Bonding interactions and stability assessment of biopolymer material prepared using type III collagen of avian intestine and anionic polysaccharides

The present study demonstrate bonding interactions between anionic polysaccharides, alginic acid (AA) and type III collagen extracted from avian intestine used for the preparation of thermally stable and biodegradable biopolymer material. Further the study describes, optimum conditions (pH, temperature and NaCl concentration) required for the formation of fibrils in type III collagen, assessment on degree of cross-linking, nature of bonding patterns, biocompatibility and biodegradability of the cross-linked biomaterial. Results revealed, the resultant biopolymer material exhibit high thermal stability with 5–6 fold increase in tensile strength compared to the plain AA and collagen materials. The degree of cross-linking was calculated as 75%. No cytotoxicity was observed for the cross-linked biopolymer material when tested with skin fibroblast cells and the material was biodegradable when treated with enzyme collagenase. With reference to bonding pattern analysis we found, AA cross-linked with type III collagen via (i) formation of covalent amide linkage between –COOH group of AA and ε-NH₂ group of type-III collagen as well as (ii) intermolecular multiple hydrogen bonding between alginic acid –OH group with various amino acid functional group of type-III collagen. Comparisons were made with other cross-linking agents also. For better understanding of bonding pattern, bioinformatics analysis was carried out and discussed in detail. The results of the study emphasize, AA acts as a suitable natural cross-linker for the preparation of wound dressing biopolymer material using collagen. The tensile strength and the thermal stability further added value to the resultant biopolymer.     

Characterization of porous glass fiber-reinforced composite (FRC) implant structures: porosity and mechanical properties

The aim of this study was to characterize the microstructure and mechanical properties of porous fiber-reinforced composites (FRC). Implants made of the FRC structures are intended for cranial applications. The FRC specimens were prepared by impregnating E-glass fiber sheet with non-resorbable bifunctional bis-phenyl glycidyl dimethacrylate and triethylene glycol dimethacrylate resin matrix. Four groups of porous FRC specimens were prepared with a different amount of resin matrix. Control group contained specimens of fibers, which were bound together with sizing only. Microstructure of the specimens was analyzed using a micro computed tomography (micro-CT) based method. Mechanical properties of the specimens were measured with a tensile test. The amount of resin matrix in the specimens had an effect on the microstructure. Total porosity was 59.5 % (median) in the group with the lowest resin content and 11.2 % (median) in the group with the highest resin content. In control group, total porosity was 94.2 % (median). Correlations with resin content were obtained for all micro-CT based parameters except TbPf. The tensile strength of the composites was 21.3 MPa (median) in the group with the highest resin content and 43.4 MPa (median) in the group with the highest resin content. The tensile strength in control group was 18.9 MPa (median). There were strong correlations between the tensile strength of the specimens and most of the micro-CT based parameters. This experiment suggests that porous FRC structures may have the potential for use in implants for cranial bone reconstructions, provided further relevant in vitro and in vivo tests are performed.     

Mechanical properties of electrospun collagen–chitosan complex single fibers and membrane

Collagen and chitosan blends were fabricated into ultrafine fibers to mimic the native extracellular matrix (ECM). So far less mechanical property investigation of electrospun fibers has been reported because of the small dimensions of micro and nanostructures that pose a tremendous challenge for the experimental study of their mechanical properties. In this paper, the electrospun collagen–chitosan complex single fibers and fibrous membrane were collected and their mechanical properties were investigated with a nano tensile testing system and a universal materials tester, respectively. The mechanical properties were found to be dependent on fiber diameter and the ratio of collagen to chitosan in fibers. Fibers with a smaller diameter had higher strength but lower ductility due to the higher draw ratio that was applied during the electrospinning process. For the electrospun single fibers, the fibers demonstrated excellent tensile ductility at chitosan content of 10% and 20% and the highest tensile strength and Young's modulus at chitosan content from 40% to 60%. For the electrospun fibrous membrane, the ultimate tensile strength of the fibrous membrane decreased with the increase of chitosan content in fibers and the trend in the ultimate tensile elongation is similar to that of the single fiber.     

Depletion of water molecules during ethanol wet-bonding with etch and rinse dental adhesives

The treatment of demineralized dentin with ethanol has been proposed as a way to improve hydrophobic monomer penetration into otherwise water saturated collagen fibrils. The ethanol rinse is expected to preserve the fibrils from collapsing while optimizing resin constituent infiltration for better long term adhesion. The physico-chemical investigations of demineralized dentin confirmed objectively these working hypotheses. Namely, Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) measurements of the melting point of water molecules pointed to the presence of free and bound water states. Unfreezable water was the main type of water remaining following a rinsing step with absolute ethanol. Two different liquid water phases were also observed by Magic Angle Spinning (MAS) solid state Nuclear magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Infrared spectra of ethanol treated specimens illustrated differences with the fully hydrated specimens concerning the polar carbonyl vibrations. Optical microscopy observations as well as scanning electron microscopy showed an improved dentin-adhesive interface with ethanol wet bonding. The results indicate that water can be confined to strongly bound structural molecules when excess water is removed with ethanol prior to adhesive application. This should preserve collagen from hydrolysis upon aging of the hybrid layer.     

Effect of matrix structure on the impact properties of an alloyed ductile iron

An investigation was performed to examine the influence of the matrix structure on the impact properties of a 1.03% Cu, 1.25% Ni and 0.18% Mo pearlitic ductile iron. Specimens were first homogenized at 925 °C for 7 h and a fully ferritic structure was obtained in all ductile iron samples. Then, various heat treatments were applied to the homogenized specimens in order to obtain pearlitic/ferritic, pearlitic, tempered martensitic, lower and upper ausferritic matrix structures. The unnotched charpy impact specimens were tested at temperatures between − 80 °C and + 100 °C; the tensile properties (ultimate tensile strength, 0.2% yield strength and elongation) and the hardnesses of the matrix structures were investigated at room temperature. The microstructures and the fracture surfaces of the impact specimens tested at room temperature were also investigated by optical and scanning electron microscope. The results showed that the best impact properties were obtained for the ferritic matrix structure that had the lowest hardness, yield and tensile strength. Ductile iron with a lower ausferritic matrix had the best combination of ultimate tensile strength, percent elongation and impact energies of all structures.     

Genipin交联丝素蛋白纳米纤维膜的制备与性能

利用Genipin对再生丝素蛋白进行交联改性, 并通过静电纺丝法制备交联的丝素蛋白纳米纤维膜。利用场发射扫描电镜、 红外光谱仪、 X射线衍射仪、 热重分析仪以及拉力机等对其结构与性能进行表征与测试。结果表明, 随着交联剂Genipin质量比的增加, 交联度增加, 静电纺丝素蛋白纳米纤维平均直径增大, 标准偏差增大;Genipin交联对丝素蛋白纳米纤维结晶结构影响不大, 但热性能提高;常温条件下, 随着Genipin质量比从2%提高至15%, 丝素蛋白纳米纤维膜的力学性能逐渐增强, 质量比为10%时, 其力学性能较好, 拉伸强度和断裂应变分别为19.6 MPa和5.9%;随着试验温度从40 ℃升高到200 ℃, 丝素蛋白纳米纤维膜的拉伸强度和断裂应变先增大然后减小, 当试验温度为80 ℃时, 其力学性能较好, 拉伸强度和断裂应变分别为41.6 MPa和8.6%。     

高温后CFRP筋及其粘结式锚固系统的力学性能

为明确高温后碳纤维增强树脂复合材料(Carbon fiber reinforced polymer,CFRP)筋材及其粘结型锚固系统的力学性能,以筋材的处理温度为试验参数,完成了12个筋材试件的轴向拉伸试验;以粘结式锚具的处理温度和粘结长度为试验参数,完成了36个试件的锚固性能试验。结果表明:对于筋材轴向拉伸试件,处理温度为100℃时,筋材静力性能与常温试件相比未发生明显变化,筋材经历200℃和300℃温升作用后,其抗拉强度、弹性模量和极限拉应变较常温试件分别下降了6.4%、8.2%、3.8%和16.6%、18.3%、8.3%;对于锚固性能试验,试件的粘结强度随处理温度和粘结长度的增加而降低,粘结长度一定时,处理温度为200℃与300℃试件的粘结强度较常温试件分别下降了31.5%~36.3%和44.2%~47.4%。建立了适于分析高温后CFRP筋轴向拉伸性能、粘结型锚固系统粘结强度及临界锚固长度的实用计算公式,且具较高精度。      

The effect of exposure on the mechanical properties of the Ti-6Al-4v alloy

The mechanical properties of TJ-6A1-4V specimens were investigated after their exposure to air at 900°C. It was found that even short exposure causes a marked drop in ductility and decrease in the ultimate tensile strength, while the yield strength remains uneffected. The loss of ductility is attributed to small surface cracks which appear in the early stages of the tensile test along the entire gauge length of the specimens.     

Influence of matrix structure on the fatigue properties of an alloyed ductile iron

Rotary bending fatigue tests were conducted on ductile iron containing 1.25 wt% nickel, 1.03 wt% copper and 0.18 wt% molybdenum with various matrix structures. Several heat treatments were applied to obtain ferritic, pearlitic/ferritic, pearlitic, tempered martensitic, lower and upper ausferritic structures in the matrix of a pearlitic as-cast alloyed ductile iron. The tensile properties (ultimate tensile strength, 0.2% yield strength and percent elongation), the hardness and the microstructures of the matrixes were also investigated in addition to fatigue properties. Fractured surfaces of the fatigue specimens were examined by the scanning electron microscope. The results showed that the lowest hardness, tensile and fatigue properties were obtained for the ferritic structure and the values of these properties seemed to increase with rising pearlite content in the matrix. While the lower ausferritic structure had the highest fatigue strength, the upper ausferritic one showed low fatigue and tensile properties due to the formation of the second reaction during the austempering process.     

Micro-tensile strength of sound primary second molar dentin

Although biomechanical properties of dentin are important factors to dentin bonding, as well as for understanding caries, cervical erosion/abfraction, and tooth fracture, limited information for primary teeth has been reported. This study evaluated the micro-tensile strength (MTS) of sound primary second molar dentin with an originally designed system that we have developed. Twenty-seven dumbbell-shaped specimens were prepared from eight teeth. The MTS of the dentin beneath the occlusal surface was measured and fractured dentin surfaces were observed using SEM. Data was analyzed using ANOVA subsequent to Fisher's PLSD at p < 0.05. The novel jig system used in this study allowed symmetric dumbbell-shaped and uniformly sized specimens. The mean (standard deviation) MTS of all the specimens was 38.2 (15.9) MPa. The mean MTS of the specimens sectioned from the central area (46.5 MPa) was significantly higher than those of the specimens that were sectioned from the most mesial (31.1 MPa) and distal (27.8 MPa) sides of the teeth. Sound primary second molar occlusal dentin showed regional variations in tensile strength. This might influence the prognosis of dental restorations.     

Effects of surface roughness on the diffusion bonding of Al alloy 6061 in air

The effect of surface roughness on the properties of Al6061 joints fabricated by diffusion bonding in air at 450°C was studied. It was found that rougher surfaces yield superior ultimate tensile strength and linearized bonded ratio. Joints with ultimate tensile strength comparable to that of bulk metal were obtained for holding times of 75 min using rougher surfaces; however, the maximum linearized bonded ratio obtained was only about 75%. Incomplete bonding was attributed to air entrapment along the bond interface. This was due to good bonding occurring at the periphery of the bonded specimens during the early part of the bonding process.     

Hydrogen-induced embrittlement of nickel-chromium-molybdenum containing HSLA steels

ABSTRACT

Several advanced nickel-chromium-molybdenum high strength lowalloy steels newly developed by our research team exhibit excellent mechanical strength, toughness and hardenability. However, the phenomenon of hydrogen-induced embrittlement will easily occur for these high strength steels. In this research, the hydrogeninduced embrittlement of 8625-Modified steel (8625M steel) was studied. Experimental results show that the dominant hydrogen trapping site of the 8625M steel is dislocation, of which trapping energy is about 20 kJ/mol, indicating that the hydrogens trapped in the dislocations are diffusible. The as-quenched 8625M steel has the highest dislocation density and accordingly the highesthydrogen content after hydrogen charging. This makes the asquenched 8625M steel exhibit severe hydrogen embrittlement. After tempering at 200°C and 300°C, the dislocation density drops, and hence these tempered specimens have lower ultimate tensile strength loss. After 400°C tempering, the hydrogen embrittlement phenomenon becomes serious again, being ascribed to the formation of needlelike and film-like cementite which will weaken the strength of martensite. After 500°C tempering, the 8625M steel has the lowest dislocation density, and the inter-lath cementite become discontinuous and spheroidal, making the 500°C tempered specimen have the lowest ultimate tensile strength loss and the highest elongation after hydrogen charging in this study.     

Carbon fibre reinforced glass matrix composite tension and flexure properties

Carbon fibre reinforced borosilicate glass matrix composites have been fabricated to determine their mechanical properties in tension and flexure. Composite tensile stress-strain properties, including elastic modulus, proportional limit and ultimate tensile strength, have been measured as a function of fibre content. Composite tensile properties were also obtained at temperatures of up to 625° C through the testing of 0/90 cross-plied specimens. Composite short-beam shear strength was found to depend on specimen orientation and also on the composition of the glass matrix. This compositional dependence was associated with an independent measurement of the fibre-matrix interfacial shear strength and was related to the degree of fibre-matrix reaction taking place during composite fabrication.     

锈蚀钢材偏心受压钢柱承载性能退化规律

为研究锈损对冷弯薄壁型钢短柱受压承载性能的影响,设计加工了6个轴压及6个绕强轴偏心受压短柱试件,首先通过拉伸试验,分析了材料力学性能与锈蚀程度间的关系,然后对试件进行承载力试验,分析其破坏模式、极限承载力及变形特征等特性,结果表明：锈损钢材的屈服、抗拉强度、弹性模量及伸长率均随锈蚀程度的增加呈线性下降趋势。锈损未使短柱试件的最终破坏模式发生变化,但随着偏心距的增大,试件由腹板局部屈曲变为以畸变屈曲为主的耦合破坏模式;在相同锈蚀率条件下,轴压试件的极限承载能力较偏压试件退化更明显。采用ABAQUS有限元软件对试件进行数值模拟,计算结果表明其能够较好的预测试件承载力及屈曲行为。     

Nondestructive Evaluation of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic Subjected to Combined Localized Heat Damage and Fatigue Damage Using Acoustic Emission

The effect of fatigue damage to unidirectional fiberglass composite specimens with prior contact heat damage was investigated. After damaging the specimens by contacting them to a hot tip at 360°C, the specimens were subjected to fatigue loading at cyclic stress amplitude corresponding to 65% of the specimens' ultimate tensile strength. The fatigue experiments was halted after 3,000 cycles. The specimens were then subjected to tensile tests while monitoring their acoustic emission (AE) activity. In addition, acoustic emission activities of undamaged and contact heat-damaged specimens were monitored during tensile tests for comparison with specimens with combined fatigue and heat damage. AE activities of all specimens can be categorized into three regions: an early rise in activity, a relatively dormant period in activity, and a high exponential activity before failure. The early rise in activity did not appear on the specimens with combined contact heat and fatigue damage. For undamaged and contact heat-damaged specimens, the period of the dormant activity was independent of the contact heat duration of less than 15 minutes. However, the period was a function of the contact heat duration for combined contact heat and fatigue damaged specimens. Analyzing event duration distribution identified micro-mechanisms of the damage growth upon tensile loading. AE-stress delay concept was used to predict the state of the damage in the composite. A correlation between stress delay parameter and damage parameter was obtained for all of the specimens. Fatigue life of contact heat damaged specimen was also studied. It was found that localized heat damage reduced the fatigue life significantly. Loss of matrix to transfer the load to the fibers uniformly was believed to be responsible for the reduction in the fatigue life.     

TAHA processing of a 6201 aluminium alloy†

In order to gain better understanding of the effect of pre-aging on the tensile properties of 6201 Al alloy, different TAHA processes have been performed in this study. A 6201 AI alloy was first solution treated, followed by pre-aging at 135°C for 30?minutes (some specimens were without pre-aging). The specimens were then cold rolled to 60, 70 or 80% reduction in thickness followed by final aging at 140, 150 or 160°C for 1 to 20?hours. For specimens of 60% cold reduction, the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and yield strength (YS) were significantly improved by pre-aging. The improvement in strengths by pre-aging was most (least) significant if the final aging temperature was 140°C (160°C). For specimens of 70% reduction, the improvement in UTS and YS by pre-aging was not as significant. For specimens of 80% cold reduction, lower strengths were found for pre-aged specimens as compared to specimens without pre-aging. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that there was close relationship between the fracture morphology and the resulting tensile properties. Proper combination of pre-aging and cold work led to finer, denser and more uniform distribution of precipitates which resulted in better tensile properties     

Effect of composition on the mechanical properties and water sorption of a butadiene/styrene copolymer-methacrylate monomer soft lining material

A series of experimental soft lining materials has been produced using a butadiene/styrene copolymer with methacrylate monomers, and assessed in terms of their tensile properties. Three different methacrylate monomers, n-hexyl (HMA), ethyl hexyl (EHMA) and 1-tridecyl (TDMA), and two different initiators, benzoyl peroxide (BP) and lauryl peroxide (LP), were used. Other variables were copolymer/monomer ratio and level of cross-linking. Water sorption studies were also carried out on some of the materials, selected in terms of strength, on the pure copolymer (with and without partitioning agent) and on homopolymers of HMA and EHMA. Generally, the EHMA-based materials had the highest strengths and the TDMA the lowest. The highest tensile strength at 11.36±1.80 MPa was produced by the 50/50, LP initiated EHMA material with 1% cross-linking agent, which also had the lowest water uptake. There appeared to be a relationship between tensile strength and water uptake. Water uptake was found to be governed by the partitioning agent in the copolymer powder.     

锈损冷弯薄壁卷边槽钢短柱受压承载力试验研究

为研究锈损对冷弯薄壁型钢短柱受压承载性能的影响,设计加工了6个轴压及6个绕强轴偏心受压短柱试件,首先通过拉伸试验,分析了材料力学性能与锈蚀程度间的关系,然后对试件进行承载力试验,分析其破坏模式、极限承载力及变形特征等特性,结果表明:锈损钢材的屈服、抗拉强度、弹性模量及伸长率均随锈蚀程度的增加呈线性下降趋势.锈损未使短柱...     

Hygromechanical properties of composites of crosslinked allylglycidyl-ether modified starch reinforced by wood fibres

In a previous work a new family of thermoset composites of allylglycidyl ether modified starch as matrix, an ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as cross-linker and a wood fibre as reinforcement were prepared. The aim of the present work was to study the hygromechanical properties of the new composites including density, dimensional stability in water, water uptake, stiffness, and ultimate strength in three-point bending. It was shown that the samples with a starch matrix of a high degree of substitution (DS = 2.3), HDS, absorbed less water, were more stable in water and had also higher stiffness and strength than corresponding composite samples with a starch matrix of low degree of substitution (DS = 1.3), LDS. Overall, the fibre addition improved water stability. An increased fibre content from 40 to 70% by weight had a negligible impact on the water uptake. An increase in fibre content did, however, improve the mechanical properties. The HDS-sample with highest fibre content, 70% by weight showed the highest Young’s modulus (3700 MPa) and strength (130 MPa), which are markedly higher compared with the samples based on the pure HDS matrix (Young’s modulus of 360 MPa and strength of 15 MPa). The measured Young’s modulus and tensile strength values were roughly one order of magnitude higher than earlier reported cellulosic fibre reinforced natural polymer composites.     

Influence of palm oil fuel ash on ultimate flexural and uniaxial tensile strength of green ultra-high performance fiber reinforced cementitious composites

This study focuses on the measurement of the ultimate flexural and tensile strength of GUSMRC, a new class of green ultra-high performance fiber reinforced cementitious composites (GUHPFRCCs) in which 75% of the volume contains ultrafine palm oil fuel ash (UPOFA). This green concrete is currently under development at the Universiti Sains Malaysia (GUSMRC). The main objective of this study is to investigate the potential of UPOFA as a partial binder replacement for the ultimate flexural and uniaxial tensile strength of GUSMRC mixtures. Results showed that UPOFA enhances the flexural and uniaxial tensile responses of fresh UHPFRCCs. The highest flexural and uniaxial tensile strength values at the 50% replacement level after 28 days were at 42.38 MPa and 13.35 MPa, respectively, indicating the potential of utilizing UPOFA as an efficient pozzolanic mineral admixture for the production of GUSMRC with superior engineering properties.