The using of LS-DYNA for the simulation of heat transfer in explosives

The using of FEM and especially LS-DYNA3D code for the simulation of a heat transfer during the heating of the explosive charge is discussed in this paper. The characterization of explosive material properties (density, thermal conductivity, specific heat, heat of decomposition, the decomposition kinetics) is described. LS-DYNA3D code is used for the fitting of the appropriate kinetic model and for the simulation of the heat transfer during the slow cookoff test. The results of simulations are compared to the experimental values for the SEMTEX 1A plastic bonded explosive.     

A numerical study on the thermal initiation of a confined explosive in 2-D geometry

Insensitive munitions design against thermal stimuli like slow or fast cook-off has become a significant requirement for today's munitions. In order to achieve insensitive munitions characteristics, the response of the energetic material needs to be predicted against heating stimuli. In this study, a 2D numerical code was developed to simulate the slow and fast cook-off heating conditions of confined munitions and to obtain the response of the energetic materials. Computations were performed in order to predict the transient temperature distribution, the ignition time, and the location of ignition in the munitions. These predictions enable the designers to have an idea of when and at which location the energetic material ignites under certain adverse surrounding conditions. In the paper, the development of the code is explained and the numerical results are compared with available experimental and numerical data in the literature. Additionally, a parametric study was performed showing the effect of dimensional scaling of munitions and the heating rate on the ignition characteristics.     

快速拼装式防爆墙消波性能数值模拟研究

为研究快速拼装式防爆墙墙后超压分布规律及影响因素,基于2D映射3D网格建模技术,采用AUTODYN有限元软件分别对TNT当量为6.82 kg,爆高1 m、爆距3 m、墙厚0.5 m,墙体高度为1.5 m、2 m、2.5 m的计算模型和比例爆距分别1.58 m/kg~(1/3)、1.28 m/kg~(1/3)、1.05 m/kg~(1/3)的计算模型以及比例爆距为1.05 m/kg~(1/3),爆高1 m、墙高2 m、墙厚0.5 m,爆距为2 m、3 m、4 m的计算模型进行了模拟,分析了墙体高度、比例爆距和炸药位置对墙后超压分布的影响。结果表明:墙体高度增加将显著增强防爆墙消波性能,墙体高度在1.5~2.5 m范围内变化时,墙后消波系数变化较大;随着比例爆距的减小,墙后较远处消波系数有所增大;随着测点高度和爆高增大,测点处受到的防爆墙保护效应将减小。综合考虑以上因素对墙后测点超压的影响,拟合出了计算墙后超压大小的公式,计算结果与数值模拟结果能较好的吻合。     

国外高能炸药点火机理研究进展

高能炸药发生点火反应由3个主要的能量转移过程引起:摩擦或剪切热、自加热、冲击压缩。炸药发生反应的剧烈程度由缓慢燃烧到完全爆轰不等,而这主要取决于能量转移率、炸药的理化性能、壳体约束强度等变量。该文重点从撞击点火、热爆炸、弱冲击压缩和强冲击压缩(分为均质炸药和非均质炸药)等方面综述了国外近年来在高能炸药点火方面的研究进展,以炸药在撞击、热、冲击刺激下的试验方法和数学建模方法为主,同时介绍了最新的实验和仿真研究成果。     

Smoothed particle hydrodynamics for numerical simulation of underwater explosion

 Underwater explosion arising from high explosive detonation consists of a complicated sequence of energetic processes. It is generally very difficult to simulate underwater explosion phenomena by using traditional grid-based numerical methods due to the inherent features such as large deformations, large inhomogeneities, moving interface and so on. In this paper, a meshless, Lagrangian particle method, smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) is applied to simulate underwater explosion problems. As a free Lagrangian method, SPH can track the moving interface between the gas produced by the explosion and the surrounding water effectively. The meshless nature of SPH overcomes the difficulty resulted from large deformations. Some modifications are made in the SPH code to suit the needs of underwater explosion simulation in evolving the smoothing length, treating solid boundary and material interface. The work is mainly focused on the detonation of the high explosive, the interaction of the explosive gas with the surrounding water, and the propagation of the underwater shock. Comparisons of the numerical results for three examples with those from other sources are quite good. Major features of underwater explosion such as the magnitude and location of the underwater explosion shock can be well captured. Received: 2 April 2002 / Accepted: 20 September 2002     

Accurate evaluation of 3D stress fields in adhesive bonded joints via higher-order FE models

Abstract

The accurate representation of the 3D stress fields at the bonded areas of adhesive joints is essential for their design and strength evaluation. In the present study, higher-order beam models developed in the framework of the Carrera Unified Formulation are employed to reduce the complexity and computational cost of numerical simulations on adhesive joints. The different components of the adhesive joint, i.e. adherends and adhesive, are modeled as beams with independent kinematics based on the Hierarchical Legendre Expansion (HLE). HLE models make use of a hierarchical polynomial expansion over the cross-section of the beam, thus allowing for the control of the accuracy of the stress solutions via the polynomial expansion. Recalling the Finite Element method, the beam axis is discretized by means of 1D elements. In this manner, generic geometries of the adhesive bonded joints can be studied. The proposed model is assessed through comparison against numerical and analytical references from the literature for single lap and double lap joints. Finally, a detailed 3D analysis is performed on the single lap joint problem, showing that the stress gradients along the adhesive are correctly and efficiently described if the proposed methodology is employed.     

高能炸药毁伤威力数值仿真实验研究

采用AUTODYN分别对2.0 kg球体裸装药TNT、H6、AL/AP-HE和PBX90104种常用爆炸材料建立数值仿真模型,对爆炸冲击波及热毁伤效应进行仿真分析,并对冲击波超压峰值和温度场温度进行对比分析.结果表明:不同爆炸材料爆炸产生的毁伤效应存在很大差别,在同等装药质量下,4种爆炸材料冲击波超压峰值PBX9010...     

Explosive boiling of water droplets irradiated with intense CO(2)-laser radiation: numerical experiments

The results of numerical calculations of water-droplet explosions initiated by intense CO(2)-laser radiation are presented. The theoretical model for this process is based on the solution of the value of the thermal-boundary problem in an inhomogeneously heated droplet, including the kinetic equation describingvapor generation in a superheated liquid. The main characteristics of droplet explosions (e.g., degree of explosive evaporation and time of explosion) are calculated. It is established that these characteristics depend on the heating rate of the droplet and on its radius. The results point to the fact that two droplet-heating regimes can be distinguished-slow heating and rapid heating-based on the behavior of the explosive boiling process. This division represents the competition of real physical processes in an irradiated droplet and makes it possible to separate the basic, specific features of the explosion process.     

某炸药库内爆作用下坑道内隔爆防护墙厚度估算

文章以某炸药库安全评估工程的实际问题为背景,考虑到周围墙体的限制,坑道内的冲击波得以加强,以及附近坑道施工不受到影响为原则,通过数值模拟和简单公式,分析了10 t炸药库的爆炸破坏作用,提出了内爆作用下隔爆防护墙厚度的估算方法,并研究在一定的冲击波作用下隔爆防护墙的厚度,为安全评估提供参考。     

Modeling the kinetics of carbon coagulation in explosives detonation

A typical insensitive high explosive such as LX-17 has a large carbon content. The detonation behavior of these explosives is affected by a slow coagulation of carbon atoms by diffusion and their possible transformation from one chemical bonding type to another. We have used the Brenner bond order potential to compute the melting line of diamond at high pressure and high temperature by molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo simulations, with the goal to refine the potential for the study of the kinetics of the graphite–diamond transition. The slow diffusion-controlled kinetics of carbon clusters has been examined by including a time-dependent surface correction to the Gibbs free energy of these clusters in the nonequilibrium CHEQ code. We also propose a new explosive burn model which incorporates a partial release of the heat of detonation in a fast reaction zone, followed by a diffusion-limited release of the remaining energy. Hydrodynamic applications of the new burn model to LX-17 show that computed expansion and compression results both agree closely with experimental data. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

TNT炸药爆炸场中三波点的数值模拟

准确预测三波点的位置和揭示三波点的规律,对工程防护和实现弹药的高效损伤有着重要作用。基于LS-DYNA有限元软件,利用数值模拟方法研究了TNT炸药在混凝土地面上形成爆炸冲击波的三波点运动轨迹,并初步揭示了炸高、药量和炸药形状等因素对三波点高度的影响。研究表明:在爆炸场中,爆炸冲击波以炸药为中心向四周传播,三波点轨迹的高度均呈现逐渐增高的变化趋势。不论改变炸药的药量还是炸高,三波点高度的增速在中场(4.0⁷.0 m)都较缓,而进入远场(>7.0 m)增速骤增。当炸药的炸高和药量相同,炸药形状不同时,圆柱状炸药在中场爆炸形成的三波点高度比长方体炸药略高,且高度增速都较缓;而在远场三波点的高度基本相等,且增速急剧上升,趋于定值。与炸药形状的影响相比,炸高和药量对TNT炸药爆炸冲击波的三波点高度的影响较大。     

TNT炸药爆炸场中三波点的数值模拟

准确预测三波点的位置和揭示三波点的规律,对工程防护和实现弹药的高效损伤有着重要作用。基于LS-DYNA有限元软件,利用数值模拟方法研究了TNT炸药在混凝土地面上形成爆炸冲击波的三波点运动轨迹,并初步揭示了炸高、药量和炸药形状等因素对三波点高度的影响。研究表明:在爆炸场中,爆炸冲击波以炸药为中心向四周传播,三波点轨迹的高度均呈现逐渐增高的变化趋势。不论改变炸药的药量还是炸高,三波点高度的增速在中场(4.0~7.0 m)都较缓,而进入远场(7.0 m)增速骤增。当炸药的炸高和药量相同,炸药形状不同时,圆柱状炸药在中场爆炸形成的三波点高度比长方体炸药略高,且高度增速都较缓;而在远场三波点的高度基本相等,且增速急剧上升,趋于定值。与炸药形状的影响相比,炸高和药量对TNT炸药爆炸冲击波的三波点高度的影响较大。     

矩形装药在控制断裂爆破中的作用

文中根据实验和数值分析结果,阐述了2号岩石铵梯矩形装药用于小直径炮孔(42mm)控制断裂爆破技术的可能性及合理性;介绍了2号岩石铵梯矩形装药传爆性能和爆炸作用过程的实验结果;探讨了矩形装药孔壁爆炸作用的数值分析方法.     

基于UDEC煤体深孔预裂控制爆破数值模拟研究

通过定义煤体爆破损伤本构模型,利用fish语言编写计算代码,选择高斯脉冲函数作为爆炸波输入动力荷载,设置静态边界条件和对称边界条件,划分有限差分网格,建立了UDEC煤体深孔预裂控制爆破损伤模型,分析了煤体中距炮孔不同距离处爆炸应力波传播规律以及煤体爆破损伤区的扩展过程。研究结果表明:煤体中爆炸应力波随径向裂隙的扩展呈非线性指数衰减;煤体爆破损伤的最大损伤半径为3 m,且炸药起爆至煤体损伤破坏时间很短,大约为5.11 ms;煤体深孔预裂控制爆破最优炮孔间距为6 m。     

等效靶弹药空气中爆炸威力评估

针对传统的冲击波压力电测法操作复杂且易受干扰的问题,提出基于等效靶塑性变形的炸药爆炸威力评估方法.首先进行小当量立姿等效靶板变形试验,并基于实验结果确定适用于有限元数值模拟的模型;其次,使用量纲分析方法简化等效靶变形的理论模型,建立靶板中心最终变形挠度与爆炸当量、爆炸距离的关系;进一步结合实验数据与数值模拟结果,得出通...     

Numerical Simulation of Detonation and Multi-Material Interface Tracking

In this paper, we report high resolution simulations using a fifth-order weighted essentially non-oscillatory (WENO) scheme with a third-order TVD Runge-Kutta time stepping method to examine the features of the detonation for gas and condensed explosives. A two-stage chemical reaction model and an ignition and growth model are employed to describe the chemical reaction process for gas and condensed explosives. Based on the Steger-Warming vector flux splitting method, a splitting method is employed when the vector flux does not satisfy the homogeneity property for simulating detonation wave propagation for condensed explosives. The sensibility of flame propagation process and explosion overpressure on obstacles is also numerically performed. Meanwhile, an interface tracking algorithm is developed and coupled with a two-dimensional multi-material code indigenously for simulating the response of materials to impact, shocks and detonations. Numerical experiments are performed to investigate the influences of liner cone angle, wall thickness and initiation mode on shaped charge jet formation process. The results of calculations show good agreement with experimental results, and indicate that the interface treatment algorithm is especially suitable for simulating explosive loading on thin-wall structure such as shape charges.     

Numerical simulation of structural response and damage to simultaneous ground shock and airblast loads

Current practice in analysis and design of structures to withhold surface explosions considers only airblast forces on structures. A surface explosion, in fact, generates both ground shock and airblast pressure on a nearby structure. In this paper, the influences of simultaneous ground shock and airblast forces on structural responses are investigated. Blast-induced surface ground motions and airblast pressures estimated in a previous study are employed as input in the analysis. A previously developed three-dimensional homogenized material model for a masonry wall including the equivalent elastic properties, strength envelope and damage threshold is used to model masonry wall. Another material damage model developed for reinforced concrete structures is used for modelling RC behavior due to explosive loads. These material models are programmed and linked to an available computer program LS-DYNA3D through its user subroutine capability. A one-story masonry infilled RC frame is used as an example in the study. Dynamic response and damage of the example structure to simultaneous ground shock and airblast forces, or separately to ground shock only or airblast forces only are calculated. It is found that in general, airblast load governs structural response and damage when the scaled distance is small. However, under certain conditions, structural damage will be critically underestimated if ground shock is neglected. When the scale distance increases, the relative importance of the ground shock on structure response increases, and ground shock will dominate the surface explosion effects on structures at large scaled distance. At large scaled distance, the ground shock and airblast force effects on structures decoupled and structure response and damage to ground shock and airblast force can be analyzed separately.     

Computing dynamics of copper-based SMA via centre manifold reduction of 3D models

In this work, we present a reduction procedure for 3D models describing phase transformations in copper-based shape memory alloys (SMAs) and develop a robust numerical algorithm for the computational analysis of thin single-crystal slabs of these alloys. Starting from a general Landau-type 3D model for the SMA dynamics we have developed a new mathematical “slow manifold” model that allows us to describe effectively the main features of the thermomechanical behaviour of CuAlNi alloys. Results of the mathematical modelling of the thermomechanical fields in CuAlNi SMAs are discussed with numerical examples.     

钢纤维超高强活性混凝土(RPC)遮弹板接触爆炸局部破坏试验研究

采用钢纤维RPC混凝土制作7个遮弹板,运用几何相似的方法确定炸药量,进行了2组接触爆炸模型试验.对试验现象进行了描述,通过数值模拟,结果与宏观试验的对比分析符合较好,验证了计算方法和模型构建的正确性.由爆炸漏斗坑尺寸计算得到压缩破坏系数与理论计算得到的进行相比,二者差别不大,从而说明得到的压缩破坏系数是准确的,可以应用到实际工程中.