Ni-Fe-C对YG30硬质合金与45#钢TIG焊过程中η相形成的影响

采用Ni—Fe—C合金作为填充金属，实现了YG30硬质合金与45^#钢的TIG焊。采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、电子探针、X射线衍射和显微硬度等方法对焊后试样的焊接接头进行了分析。结果表明：(1)采用Ni—Fe—C合金可以获得YG30硬质合金与45^#钢TIG焊的焊接接头；(2)在Ni—Fe合金的基础上加入适量的C可以抑制YG30／焊缝界面侧大块η相的形成；(3)由于C的扩散而引起的W—Co—C体系的贫碳与YG30／焊缝处高浓度Fe的出现是η相形成的重要原因，YG30／焊缝界面侧形成的η相为M6C型和M12C型复合碳化物。     

Fe添加量对Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷显微组织及力学性能的影响

采用低压烧结工艺制备出Ti(C_(0.7)N_(0.3))-WC-Mo_2C-TaC-Fe/Co/Ni体系金属陶瓷,研究了Fe含量对Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷显微组织、相组成及力学性能的影响。结果表明,随着Fe含量的增加,组织中白芯-灰环结构的硬质相体积分数显著增大,且在固相烧结阶段,大量M_(12)C型η相转化为M_6N型脆性相;高Fe含量的金属陶瓷体系有利于脆性相的生成。力学性能测试结果表明,适量Fe置换Ni可显著提高Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷的硬度和断裂韧性,并随Fe含量增加呈先升高后降低的变化趋势。当Fe含量为2%时,金属陶瓷的硬度和断裂韧性均达到最大值1 642 MPa和10.63 MPa·m~(1/2),与不含Fe的金属陶瓷相比,分别提高了96 MPa和11.3%。但添加过量Fe反而会极大地恶化金属陶瓷的力学性能,这主要归因于高Fe含量金属陶瓷组织中M_6N型脆性相含量的增加。     

熔敷金属膨胀系数对YG20硬质合金与45#钢激光焊的影响

选取ENi102焊条,Z408焊条和Fe55NiC焊丝,以电弧焊的方式在45^#钢表面堆焊过渡层,再与YG20进行激光焊接,对激光焊接头进行了扫描电镜(SEM)观察、硬度测试,弯曲力学性能试验,并对母材和过渡层材料进行了膨胀系数测试,研究了过渡层材料熔敷金属膨胀系数对硬质合金与钢激光焊的影响。研究结果表明：YG20硬质合金与45^#钢无过渡层直接激光焊时,在焊缝与硬质合金界面位置生成了有害脆性η相和鱼骨状共晶碳化物,且硬质合金侧形成宽15μm左右的WC疏松区,导致接头性能较弱;45^#钢表面堆焊铁镍合金和纯镍都可以抑制界面脆性η相的生成,碳化物呈点状弥散分布,界面碳化物的量与焊缝Ni元素浓度有关,Ni元素浓度越高,形成的点状碳化物越少;过渡层金属的膨胀系数是影响接头力学性能的主要因素,改变过渡层中的Ni含量可以调整膨胀系数的大小,当过渡层的膨胀系数介于45^#钢与硬质金之间,并且接近硬质合金时,缓解应力作用最强,对接头力学性能提高最有利。     

Co含量对硬质合金组织和性能的影响

采用粉末冶金工艺制备了不同Co含量的硬质合金材料.在常温下测量了材料的力学性能,并通过XRD、SEM等方法对材料的相结构、组织形貌等进行了分析.结果表明,随着co含量的增加,显微组织中粘结相Co的平均自由程λy,增加,WC晶粒邻接度C降低,材料的抗弯强度上升而硬度下降.     

Ti(C,N)/Fe-Co-Ni金属陶瓷烧结过程中的结构和相变

在不同温度下采用真空烧结、X射线衍射(XRD)和背散射扫描电镜(BSE-SEM)研究了Ti(C_(0.7)N_(0.3))-WC-Mo_2C-TaC-Fe/Co/Ni体系金属陶瓷在烧结过程中的微观结构和相转变规律。研究结果表明,在1000℃以后WC相突然消失,显微组织中出现大量白色絮状析出相,其为固相烧结阶段形成与环形相成分相似的(W,Ti,Mo,Fe)C固溶体,并且大量的M_(12)C型η_2相存在于合金烧结体中。在1200℃以后Mo_2C,TaC和η_2相消失,随着温度的变化,合金中η相的种类及其含量发生变化。在1250℃以后M_(12)C型η相逐渐转变为M6N型脆性相,且高Fe含量粘结相的存在促进了M6N型脆性相的生成。在1410℃以后,原子扩散和溶解-析出过程更为充分,环形相厚度增加,且组织中析出了亮芯灰环结构,M_6N型脆性相减弱至逐渐消失,因此可以认为脆性相是在烧结的初期阶段形成但是随着烧结的进行而逐渐溶解消失。     

Co含量对超细YG类硬质合金结构及性能的影响

制备了不同Co含量的超细硬质合金YG6和YG8,通过对试样进行表面形貌观察和物理力学性能测试,研究了Co含量对超细YG类硬质合金力学性能及组织结构的影响。在超细硬质合金的表面采用CVD法制备了TiCN-Al_2O_3-TiN多层复合涂层,对涂层合金进行微观结构观察、硬度和切削性能测试,探讨不同Co含量合金制备的刀具的切削性能。实验结果表明:随着Co含量的增加,WC晶粒更致密,没有发生晶粒异常长大,硬质合金硬度略有下降,相对磁饱和强度和抗弯强度增加,断裂源较少。Co含量低的硬质合金刀具磨损更严重,切削性能下降,刀具失效快。     

微波烧结粗晶低钴YG硬质合金存在的脱碳问题及其改进

采用常规微波烧结法制备WC-Co硬质合金时,表层区域出现严重的脱碳现象,导致表层和中心区域的组织显著不同,即产生核壳结构,对合金的力学性能造成不利影响。本文作者以WC粉和Co粉为原料粉末,采用微波烧结法制备88%WC-12%Co(YG12)和94%WC-6%Co(YG6)硬质合金,在混料时添加炭黑,避免合金中脱碳相的生成。检验表明:当炭黑添加量(质量分数)接近0.2%时,YG12和YG6的抗弯强度(TRS)分别达到3 109和2 642 MPa;硬度(HRA)分别为88.7和89.8。此时,合金表面和中心区域具有一致的显微组织结构,没有发现脱碳相η(W3Co3C)。但当炭黑添加量超过0.2%时,大量析出的石墨相对合金的力学性能,尤其对硬度产生不利影响,当炭黑添加量为0.4%时,YG12和YG6的抗弯强度分别只有2 465 MPa和2 213 MPa。     

原始成分组成对Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷烧结性能的影响

采用真空烧结工艺制备了Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷,研究了原始成分组成对材料烧结特性和力学性能的影响规律。结果表明:保持Mo/(Mo+Ni)为定值,随着硬质相成分的增加,烧结体抗弯强度降低,硬度增加;硬质相成分TiN含量超过一定阈值时,烧结体疏松导致硬度和抗弯强度同时大幅下降;TiN含量保持定值,硬质相成分含量增加,烧结体硬度增加,抗弯强度下降;粘结相成分用Co部分替代Ni,随Co含量的增加,烧结体硬度略有升高的基础上抗弯强度升高。     

不同粘结相WC基硬质合金微观结构与性能

以碳质量分数为理论含碳量的WC为硬质相，在1450℃下通过气压烧结制备WC-20Fe,WC-20Ni和WC-20Co硬质合金，通过X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜、电子探针和力学性能测试研究了不同金属粘结相对烧结硬质合金微观结构和力学性能的影响。结果表明：WC-20Fe合金出现η脱碳相(Fe₃W₃C),W在粘结相Fe中的溶解度仅有1.915%(质量分数)，WC晶粒尺寸最小。WC-20Ni合金渗碳出现石墨相(C),W在粘结相Ni中的溶解度达到10.753%(质量分数)，WC晶粒尺寸最大，合金硬度最小。WC-20Co合金为正常两相区组织(WC+γ)，具有最高抗弯强度2720 MPa和最大硬度934.41 kg·mm^-2。所有合金断裂模式均为脆性断裂和沿晶断裂，WC-20Co合金断口出现明显的粘结相撕裂。     

梯度硬质合金渗碳前驱体的研究

采用贫碳配料的方法制备了η相均匀弥散分布的梯度硬质合金渗碳前驱基体，通过对渗碳基体显微组织的观察，研究了贫碳量对渗碳基体显微组织的影响。结果表明，对于不同贫碳量的基体，其组织结构都呈均匀分布的WC＋Co＋η的三相组织；η相的含量随贫碳量的增加而增加，η相的形成区域应该为合金中W弥散分布的区域，叩相的形成可看作是在含W的微区内进行原位生成；同时η相的含量及晶粒大小都随烧结温度的升高而增加，WC晶粒也同时随烧结温度的升高而出现长大。     

Results of treatment of cancer of the cardia

Cancer of the cardia is traditionally discussed with cardiac cancer of the lower portion of the esophagus and upper gastric cancer invading the esophagus, and the specific characteristics of cancer of the cardia have never been clearly defined. We reviewed the outcome of 172 patients with adenocarcinoma of the cardia who had undergone radical surgery between 1949 and 1994 in the Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery of the Cancer Institute Hospital. The centers of the tumors were located within 2 cm above and below the boundary between the esophagus and the stomach, and their longitudinal diameter was less than 8 cm. We divided the patients into an early period (1949-1979; n = 79) and a late period (1980-1994; n = 93), and focused on the historical transition. There were no differences in patient gender or histology between the two periods. However, the late period was associated with fewer cases of esophageal invasion and shorter longitudinal diameter, as the age of the population advanced. The number of advanced cancers such as the localized and infiltrative type had decreased, and early cancer and early clinical stage had become more common, but despite the fact that the number of early cancers had increased, extended dissection, such as thoracic and paraaortic lymph node dissection, was performed more frequently. By clinical stage, the long-term outcome markedly improved in Stage I patient in the late period, and tended to improve in Stage II and III patients. This appears to have been attributable to the prevention of micrometastasis by extended dissection, although the number of early cancers is another major potential cause. There were no differences in the outcome of Stage IV patients between the two periods, and further advances in multimodality therapy must be awaited. The range of resection is basically proximal gastrectomy, and if there are adequate indications, the prognosis is favorable. In view of the status of lymphatic flow and lymph node metastasis, and long-term results, lateroaortic lymph node dissection is important. Since the number of early cancer patients has been increasing, if intraabdominal recurrence is prevented, intrathoracic lymph node dissection will contribute greatly to the outcome of such patients.     

焦炭热性能指标意义浅析

通过对焦炭在高炉内的历程及其变化规律的剖析,阐述焦炭热性能指标的意义,形象地把焦炭在高炉内的损耗分为三部分(M1,M2,M3)。指出M2对焦比及焦炭价格有一定的指导作用。     

The effect of amount of possession of the trait of hostility on accuracy of perception of hostility in others.

Some theories of personality hold that an individual's perception of others is influenced by his own personality characteristics; more specifically, that a trait of low social value will be projected more into others, and that insight into the possession of these characteristics reduces this distortion. These 2 hypotheses were tested by having a group of college students rate each other (including themselves) on degree of friendliness or hostility. Agreement with group rating about self yielded the insight score. In general, the hypotheses were supported; the "friendly" Ss were most accurate in their perception of others, and insight was positively associated with accurate perception. From Psyc Abstracts 36:04:4HL16M. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Comparison of rates of infection of two methods of emergency ventricular drainage

The rates of infection of two methods of external ventricular drainage in use at Atkinson Morley's Hospital--namely, (a) percutaneous drainage with Rickham reservoirs and (b) tunnelled ventriculostomies--were compared in this retrospective review. Percutaneous drainage of CSF with Rickham reservoirs was associated with a 27% rate of infection as identified by positive microbiological cultures; tunnelled ventriculostomy catheters had a 10% infection rate. The difference in the infection rate between the two methods was statistically significant (P < 0.015). Other variables examined, including the age and sex of the patients and the reasons for ventricular drainage, were not associated with an increased rate of infection. Most infections from either method were caused by a coagulase negative staphylococcus. The average duration of ventricular drainage before identification of positive cultures was 5.7 days for Rickham reservoirs and 6.0 days for ventriculostomies.     

Effect of antibiotics of chemotaxis of human leukocytes

The effect of 20 different antibiotics on chemotaxis by human neutrophils was studied. Human leukocytes incubated with chloramphenicol, rifampin, sodium fusidate, and tetracyclines in vitro showed markedly depressed migration. The mechanisms by which these antibiotics affect leukotaxis are discussed.     

Quality of life of relatives of mental patients

Usage of quality of life of psychiatric patients' relatives as the parameter of estimation of the quality of psychiatric care is considered. By means of standard questionnaire elaborated by the authors as well as by means of both individual and group conversations the quality of life was analyzed in 40 relatives which lived together with psychiatric patients. Different spheres of their life and difficulties (financial, social-psychologic, production) were examined in families with such patients. The defects of psychiatric care that had direct influence on the quality of life of the psychiatric patients' relatives are outlined.