钠冷氧化物燃料快堆嬗变MA研究

研究了次量锕系核素(MA)在钠冷氧化物燃料快堆中嬗变的基本物理特性。结果表明,MA核素加入堆芯燃料中后对堆芯动态参数和反应性反馈会产生显著的影响,如:βeff会有所减小、多普勒负反馈会显著减弱以及钠空泡反应性正反馈会显著增强。添加MA所带来的收益是燃耗反应性损失减小,且一定量的MA被嬗变掉,同时MA裂变也有相应的能量产出。MA嬗变的本质在于MA的焚毁,MA的焚毁比消耗与其所占全堆的裂变份额(包括由其转换的238Pu的裂变)成正比,为此相同MA裂变份额下的堆芯安全参数成为MA嬗变快堆设计的关键点。研究表明,堆芯小型化能够有效地减小堆芯的钠空泡反应性正反馈,同时对MA的焚毁比消耗影响较小。     

加速器驱动的次临界系统快堆次锕系核素非均匀布置堆芯的中子学研究

运用MCNP与ORIGEN2耦合计算程序COUPLE，对加速器驱动的次临界系统（ADS）钠冷金属燃料快堆堆芯进行稳态与燃耗计算，比较分析次锕系核素（MA）非均匀布置堆芯与均匀布置堆芯在MA嬗变效果与反应性参数方面的差异。计算结果表明，对比均匀布置，非均匀布置具有更高的MA嬗变率与嬗变支持比，在反应性参数方面导致多普勒效应与有效缓发中子分额降低，钠空泡效应增大，在堆芯功率分布与加速器束流功率方面没有明显变化。     

径向倒料行波堆MA嬗变可行性分析

行波堆可使用低富集度核燃料达到较高的燃耗,核废料不需再回收处理,是闭式燃料循环外有效的核燃料利用体系。为进一步挖掘行波堆在核燃料利用方面的优势,本文对行波堆嬗变次锕系核素(MA)进行了可行性分析。在自主设计的1 250 MWt棋盘式径向倒料钠冷行波堆中均匀添加MA,质量份额从2.0%至12.0%。采用自主开发的MCNP-ORIGEN耦合燃耗计算程序进行分析计算。结果表明,MA嬗变量随MA质量份额的增大线性增大,而嬗变率随MA质量份额的增大呈抛物线变化。同时研究了MA质量份额对堆芯安全参数的影响,如堆芯有效增殖因数、多普勒反馈系数、空泡系数和有效缓发中子份额等。计算结果表明,堆芯有效增殖因数和空泡系数随MA质量份额的增大而增大,多普勒反馈系数和有效缓发中子份额随MA质量份额的增大而减小。     

小型模块化增殖焚烧快堆MA嬗变性能分析

次锕系核素(Minor Actinides,MA)作为长寿命高放射性核废料,在乏燃料放射性中占据主导位置。乏燃料最小化是保证核能可持续发展的重要环节,而嬗变是安全处置乏燃料的有效途径。小型模块化增殖焚烧(Breed and Burn,BB)快堆的中子经济性较好,燃烧寿期长,装料方式灵活多样,可用于增殖产生易裂变核燃料、嬗变长寿命核废料,从而解决核电发展中前端核燃料供给和后端乏燃料处理问题。本文分析对比了U3-MA和U5-MA燃料装载模式的临界、燃耗和安全性能,并系统研究了两种装料模式在BB快堆上嬗变MA的性能。结果表明:两种装料方式均能达到较好的嬗变性能,且MA的添加还能使反应堆寿期更长,堆芯中子经济性更高;此外,从安全性能上来看,添加MA对钍铀燃料循环的缓发中子份额影响较弱,但是对其燃料多普勒系数影响较强,这为后续钍铀、铀钚燃料循环选取合理的MA装载份额提供了参考依据。     

加速器驱动系统的燃料选择

对装载不同增殖材料的现实加速器驱动系统(ADS)的安全及嬗变超铀核素特性进行研究。分别 以(U,TRU)O2和(Th,TRU)O2作为堆芯燃料,先用LAHET和MCNP程序对ADS进行稳态模拟计 算,再耦合MCNP和ORIGEN2程序计算燃耗过程中的核素密度变化。结果显示,装载钍基燃料的 ADS对超铀核素的嬗变效果较好,且在燃耗过程中其反应性和质子流强波动较小;装载铀基燃料的 ADS则具有更安全的多普勒效应和缓发中子有效份额。总体来看,如果需要堆长时间安全嬗变超铀核 素,装载钍基燃料会取得更好的效果。     

MA以IMF燃料靶组件形式在大型钠冷快堆中的非均匀嬗变研究

针对次量锕系核素(MA)的嬗变问题,以中国示范快堆(CDFR)为基本堆芯,研究了MA以靶组件形式在大型钠冷快堆中非均匀嬗变的问题。为增加嬗变的效果,靶组件的燃料选择了不含铀的惰性基体燃料(IMF)。结果表明:少量IMF燃料靶组件的插入对堆芯会产生一定的影响,主要是钠空泡反应性正反馈增强较明显,同时与MA均匀嬗变不同的是堆芯功率峰因子有所增加,其他参数影响相对较小;IMF燃料靶组件中MA的嬗变效果较好,尤其是MA焚毁效率比燃料均匀添加MA时增加了约1/3,IMF燃料中由MA转变的238Pu的次级裂变对MA的焚毁贡献显著增加。在大型钠冷快堆中使用含MA靶组件进行非均匀嬗变时,需要合理选择靶组件的数量和布置位置,以便实现在MA高效嬗变的同时对堆芯性能不会产生非常显著的影响。     

TRU燃料热谱MSR定期换料及嬗变特性数值研究

熔盐反应堆（MSR）燃料制备方便、中子经济性好、燃料管理灵活,具有直接利用轻水堆乏燃料中超铀核素（TRU）的潜力。本文通过优化燃料选取、栅格参数及燃料/石墨体积分数和去除裂变气体和惰性金属等方法,对TRU燃料热谱MSR堆芯寿期、TRU核素积存量、次锕系核素MA嬗变支持比和TRU焚毁率等进行计算分析,证明TRU燃料热谱MSR可实现长周期定期换料,减少在线换料的难度,同时对MA和TRU核素具有一定的嬗变能力,可降低乏燃料放射性毒性。      

可燃毒物提高小型压水堆堆芯寿期研究

针对长寿期堆芯的应用需求,开展了提高小型压水堆堆芯寿期研究。以棒状燃料为对象,对不同栅格尺寸和不同可燃毒物的选取进行计算,得出小型压水堆堆芯寿期相关影响因素。通过对不同尺寸的燃料栅格进行输运-燃耗计算,得到燃耗最佳栅格尺寸。以燃耗最佳栅格尺寸建立组件,并选择转换性能好的锕系核素~(240)PuO_2作为可燃毒物,利用~(240)Pu吸收中子转换成易裂变核素~(241)Pu的特性,对堆芯实现反应性控制和寿期延长。本研究通过对燃料栅格尺寸和可燃毒物的合理选择,提高了燃料利用率,达到延长堆芯寿期的目的。     

铅冷快堆嬗变次锕系核素对安全性的影响研究

铅冷快堆可用于对乏燃料中部分次锕系（MA）核素进行后处理,为研究MA核素的添加是否会影响反应堆安全性能,本文设计了3种MA核素添加方式,分析研究了MA核素在铅冷快堆中嬗变对堆芯临界性能、堆芯寿期和燃料温度系数的影响。结果表明,MA核素的添加会对堆芯临界性能产生影响,使堆芯初始临界性能下降;镀层和混合燃料添加方式对铅冷快堆的寿期有明显的延长,嬗变棒添加方式根据添加位置不同对堆芯寿期的影响不同;MA核素的添加会引起燃料温度系数的改变,但燃料温度系数始终为负。本文提出的3种添加方式均可行,但是嬗变棒添加方式需要注意嬗变棒位置对堆芯寿期的影响,不建议采用较为集中的嬗变棒分布方式。      

工业用铅冷加速器驱动次临界系统(ADS)初步概念设计

本文进行了热功率为800 MW工业用铅冷ADS(加速器散裂中子源驱动的次临界系统)的概念设计.设计要求嬗变堆在运行的全过程中满足设定的各项技术要求散裂源中子的能量增益M＞400,keff＜0.98,峰值线功率密度低于30 kW/m,此外,要求嬗变燃料的平均燃耗深度大于20%.为此,进行了倒料计算,直至堆运行达到平衡状态.设计特点是将嬗变燃料靠近中子源以期提高嬗变率,外围燃料棒含丰产燃料并采用可燃毒物以减缓keff随燃耗的下降.设计考虑了物理与热工问题,说明从堆的角度看,设计方案能满足P&T技术对嬗变堆有效处置次量锕系核素(MA)的要求,平均燃耗深度大于20%,可望将需要深埋处置MA的数量降低至1/100,而支持比则可达10以上.     

Preparation of Zn/TiO2 powder and its photocatalytic performance for oxidation of P-nitrophenol

Zn-doped TiO2 catalysts were prepared using a sol-gel method and characterized by XPS,UV-Vis, BET, XRD in this study. Under the irradiation of simulant sunlight, the photocatalytic activity for the degradation of p-nitrophenol was studied too. After irradiation for 2.5 h, the degradation percentage of p-nitrophenol could rise to more than 80 %. The results showed that the spectrum absorption band edge of Zn/TiO2 powder does not broaden obviously comparing with pure TiO2 powder. Zinc exists as Zn （11）. When calcined at 973 K, there is a new phase as ZnTiO3 in Zn/TiO2 catalyst. The order of photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalysts calcined at different temperatures for p-nitrophenol is 773 K 〉 673 K 〉 873 K 〉 573 K 〉 973 K and the photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalyst calcined at 773 K is better than TiO2 catalysts heated at the same temperature, and outclasses that of commercial TiO2 catalyst. It also showed that the photocatalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol follows first-order kinetics under the irradiation of simulant sunlight.     

Current status of radiation therapy for prostate cancer

Radiotherapy for the treatment of prostate cancer has been extensively explored in the past. Along with the comprehensive understanding of the biology of prostate cancer and rapid advances in terms of technology, the out- come of treatment for the patients with prostate cancer has improved. The authors review radiotherapy as the primary treatment for the disease, with particular emphasis on the technological advances from both the radiobiological and radiophysics aspects. Nonconventional fractionated irradiation like hyper- or hypo-fractionation has been imple- mented in the clinic, the final results still need to be confirmed in the future. Technological advances like IMRT, IGRT, in the last two decades have significantly improved the delivery of external radiotherapy to the prostate. This has re- sulted in an overall increase in the total dose that can be safely delivered to the prostate, which has led to modest im- provements in the biochemical outcome. However, establishing the standard therapy for prostate cancer remains con- troversial. It is hoped that the next decades will bring continued advances in the development of biologicals that will further improve current clinical outcomes.     

The control system for SSRF injection and extraction

This paper introduces the injection and extraction control system design for SSRF,which is a distributed control system aimed at stability and reliability of the pulse power supplies,PPS(Personnel Protection System)and MPS(Machine Protection System).The hardware environment is mainly based on PLC(Programmable Logic Con- troller),and ARM(Advanced RISC Machine)is also applied for studying stability of the power supplies.WinCC and EPICS(Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System)have been selected as the platforms of SCADA(Super- visory Control and Data Acquisition).For unifying the interfacing to the control computer,all front-end equipments are connected via Industrial Ethemet.     

水平管内含空气蒸汽强制对流冷凝换热模型研究

为研究含空气蒸汽在水平管内强制对流冷凝换热特性,基于对传热传质过程的分析,建立了管内为环状流与波状流条件下的流动冷凝换热模型。从潜热、显热和液膜3个环节对整个换热过程进行建模,最终得到计算局部冷凝换热系数的理论关系式。模型预测结果与实验数据的对比表明,二者相对偏差在±20%以内,验证了该换热模型的准确性与适用性。通过进一步的研究发现：从换热管入口至出口,随着冷凝的进行,管内换热主要热阻由液膜热阻向气液界面的凝结热阻转变;主流气体对流换热过程基本可忽略。     

Investigations on landmine detection by BF3 detector

Experiments were carried out to investigate the possible use of neutron backscattering for the detection of polyethylene (PE) sample buried in the soil. In detection of landmine by neutrons, the neutron detector and its shield play an important role. In this paper, the effects of graphite, heavy water, polyethylene and boric acid moderators on the flux of back scattered neutrons were investigated. We have also experimentally verified the effect of BF3 detector shield and obtained good agreement with theory.     

Web Services interface of SSRF archive data analysis system

Accelerator database stores various static parameters and real-time data of accelerator. SSRF (Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility) adopts relational database to save the data. We developed a data retrieval system based on XML Web Services for accessing the archive data. It includes a bottom layer interface and an interface applicable for accelerator physics. Client samples exemplifying how to consume the interface are given. The users can browse, retrieve and plot data by the client samples. Also, we give a method to test its stability. The test result and performance are described.     

有效探测面积大于1000 cm2的正比计数器测量系统性能测试

为对自制的活性面积高达1 000 cm²的大面积源进行表面发射率定值,同时作为现有2πα、2πβ表面发射率标准装置能力的扩充,研制了一套内置式大面积2π多丝正比计数器测量系统,并利用活性区直径为8 mm的²⁴¹Am点源及活性区面积为10 cm×15 cm的大面积²⁴¹Am和⁹⁰Sr-⁹⁰Y源对其进行计量学性能测试。结果表明：计数器内计数响应均匀性优于±0.4%,有效探测面积达1 400 cm²;所得²⁴¹Am源高压坪曲线的坪长为1 400 V,坪斜为0.27%/100 V,坪区内计数变化为0.87%;⁹⁰Sr-⁹⁰Y源高压坪曲线的坪长为300 V,坪斜为0.75%/100 V,坪区内计数变化为0.80%;10次测量重复性好于0.4%,8 h内短期稳定性好于0.3%,1 a内长期稳定性好于0.8%。     

Assessment of radioactivity levels in some oil samples from the western desert, Egypt

Distributions of natural gamma-emitting radionuclides were determined in 93 oil samples collected from some petroleum fields in the western desert of Egypt. The radioisotope activities in the area under investigation lay in the range of (21 ± 4) to (38 ± 13) Bq?L-1 for 226Ra, (9 ± 2) to (15 ± 5) Bq?L-1 for 232Th, and (154 ± 28) to (303 ± 54) Bq?L-1 for 40K. The mean values were 27, 12, and 201 Bq?L-1, respectively. Among oils, variations in radionuclide ac- tivities could be on account of differences in TDS, HCO3, and Ba, with high or low pH. In this environment, oil prop- erties differently affected the mobilization of natural radionuclides. The range of 226Ra variation had been compared with available data from other countries. The calculated absorbed dose rate ranged from 22.33 to 32.66 nGy?h-1 in lo- cation (B) and (E) respectively, which was less than the accepted value.     

Preparation and properties of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP in in-vitro and in small animals

In this work,TTHMP was synthesized and labelled with 117m Sn.The preparation conditions,stability and lipophilicity of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP were investigated.Biodistribution of the complex in rabbits and mice was studied.It was found that the quantity of TTHMP and pH value of the prepararion solution had vital effects on the labeling yield of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP.It was also found that 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP was hydrophilic and stable at room temperature and 37℃ in open air 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP showed unexpectedly high bone uptake and bone-to-blood ratio in the animals.This made it potentially useful as an reagent for skeletal scintigraphy and radiotherapy of bone tumors.     

The role of AGFA high-energy CR in the calibration and quality control of multileaf collimators （MLC）

Linear accelerators equipped with multileaf collimators （MLC） are becoming more common and are widely used in the intensity-modulated radiotherapy （IMRT）. There is an imperative need to ensure the commissioning specification of the linear accelerators for the sake of quality assurance （QA） and quality control （QC）. This paper is aimed to investigate the role of AGFA high-energy CR （Computed Radiography） in calibrating dynamic multileaf collimators and evaluating the accuracy of the leaf position. The result shows that AGFA high-energy CR can easily and conveniently be used to calibrate MLC and verify its position. Hence, the application of AGFA high-energy CR is proved to be an accurate and time-saving method for routine MLC QC, especially when MLC calibration adjustments are required.