Structural evolution of the Ti–Al coatings produced by mechanical alloying technique

By means of the mechanical alloying (MA) method, the Ti + Al coatings were deposited on Ti alloy substrates. The structural formation of the Ti–Al coatings as a function of the milling time was studied. The thickness of coatings and their structure depended on the milling duration. At initial stage Al covered the Ti substrate. Then Ti particles were embedded in the Al matrix. Gradually the composite coating was formed. Greater plastic deformation led to the formation of the layered coating structure. Prolonged milling resulted in refinement of the particles into the nanometer scale near surface region of the Ti–Al coating.     

Effect of temperature on deposition of LaPO4 coatings produced by ultrasonic-based coating process on steel substrates

High-adhesion LaPO₄ coatings were fabricated on steel substrates at temperatures of 150-400 °C after a 10 min treatment using an ultrasonic-based coating process. The principle underlying this process is the collision of ultrasonically accelerated hard balls with the substrate surface that is covered by loosely adhered LaPO₄ particles. The repeated substrate-to-ball collisions flatten the precoated LaPO₄ particles, bond them together and cold weld them to the substrate. The coating thickness, roughness and structure were found to depend on the substrate temperature. The LaPO₄ coatings produced at temperatures ranging from 150 to 250 °C exhibited a granular and porous structure. The treatment at temperatures higher than 300 °C enabled the production of rather dense coatings.     

Ni-P-SiC composite coatings electroplated on carbon steel assisted by mechanical attrition

Ni-P-SiC composite coatings were electroplated on carbon steel substrate assisted by mechanical attrition (MA). The MA action was conducted by dispersing glass balls on the cathodic surface, vibrating in the horizontal direction. The experimental results show that, under the assistant of MA action, the adhesion of Ni-P-SiC coating on the steel substrate can be improved effectively, and the Ni-P-SiC coatings exhibit a crystallized structure and Ni-P matrix can combine tightly with SiC particles, and the hardness and corrosion resistance of these coatings increase markedly. During heat treatment, the defects produced in conventional Ni-P-SiC composite coatings can be avoided assisted by MA action. Both of the wear resistance and corrosion resistance of these coatings can be improved further.     

钢表面激光熔覆原位合成TiN复合涂层

选用Ti机械球磨粉末在Q235钢基体表面进行激光熔覆,并实时通入氮气,使钛与氮气发生反应原位合成TiN涂层.运用SEM,XRD,EDS和BSE分析方法对激光熔覆层的组织及成分进行分析,并对熔覆层硬度、高温稳定性及耐腐蚀性进行测试.结果表明,涂层由TiN,TiO₂和铁组成,涂层与基体形成了冶金结合,熔覆区组织成球形颗粒状,而稀释区组织多为树枝晶和针状晶,机械球磨过程可起到细化涂层晶粒作用.同时激光熔覆涂层具有较高的硬度及高温稳定性,当激光功率为1 000 W,扫描速度为600 mm/min时,TiN复合涂层最高表面显微硬度为951.5MPa,涂层耐腐蚀性不佳主要是因为涂层中孔洞及疏松等缺陷导致.     

Fabrication of nanostructured Mo coatings on Al and Ti substrates by ball impact cladding

Nanostructured multicomponent Mo coatings were fabricated on Ti and Al substrates by ball impact cladding at room temperature in an ambient atmosphere. The process involved subjecting the substrate and Mo foil fixed at the top of a vibration chamber to high-energy collisions with balls. The coating formation was the result of a simultaneous process of mechanically induced plastic flow, nanocrystallization, and interdiffusion caused by the ball collisions. Plastic deformation refined the grains at the Mo foil/substrate interface to the nanometre scale. The size of nanocrystalline grains in the Mo coatings ranged between 2 nm and 10 nm. The ball collisions caused atomic level intermixing of different elements, introduced into the surface from the steel balls used for milling, and solid solubility improved remarkably. The hardness of the Mo coatings on the Al and Ti substrates was 552 and 1010 HV, respectively. The initial hardness of the Mo foil was 287 HV. The high hardness of the Mo claddings was attributed to the fine grain structure, formation of supersaturated solid solutions, and high residual compressive stresses.     

等离子体增强磁控溅射TiN涂层与铝对摩时的摩擦磨损行为∗

铝挤压模具表面的摩擦磨损行为是影响铝制品质量和模具寿命的重要因素。为了进一步优化铝挤压模具表面耐磨涂层的沉积工艺，以 TiN 涂层为例，采用等离子体增强磁控溅射方法分别在基体偏流为 0.1 A、1.5 A、3.0 A 和 4.5 A 条件下制备 TiN 涂层，利用 XPS、SEM、AFM 和 XRD 分别测量 TiN 涂层的化学成分、表截面微观结构和相组成，利用纳米压痕仪和旋转式球-盘摩擦磨损试验机分别考察 TiN 涂层试样的综合力学性能和与铝对摩时的摩擦磨损行为。结果表明：基体偏流增加对 TiN 涂层的化学组成影响较小。随着基体偏流的增加，TiN 涂层的横截面形貌逐渐细化。涂层表面具有由岛状微凸起组成的微结构，随着基体偏流的增加，微凸起尺寸和数量逐渐减小，表面粗糙度逐渐降低。不同基体偏流条件下制备的涂层均具有明显的 TiN(111)择优生长趋势。当基体偏流从 0.1 A 增加到 1.5 A 时，TiN 涂层的晶粒尺寸明显减小，涂层的综合力学性能得到显著提高。TiN 涂层试样与铝对摩过程中主要发生粘着磨损和磨料磨损，涂层试样对铝的减摩抗磨性能与对摩过程中的铝粘着面积呈负相关。结论：基体偏流对等离子体增强磁控溅射 TiN 涂层的表截面微观结构、力学性能和摩擦磨损行为影响显著，基体偏流为 1.5 A 时制备的 TiN 涂层具有最低的摩擦因数和磨损率，分别为 0.41×10^?15 和 3.03×10^?15 m³ / (N·m)。研究结果对铝成型模具表面高性能长寿命防护涂层的研究开发具有一定的理论意义和实用价值。     

The evaluation of powder processing on microstructure and mechanical properties of hydroxyapatite (HA)/yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) composite coatings

In clinical applications, the mechanical failure of HA-coated titanium alloy implants suffered at the interface of the HA coating and titanium alloy substrate will be a potential weakness in prosthesis. Yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) reinforced HA coatings have been proven to enhance the mechanical properties of the HA coating significantly and reduce the formation of calcium oxide (CaO). In this paper, HA/YSZ (30 wt.% YSZ) composite coatings were sprayed by the plasma technique. The effects of the powder processing–mechanical ball milling method and spheroidization method on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the HA/YSZ composite coatings were evaluated. The experimental results showed that the spheroidized powders melted better than the ball milled powders during plasma spraying and formed higher mechanical property coatings (1.6326±0.08 MPa m^−0.5 of fracture toughness, 58.59±2.91 GPa of elastic modulus and 43.42±2.53 MPa of tensile bond strength). HA/YSZ solid solution formed during deposition on the substrate, which played a very important role in the mechanical properties of the HA/YSZ composite coatings. Tensile bond strength tests showed that the fracture mode was cohesive and that failure occurred at the interface of HA and unmelted YSZ particles. The molten state of YSZ had a great influence on the properties of the HA/YSZ composite coatings.     

PVD涂层刀具高速铣削CoCrMo合金的性能研究

目的为了提高涂层硬质合金刀具的切削性能,研究了物理气相沉积PVD法制备的涂层硬质合金铣刀在高速干式环境下的铣削性能。方法采用阴极电弧技术制备了TiN、TiAlN以及TiAlSiN涂层硬质合金铣刀刀头,通过一同沉积涂层的硬质合金圆片,间接测量得出涂层的显微硬度、厚度和平均摩擦系数,并以CoCrMo合金为切削对象,进行了PVD涂层与无涂层刀具高速铣削下的对比试验。结果TiAlSiN显微硬度最高达3800HV,摩擦系数达0.3,TiAlN涂层平均膜厚为2μm,间接测得TiN、TiAlN以及TiAlSiN涂层的结合力依次为60、58、42N。在三者的切削性能中,TiAlSiN涂层的切削性能比TiAlN和TiN涂层的好,同等切削参数时,TiN刀具的高速铣削时间最短,TiAlSiN涂层的平均磨损值为0.1895,TiN的平均磨损值为0.3047。结论涂层中添加Al、Si,极大地提高了刀具的使用性能,改善了刀具切削过程中的耐磨性、红硬性,极大地延长了刀具的使用寿命。TiAlSiN涂层的硬度高,耐磨损性好,切削性能好,适合高速铣削加工。     

Characterizations of cold sprayed TiN particle reinforced Al2319 composite coating

In this study, a dense Al2319/TiN composite coating was successfully prepared using cold spraying with mechanically blended powders. TiN particles were uniformly dispersed in the coating matrix with a volume fraction of 38.7 vol.%, which is higher than that of 32.7 vol.% in the powder blend. Compared with the pure Al2319 coating, the Al2319/TiN composite coating exhibits a significantly increased adhesive strength. The incorporation of the TiN particles increases the coating hardness from 106 ± 7.8 to 154.5 ± 18.9 Hv_0.2. In addition, compared with the pure Al2319 coating, the composite coating exhibits a significantly improved tribological performance. The results obtained in this work indicated that cold spraying is a promising process to fabricate Al alloy-based composite coatings.     

In situ nanocrystalline Fe–Si coating by mechanical alloying

A new approach for deposition of in situ nanocrystalline Fe–Si alloy coating on mild steel substrate by mechanical milling has been proposed. The thickness of nanocrystalline coating was a function of milling time and speed. Milling speed of 200 rpm was the optimum condition for development of uniform, hard, adherent and dense 200–300 μm thick nanocrystalline coating. A possible mechanism, consisting of three steps like repeated impact, cold welding and delamination, has been proposed for the formation of coating. These coatings have resulted in the increase of the hardness to almost double the value before coating.     

不同厚度TiN和TiAlN涂层残留应力分析

TiN和TiAlN涂层常应用于精冲模,采用XRD技术分析了不同厚度TiN和TiAlN涂层的相变化,并采用Sin2ψ法测量了TiN涂层和基体以及TiAlN基体的残留应力,应用显微硬度计测量了涂层的显微硬度。结果表明:TiN涂层(111)和(222)晶面存在明显择优取向,涂层残留应力分布在-2 347～-1 920MPa,基体残留应力分布在-154.9～-69.21 MPa,均随厚度增加而减小;TiAlN涂层主要相成分为Ti3Al3N2,且(107)晶面存在择优取向,基体残留应力分布在-123.7～469.5 MPa,主要呈拉应力状态,且随厚度增加而增大,对模具寿命有较大影响;TiN和TiAlN涂层显微硬度随厚度增加而增大。     

Metal Matrix Composite Coatings Manufactured by Thermal Spraying: Influence of the Powder Preparation on the Coating Properties

The purpose of this study is to manufacture metal matrix composite coatings by thermal spraying. In order to improve coating’s mechanical properties, it is necessary to increase homogeneity. To meet this objective, the chosen approach was to optimize the powder morphology by mechanical alloying. Indeed, the mechanical alloying method (ball milling) was implemented to synthesize NiCr-Cr₃C₂ and NiCrBSi-WC composite powders by using cold spraying and high-velocity oxygen fuel process, respectively. After optimizing the process parameters on powder grain size, the composite coatings were compared with standard coatings manufactured from mixed powders. SEM observations, hardness measurements, and XRD analyses were the first technologies implemented to characterize the metal matrix composite coatings. Different characteristics were then observed. When mechanical alloying process is employed to synthesize composite powders strengthened by particle dispersion, the powders tend to fracture into small segments, especially when high content of hard particles is added. Powder microstructures were then refined, which induced thinner coating morphologies and reduced porosity rate. Once an improved microstructure is obtained, manufacturing of coating using milled powders was found suitable in comparison with coatings manufactured only with mixed powders.     

Enhancement and Prediction of Adhesion Strength of Copper Cold Spray Coatings on Steel Substrates for Nuclear Fuel Repository

Thick copper coatings have been envisioned as corrosion protection barriers for steel containers used in repositories for nuclear waste fuel bundles. Due to its high deposition rate and low oxidation levels, cold spray is considered as an option to produce these coatings as an alternative to traditional machining processes to create corrosion protective sleeves. Previous investigations on the deposition of thick cold spray copper coatings using only nitrogen as process gas on carbon steel substrates have continuously resulted in coating delamination. The current work demonstrates the possibility of using an innovative surface preparation process, forced pulsed waterjet, to induce a complex substrate surface morphology that serves as anchoring points for the copper particles to mechanically adhere to the substrate. The results of this work show that, through the use of this surface preparation method, adhesion strength can be drastically increased, and thick copper coatings can be deposited using nitrogen. Through finite element analysis, it was shown that it is likely that the bonding created is purely mechanical, explaining the lack of adhesion when conventional substrate preparation methods are used and why helium is usually required as process gas.     

超音速冷气动力喷涂Cu涂层的结合机理

简要介绍了冷喷涂技术特点及工艺原理。分析了超音速Cu颗粒与基材高速撞击沉积过程，借助扫描电镜分析了涂层结合机理：涂层与基体的界面结合以及涂层之间的粒子结合主要以机械咬合为主；涂层之间的结合同时有部分冶金结合和物理结合。     

Microstructure and Corrosion Behavior of Friction Stir Welded Al Alloy Coated by In Situ Shot-Peening-Assisted Cold Spray

To improve the corrosion resistance of friction stir welded (FSW) joints, in situ shot-peening-assisted cold spray coating was applied to the surface of FSW joints. The microstructure and corrosion behavior of the coatings were investigated. The results showed that a dense coating was obtained by cold spraying technology. Moreover, the use of in situ shot-peening-assisted technology significantly reduced the porosity of the coating, which has a positive impact on the microstructure and the mechanical performance. Exfoliation corrosion tests showed that the coating affected positively on the corrosion resistance. On the coated surface, the craters caused by shot-peening particles were corroded in the form of exfoliation corrosion, while the exposed particles were corroded in the form of intercrystalline corrosion. This work provides a new approach to the corrosion protection of FSW joints.     

Formation of surface coating on milling balls during milling of Cr powders

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TRIBOLOGICAL AND HIGH SPEED TURNING PERFORMANCE IN Ti1-xAlxN COATINGS PREPARED BY CLOSE-FIELD UNBALANCED MAGNETRON SPLTTERING

Titanium-aluminium-nitride (Ti1-xAlxN) coatings were deposited by close-field unbalanced magnetron sputtering on M42 steel substrates and WC-6wt%Co inserts at 450℃. The tribological behavior was analyzed by sliding against steel and WC-6wt%Co balls, while the turning performance was evaluated by a conventional turning machine at high cutting speeds without using coolants. In the tribological tests, the formation of transfer layer and the variations of hardness of the coatings played an important role for sliding against steel balls. For the coatings sliding against WC-6wt%Co balls, the Ti-Al-N coatings showed a similar friction coefficient, but the TiN coating exhibited a lower value. The difference could be explained by the tri-oxidation wear mechanism. In the turning tests, a superior cutting performance of the coating was found at x=0.45, which endured 38 minutes before the tool flank wear reached the maximum value of 0.3mm, whereas only 20 minutes were endured for the TiN coating. The excellent performance of the coatings in the turning tests could be explained by the enhanced mechanical properties and oxidation/diffusion resistance of the coatings.     

Deposition Behavior of Copper Fine Particles onto Flat Substrate Surface in Cold Spraying

Cold spray is a promising process to fabricate high-quality metallic coatings. However, it is necessary to improve some properties, especially the adhesive strength of the coating to the substrate to clarify deposition mechanism of the solid particles onto substrate surface. In this study, deposition behavior of the cold sprayed copper fine particles was observed precisely and the adhesive strength of the coating was evaluated. The deposition behavior of the sprayed individual copper particles on mirror polished stainless steel substrate was fundamentally investigated. The interface microstructure between sprayed particle and substrate revealed that an amorphous-like band region was recognized at interface during coating fabrication at high power conditions. For the deposition mechanism of the cold sprayed particles onto substrate surface, it was indicated that the deformation of the particles initially induce the destruction of its surface oxide and an appearance of the active fresh surface of the material may enhance the bonding between particles and substrate. On the other hand, in coating fabrication at high power condition, bonding between particle and substrate may be possibly formed via oxygen-rich amorphous-like layer at interface.     

钛合金表面百微米级Ti/TiN多层复合涂层性能研究

目的提高TiN硬质涂层的厚度及各项力学性能。方法采用等离子增强PVD技术在钛合金(TC4)基体表面制备多层复合Ti/TiN涂层,对涂层进行扫描电镜(SEM)分析,采用划痕法表征涂层的结合强度,用维氏显微硬度计测试涂层的显微硬度,利用销盘式摩擦磨损试验仪评价涂层的摩擦磨损性能。结果制备的多层复合Ti/TiN涂层厚度最高可达100μm,且未发生剥落等失效,结合强度相对于单层TiN提高了近3倍。由于Ti、TiN的多层复合调制作用,制备的Ti/TiN显微硬度测试表明复合涂层的显微硬度高达2700 HV0.025,同时,涂层在原有耐磨性能优良的基础上具备自润滑减摩作用,经过近20 000 m的磨损测试,复合涂层的摩擦系数低至0.25左右,且未完全失效。结论多层复合结构能够有效提高TiN硬质涂层的厚度,制备的Ti/TiN多层复合涂层的各项力学性能显著提高。     

Surface Treatment of Crl2MoV Steel towards Long-Life Cold-Work Dies

SURFACE ENGINEERING technologies such assurface nitriding,carburizing and oxidation,are veryeffective in strengthening surfaces and thus improvingthe wear resistance of tools and dies.In resent years,there is an ever-increasing interest in the developmentof various thin coatings via different physical vapordeposition(PVD)techniques to improve thetribological properties of tools,dies,drills and machineelements(e.g sliding bearings,seals and valves)[l-6].Especially,PVD Ti/TiN coating h…