层水–气耦合运移土柱试验及数值模拟

基于水分储存与释放机理的土质覆盖层在干旱和半干旱地区垃圾填埋场具有较好的应用前景。前人研究土质覆盖层大多侧重于其雨水存储及防渗性能,忽略了填埋气在覆盖层中的运移及其影响。通过在黄土土柱底部通入甲烷和二氧化碳等比例混合气体模拟填埋气在覆盖层运移,在土柱顶部施加3 cm常水头模拟雨水入渗对黄土覆盖层中气压分布以及各气体组分分布的影响。基于试验结果,利用商业软件Geo-Studio中的Air/W模块对黄土覆盖层水–气耦合运移进行了数值模拟与分析。研究结果表明:模拟雨水入渗降低了上层黄土的导气系数,导致土柱中气压显著增加,呈现出先增加至"突破值"然后回落至"稳定值";气压"突破值"约等于上部土体进气值;数值模拟能较好地模拟水分入渗过程并捕捉到气压变化趋势,但由于其无法模拟多组分填埋气在土柱中的复杂物理过程,导致气压的模拟结果与实测值存在差距。本文为更准确模拟分析土质覆盖层中水与填埋气耦合运移过程提供了一些建议。     

非饱和土质覆盖层多组分气体运移机理研究

为研究土质覆盖层中各组分气体的运移规律,进行了土柱注气试验,并通过多组分气体运移理论对试验结果进一步分析。分析结果表明:在注入气体总流量不变的情况下,改变注入气体的组分,会显著影响土柱中各组分气体分布;多组分气体运移理论能较好地预测各组分气体的运移;表观气相渗透系数不是一常数,与气压大小相关;体相扩散是影响各组分气体分布规律的主要因素,通过改变有效二元扩散系数,调整各组分气体分布,可以提高土质覆盖层中甲烷氧化效果。