液晶分子的光控取向

1 前言 不加电场而通过光化学方法使液晶分子取向发生变化,一般有以下三种途径:1、在液晶中掺入光反应性分子,通过光照引起相变;2、光反应性分子与高分子液晶材料相结合,用线偏振光照射引起再取向;3、通过光化学反应使基板表面的分子结构发生变化,利用这种变化,控制液晶相的取向。本文主要讨论第三种方式。 液晶的开关功能是通过表面作用先均匀取向,然后在电场作用下使取向发生变化而实现的。也就是说,是通过基板表面对液晶分子的取向限制作用和变化的电场实现再取向的。如果基板表面在电场以外的外界作用下,其结构发生变化的话,那么有可能只依靠这个外界的作用实现开关功能。1988年有人提出上述建议,并把对液晶具有光控取向功能的表面称为指令表面（command一surface）。     

自组装法制备新型液晶垂直取向膜

用硅烷偶联剂3-氨丙基-三乙氧基硅烷,通过自组装反应在石英基板表面制备了含有二苯乙炔基的自组装单层膜。用该自组装膜作为向列相液晶的取向层制成液晶器件,在偏光显微镜下观察,发现向列相液晶获得了均匀、稳定的垂直取向效果。热稳定性试验表明,用自组装方法制备的液晶垂直取向膜有良好的热稳定性,在250℃条件下取向仍可保持。     

椭圆偏光解析法对液晶界面层分子有序度的研究

论述了向列相液晶分子取向有序度的评价方法以及与宏观物理张量之间的关系, 阐述了椭圆偏光解析法测量分子取向有序度的原理,并应用在基板表面液晶界面层中的测量。实验结果表明, 即使是在强摩擦条件下基板表面附近 ５０ｎｍ 厚的液晶层中,分子取向有序度低于液晶体内部的值。讨论了实验误差, 确认了这一结果的合理性, 为澄清液晶取向排列原动力模型提供了实验依据。     

基于光敏自组装多层膜的液晶光控取向膜

采用layer-by-layer(LBL)的方法，将基板依次在具有光敏双键的季铵盐水溶液和聚乙烯基苯磺酸钠水溶液中浸泡，石英基板表面形成了自组装多层沉积膜。经线性偏振紫外光辐照后，LBL多层膜表现出明显的紫外吸收各向异性。将两片带有各向异性薄膜的基板做成平行液晶器件。在正交的偏光显微镜下观察，发现取得均一、稳定的取向效果。该种光控取向膜有望用作LCoS微显示的取向层。     

原子力显微镜对液晶显示器件基板表面结构的研究

本文通过原子力显微镇观测了附着在ITO玻璃上的液晶取向剂聚乙烯醇膜的表面形貌。同时作为对比实验,观测了ITO玻璃和载玻片的表面形貌。ITO膜层是由直径大约100nm的球形颗粒或无规则颗粒簇组成,聚乙烯醇的构造相对致密,而三者之中载玻片的表面最光滑.将这三种材料表面分别作轻重摩擦两种处理,重新用原子力显微镜观察.轻摩擦者看不到任何摩擦痕迹,唯有重摩擦过的聚乙烯醇表面和载玻片表面,出现摩擦沟痕.ITO表面由于硬度高且粗糙,没有观测到摩擦沟痕。将表面摩擦过的各种材料基板作夹心式液晶盒。在偏光显微镜下观察,向列相液晶5CB(pentycyanobiphenyl)均能很好地定向排列,显现平行排列的单畴图象。说明:a、100nm左右的粗糙程度不破坏5CB这样分子尺寸的液晶排列;b、分子尺寸的摩擦痕迹在液晶排列过程中起到关键作用;c、由于实验用的基板表面是由不同材料构成,且摩擦后均使5CB液晶取向排列,所以排列机理应与表面分子结构无关。     

表面极化的二粒子集团理论

应用二粒子集团理论研究了基板对极性分子构成向列相液晶的作用。假定分子质心固定在简单立方晶格的格点上,分子间存在色散作用和偶极相互作用,与基板相接触的一层分子受到表面作用,在二粒集团近似下导出了分子取向分布函数所满足的方程,并用迭代方法求解,得到如下结论：在向列相液晶与固体基板相接触的界面上,会出现极化层,当基板的表面作用足够强时,界面极性序几乎独立于温度,不受体液晶相变影响。     

一种新型液晶垂直取向膜

采用离子沉积法在玻璃基板表面制备了十四烷基磺酸盐自组装膜,用带有该自组装膜的基板制成的液晶器件呈现出垂直取向效果。通过自组装反应过程分析,认为自组装膜表面的纵向沟纹引起了液晶的垂直排列。实验发现,当自组装膜烷烃碳链长度大于11个C原子就可获得垂直取向。这种取向膜制作过程简单、热稳定性好,非常有望应用于多畴垂直取向模式的液晶显示器。     

光敏自组装单层膜用于液晶光控取向的研究

用丁二酸酐和7-羟基香豆素合成了含有脂肪族羧酸基团的光敏化合物，利用脱水反应使它在玻璃(或石英)基板表面形成自组装单层膜。用偏振紫外光照射光敏性自组装膜，与光矢量方向匹配的香豆素基团发生[2 2]周环反应，反应产物沿辐照光的偏振方向分布，形成表面张力各向异性的薄膜。用它作为向列相液晶取向膜制成平行液晶器件，在偏光显微镜下观察，发现取得了均一、稳定的取向效果。并且该取向膜有良好的热稳定性。     

表面混合排列取向对全息聚合物分散液晶光栅电光特性的影响

在液晶盒的上下基板表面分别旋涂平行和垂直取向剂形成HAN液晶盒,将具有光敏特性的预聚物与向列相液晶按一定比例混合,注入液晶盒,进行全息曝光,形成布拉格光栅.实验结果表明,光栅的驱动电压从9.2 V/μm降到5.7 V/μm,同时衍射效率也从83%上升到98.4%.分析认为,上下基板取向剂对液晶分子进行了取向,在提高相分离程度的同时也改善了富液晶区域的分子排列,从而实现了光栅电光特性的改善.     

向列液晶的表面锚定能

向列液晶表面锚定是表征基板表面取向效果的关键参数,也是研究液晶分子表面取向排列机理的重要信息.描述向列液晶的表面锚定能首先要准确地理解对基板-向列液晶界面的宏观处理和微观处理的差异,其次要明确吉布斯(Gibbs)分界面的意义,它同表面锚定能与预倾角的热力学性质是同等重要的。向列液晶的表面锚定能可分为极化表面锚定能和方位表面锚定能两大类.人们已经采用多种实验技术从宏观上测试了向列液晶的表面锚定能。本文以热力学理论为基础,探讨了向列液晶表面锚定能的物理意义,并且以Freedericksz转变、高电场技术为例分析了极化表面锚定能的测试原理,以高磁场、Cano劈技术为例分析了方位表面锚定能的测试原理,最后用Cano劈技术给出了我们对外推长度的实验测试结果,并估算了液晶的表面锚定能的量级.     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

Teleportation of an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state under the controlling of M controllers

A new quantum protocol to teleport an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state from a sender to a fixed receiver under M controllers(M < N) is proposed. The quantum resources required are M non-maximally entangled Greenberger-Home-Zeilinger (GHZ) state and N-M non-maximally entangled Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) pairs. The sender performs N generalized Bell-state measurements on the 2N particles. Controllers take M single-particle measurement along x-axis, and the receiver needs to introduce one auxiliary two-level particle to extract quantum information probabilistically with the fidelity unit if controllers cooperate with it.     

Diode-end-pumped Nd:YVO4/LBO lasers with 4.2W continuous-wave output at 457 nm

A continuous-wave (CW) 457 nm blue laser operating at the power of 4.2 W is demonstrated by using a fiber coupled laser diode module pumped Nd: YVO4 and using LBO as the intra-cavity SHG crystal With the optimization of laser cavity and crystal parameters, the laser operates at a very high efficiency. When the pumping power is about 31 W, the output at 457nm reaches 4.2 W, and the optical to optical conversion efficiency is about 13.5% accordingly. The stability of the out putpower is better than 1.2% for 8 h continuously working.     

A rigorous proof of MIMO channel capacity’s increase with antenna number

It is well known that adding more antennas at the transmitter or at the receiver may offer larger channel capacity in the multiple-input multiple-output（MIMO） communication systems. In this letter, a simple proof is presented for the fact that the channel capacity increases with an increase in the number of receiving antennas. The proof is based on the famous capacity formula of Foschini and Gans with matrix theory.     

Call for Papers

正Wireless Body-area Networks The last decade has witnessed the convergence of three giant worlds:electronics,computer science and telecommunications.The next decade should follow this convergence in most of our activities with the generalization of sensor networks.In particular with the progress in medicine,people live longer and the aging of population will push the development of wireless personal networks