澳大利亚麦芽大麦和加拿大麦芽大麦品质比较研究

对１９９６～１９９８年度上海口岸进口的澳大利亚麦芽大麦和加拿大麦芽大麦的品质项目逐一进行了比较分析。研究表明,澳大利亚麦芽大麦的发芽率,容重,千粒重,饱满粒含量较高,加拿大麦芽大麦的蛋白质,水分,瘦小粒,杂质含量较高。     

不同青稞籽粒品质特性与酿酒品质关系分析

青稞酒是以青稞为主要原料酿制的一种独特的蒸馏酒,所选青稞对其酿酒品质具有重要影响。本研究以26 个品种青稞为原料,分别酿造小曲青稞酒,并对青稞的籽粒品质特性、发酵相关品质指标以及青稞酒感官得分和出酒率进行分析,采用主成分分析、通径分析等统计学方法分析青稞品种特性与发酵参数及产酒质量之间的关系。结果表明：不同品种青稞间品质特性存在较大差异,其中‘F1’‘甘青6号’青稞最适合酿造优质小曲青稞酒;青稞籽粒性状中,较高的支链淀粉质量分数有利于青稞酒发酵完全,提高出酒率,而容重、千粒质量及黄酮的质量分数是影响酿酒品质的主要因素。本研究可为青稞酿酒原粮的选择和专用型品种的选育提供参考。     

青稞粉添加量对面条加工特性的影响

为开发新型营养面条,探究青稞粉对面条的物理品质特性的影响,以小麦粉为原料,分别添加45%、60%、75%的青稞粉制作面条,研究不同青稞粉添加量对面条颜色、硬度、弹性、水分分布状态和淀粉凝胶化温度的影响。结果表明,青稞粉的添加量越多,面条的颜色越暗,硬度和弹性越差;青稞粉的加入使面条内部的水分子状态发生了迁移,与大分子物质如淀粉和蛋白质结合更紧密,面条的淀粉凝胶化温度也逐渐升高。75%添加量的面条无法形成完整的面筋网络,不能达到正常面条质地强度要求。综合来看,45%的青稞粉添加量尚能维持面条的基本物理特性,达到面条的弹性和硬度要求,可以制作青稞面条。     

Effects of Malting on Phase Transition Behaviour of Starch in Barley Cultivars with Varying Amylose Content

The effect of malting on the phase transition behaviour of starch in barley cultivars with varying amylose content was studied using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). A slight elevation in the melting transition temperature of amylopectin of malt starch and a pronounced decrease in gelatinisation enthalpy for both malt flour and starch were observed for all samples. Evidence was provided from the calorimetric data and the ¹³C CP/MAS NMR spectra that starch-lipid interactions in the form of complexes are enhanced as a result of malting. There was also a large reduction in the melting transition temperature of the amylose-lipid complexes of malt flours, presumably due to partial degradation of amylose in malt, whereas the transition enthalpies of the complexes increased for both malt flours and starches. The DSC transition characteristics of the three good malting barley cultivars grown in different locations and of their respective malts showed that environmental conditions during starch synthesis have a great influence on starch granule organization, and thereby affect the thermal stability of amylopectin crystallites.     

利用蛋白质"指纹"技术鉴定澳大利亚、法国啤酒大麦的品种和纯度

采用操作简便、分辨率高的种子醇溶蛋白SDS-PAGE电泳技术对常用澳大利亚和法国啤酒大麦进行鉴定，利用Gel-Pro软件对电泳图谱进行条带分析和比较，建立了澳大利亚和法国啤酒大麦品种标准图谱库。利用Cross Checker 2．8和MEGA3软件对供试的啤麦品种进行遗传聚类分析，结果与传统分类相近。并成功进行了人工混种试验。     

Effect of the Malting Barley Variety (Hordeum vulgare L) on Fermentability1

The influence of the malting barley genotype on the apparent attenuation limit (AAL) was investigated. The AAL level correlated closely with the maltose concentration in the wort but was not affected by other fermentable sugars or by the total carbohydrate content. The chemical composition, modification, amylolytic enzyme activities and several starch properties of selected malts were studied in detail. Variations in the maltose concentration could almost solely be traced back to genotype‐dependent disparities of β‐amylase thermostability. These differences are due to interallelic polymorphisms of the β‐amylase gene and are easily detected by PCR. Hence, PCR primers offer remarkable prospects for breeding barley on the basis of a marker‐assisted selection (MAS).     

青稞真菌毒素检测分析

采集甘肃、西藏、青海、四川四省共299份青稞样品,采用高效液相色谱串联质谱方法对其13种真菌毒素进行检测分析.结果表明:4个省份青稞样品中13种真菌毒素均未超标,仅检出T-2毒素(T-2 Toxin)、玉米赤霉烯酮(Zearalenone,ZEN).青海部分地区T-2检出率为49.26％;四川部分地区T-2、ZEN,检...     

黑青稞花色素的提取工艺

研究青稞花色素的提取工艺,以黑青稞为原料,考察提取溶剂、酸化剂、提取温度、提取时间、料液比、提取次数和籽粒粉碎度等7个单因素对其花色素提取率的影响,并采用二次回归正交旋转组合设计法建立和优化青稞色素提取的乙醇浓度、温度、时间的回归方程.试验结果表明,在试验范围内各因子对青稞色素提取率的作用大小依次为:乙醇浓度>时间>温度.根据优化的回归方程,青稞色素的最佳提取工艺条件为:乙醇浓度50%,温度53℃,时间3h,此时最大提取率为108.33 μg/g.试验所建立的回归模型在试验范围内能较准确的预测青稞色素的提取率.     

青稞的营养功能及其高值化利用研究进展

近年来,青稞因其丰富的营养组成及独特的生物活性而受到广泛关注。青稞中抗性淀粉、Lunasin多肽、独特的脂肪酸和非淀粉多糖组成以及丰富的酚类物质令其在抗癌、降血糖、降血脂等方面具有良好的发展潜力,然而其加工利用程度低,高附加值产品少,限制了青稞产业的发展。本文从特色营养功能成分、生物活性、加工利用技术和高附加值产品开发现状四个方面对青稞研究进展进行了总结,以期促进青稞的深入研究和应用,为青稞产业持续发展提供进一步支持。     

紫青稞色素的热降解动力学研究

为研究紫青稞色素的稳定性,在不同温度(70、80、90℃)和pH值(1、3、5、7)条件下检测其降解过程。结果发现该色素的降解速率与加热时间呈线性关系,符合一级动力学特征。该色素的稳定性同时受温度和pH影响,在较低温度和较低pH条件下稳定性较强。在70℃~90℃范围内,pH值为1,3,5和7时,紫青稞色素的半衰期t1/2分别为23.8h~9.1h、16.5 h~6.9 h、13.5 h~6.8 h、16.8 h~7.5 h,活化能Ea分别为49.68、45.37、35.55、41.84 k J/mol。此外,紫青稞色素提取液的降解生成褐色物质,褐变指数随加热时间的延长、加热温度的升高、pH值的增大而增大。     

Changes in Germination and Malting Quality During Storage of Barley

To increase brewing yield and efficiency, malts with high extract values, high enzymic activities and good modification are essential. To produce malt that meets these requirements, the barley employed must have minimal post‐harvest dormancy and be able to germinate vigorously. The aims of this study were to determine the extent to which some Australian barley varieties changed during post‐harvest storage, how these changes influenced germination characteristics, enzyme production and malt quality, and, of the germination tests examined, which gave the best indication of a barley's malting potential. Four commercially grown barley samples were obtained, one from Tasmania and three from Victoria. Each sample was stored at room temperature for one year. At monthly intervals, samples were taken and placed at ?18°C. The germinative energy (GE) and germinative index (GI) of these samples were measured. Samples were also micro‐malted and the quality of the malt was assessed using standard EBC methodology. Storage at room temperature positively influenced the germination characteristics of all samples, with concomitant improvements in hydrolytic enzyme production during malting and in a number of malt quality parameters. It was found that, of the germination tests examined, the GI consistently correlated with enzyme activities during malting and with various malt quality parameters thus indicating that the GI is a good indicator of malting potential.     

大麦蛋白质含量和其制麦特性的关系

选用了四种蛋白质含量不同的大麦，研究了大麦蛋白质含量和β-葡聚糖、总多酚的关系。研究表明大麦中蛋白质含量与β-葡聚糖含量成正相关性(R^2=0．8941)，与总多酚含量成负相关性(R^2=0．9340)。进一步研究了这四种大麦的制麦特性。研究表明麦芽中蛋白质含量与浸出物、α-氨基氮、可溶性氮、蛋白酶活力成正相关性(R^2分别为0．9276、0．8783、0．9801和0．9643)，与库值、总多酚成负相关性(R^2分别为0．9950和0．9838)，与β-葡聚糖含量不具有相关性。研究了浸麦过程中不同添加物对高蛋白质含量麦芽溶解性能的改善效果。     

采用RAPD-毛细管芯片电泳法鉴定啤酒大麦品系

我国啤酒大麦主要依赖进口,建立快速准确的进口啤酒大麦品系鉴定方法对保护我国啤酒制造业利益,维护国际贸易公平具有重要意义。该实验采用RAPD和2100毛细管芯片电泳技术,建立了我国主要进口啤酒大麦品系鉴定方法。采用毛细管芯片电泳技术对11次重复实验数据进行统计分析,根据谱带重现性、特异性筛选标志带,根据标志带精确长度和相对量确定判别标准。5条随机引物产生的7条标志带将19个啤酒大麦品种分成13组。     

麦芽制造过程中酚类物质及其相关酶类的变化

研究了3种典型国产啤酒大麦在麦芽制造过程中（包括浸麦、发芽和干燥）酚类物质及其相关酶类（苯丙氨酸解氨酶：phenylalanine ammonia-lyase,PAL、过氧化物酶：peroxidase,POD和多酚氧化酶：polyphenol oxidase,PPO）的变化,分析了制麦过程中酚类物质含量的变化与酶活力和制麦工艺之间的关系,讨论了大麦发芽过程中苯丙氨酸解氨酶在合成酚类物质方面的作用及过氧化物酶对根芽生长和制麦损失的影响。     

Relationship Between Grain Hardness and Malting Quality of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

In a three‐year period, protein content, polysaccharides and values of the selected malting parameters were determined in 12 varieties of barley. Hardness was assessed using the particle size index (PSI) and a Do‐Corder apparatus (BRA). Significant differences in the levels of hardness between the varieties were detected. Hardness was affected by variety from 37% (PSI) and 71% (BRA). Significant correlations were determined between the PSI and extract content (0.64^***), Kolbach index (0.66^***), friability (0.57^***), β‐glucans in wort (?0.51^***) and colour of malt (0.57^***). Significant correlations were found between BRA and content of non‐starch polysaccharides in caryopses (0.64^***), extract (?0.62^***), Kolbach index (?0.70^***), friability (?0.70^***), β‐glucans in wort (0.79^***) and wort colour (?0.56^***). Correlation was determined between hardness and malting quality index (PSI 0.51^***, BRA ?0.71^***).     

赤霉酸对大麦制麦特性和氨基酸组成影响的研究

研究了制麦过程中,添加不同浓度的赤霉酸(GA3)时Azurel大麦制麦特性、麦芽质量参数和氨基酸组成的影响.结果表明,当赤霉酸添加量为0.2mg/kg时,库尔巴哈值为55%、游离氨基氮达到最大值190.1 mg/100mg干麦芽,麦芽中的氨基酸含量最高.当赤霉酸添加量低于0.2mg/kg时,麦芽的酿造品质可得到不同程度的提高.     

云南啤酒大麦与啤酒麦芽利用研究

将云南资源生态优势、啤酒大麦、麦芽和啤酒产业紧密结合,综合运用食品科学、生物技术、遗传育种与栽培等多学科、多种方法和技术相结合,开展了啤酒大麦及麦芽的研究与开发.并取得了一系列成果.效益显著,实现了产业升级和技术突破.     

Japanese Barley Meets Australia: Quality Performance of Malting Barley Grown in Different Countries

The aim of this study is to establish whether it is possible to select malting barley showing high quality under Australian conditions on the basis of malting quality data from the crop of the same genotype grown at a breeding station in Japan. Two approaches were taken to analyse the data obtained over several years. The first was a bivariate mixed model used to obtain variety estimates for the various quality traits of interest. The second approach used a univariate mixed model to determine the correlation between the same genotype grown in Australia and Japan, as well as the correlation between the same genotype grown at trial sites within a country. The first analysis found that nitrogen was related to most malting quality traits except for viscosity. The second analysis showed that the performance in Australia and Japan is similar for all malting quality traits. It may therefore be possible to select barley showing high malting quality under Australian conditions on the basis of malting quality data from the Japanese crop of the same genotype.