微球形SiO2-Al2O3制备及其流化床蒽醌加氢性能研究

采用喷雾分散-油柱成型制备方法,以硅溶胶为硅源,制备不同含量SiO2掺杂改性的微球形氧化铝载体,研究SiO2含量对氧化铝载体结构及以其为载体的负载型催化剂性能的影响。研究表明,通过掺杂SiO2有效改善了氧化铝微球的热稳定性,且氧化铝载体的孔容、比表面积及酸中心数量均随SiO2含量的增加而增加,孔径随SiO2含量的增加而减小。Pd/SiO2-Al2O3催化剂结构表征及流化床蒽醌加氢性能评价结果表明,掺杂SiO2质量分数6%时,Pd/SiO2-Al2O3催化剂氢化效率大于12.5g·L^-1,选择性大于98.3%。     

Inhibition effect of H2O on V2O5/AC catalyst for catalytic reduction of NO with NH3 at low temperature

The inhibition effect of H₂O on V₂O₅/AC catalyst for NO reduction with NH₃ is studied at temperatures up to 250 °C through TPD, elemental analyses, temperature-programmed surface reaction (TPSR) and FT-IR analyses. The results show that H₂O does not reduce NO and NH₃ adsorption on V₂O₅/AC catalyst surface, but promotes NH₃ adsorption due to increases in Brønsted acid sites. Many kinds of NH₃ forms present on the catalyst surface, but only NH₄⁺ on Brønsted acid sites and a small portion of NH₃ on Lewis acid sites are reactive with NO at 250 °C or below, and most of the NH₃ on Lewis acid sites does not react with NO, regardless the presence of H₂O in the feed gas. H₂O inhibits the SCR reaction between the NH₃ on the Lewis acid sites and NO, and the inhibition effect increases with increasing H₂O content. The inhibition effect is reversible and H₂O does not poison the V₂O₅/AC catalyst.     

Kinetics of CO and H2 oxidation over CuO-CeO2 catalyst in H2 mixtures with CO2 and H2O

The kinetics of CO and H₂ oxidation over a CuO-CeO₂ catalyst were simultaneously investigated under reaction conditions of preferential CO oxidation (PROX) in hydrogen-rich mixtures with CO₂ and H₂O. An integral packed-bed tubular reactor was used to produce kinetic data for power-law kinetics for both CO and H₂ oxidations. The experimental results showed that the CO oxidation rate was essentially independent of H₂ and O₂ concentrations, while the H₂ oxidation rate was practically independent of CO and O₂ concentrations. In the CO oxidation, the reaction orders were 0.91, −0.37 and −0.62 with respect to the partial pressure of CO, CO₂ and H₂O, respectively. In the H₂ oxidation, the orders were 1.0, −0.48 and −0.69 with respect to the partial pressure of H₂, CO₂ and H₂O, respectively. The activation energies of the CO oxidation and the H₂ oxidation were 94.4 and 142 kJ/mol, respectively. The rate expressions of both oxidations were able to predict the performance of the PROX reactor with accuracy. The independence between the CO and the H₂ oxidation suggested different sites for CO and H₂ adsorption on the CuO-CeO₂ catalyst. Based on the results, we proposed a new reaction model for the preferential CO oxidation. The model assumes that CO adsorbs selectively on the Cu⁺ sites; H₂ dissociates and adsorbs on the Cu⁰ sites; the adsorbed species migrates to the interface between the copper components and the ceria support, and reacts there with the oxygen supplied by the ceria support; and the oxygen deficiency on the support is replenished by the oxygen in the reaction mixture.     

Modelling of citral hydrogenation kinetics on an Ni/Al2O3 catalyst

The kinetics of citral hydrogenation in ethanol over an Ni/Al₂O₃ catalyst was studied in a slurry reactor operating at atmospheric pressure and at a temperature range of 60–77°C. Citronellal was the primary reaction product, whereas the amounts of unsaturated alcohols were very minor. Citronellol was the dominating product, generated mainly through the hydrogenation of the carbonyl group of citronellal. Based on the experimental data, a kinetic model was developed for hydrogenation. The model comprises competitive and rapid adsorption steps as well as rate-determining hydrogenation steps. The mass transfer limitation of hydrogen was included in the mathematical model. The kinetic parameters and the mass transfer parameter of hydrogen were estimated from the experimental data. A comparison of the model predictions with the experimental data revealed that the proposed kinetic approach gave a satisfactory reproduction of the data.     

预处理对Ru/Al_2O_3催化马来酸二甲酯加氢影响

采用吸附-沉淀法制备负载Ru质量分数为1.0%的Ru/Al_2O_3催化剂,以马来酸二甲酯催化加氢合成丁二酸二甲酯为探针反应,详细考察预处理条件对Ru/Al_2O_3催化剂加氢性能的影响,并对其进行XRD、TEM和H2-TPR表征。结果表明,焙烧温度越高,催化剂催化活性越低;直接还原活化所得催化剂活性高于空气中焙烧后还原活化所得催化剂。以甲醇为溶剂,在70℃和1.0 MPa条件下,直接还原活化所得Ru/Al_2O_3催化剂上马来酸二甲酯转化率达100%,丁二酸二甲酯选择性约100%。相同时间内,空气焙烧后还原活化所得Ru/Al_2O_3催化剂上马来酸二甲酯转化率接近25%,继续延长反应时间,马来酸二甲酯转化率几乎不变。经高温焙烧还原后,活性组分Ru烧结;直接还原活化后,活性组分Ru高度分散。     

C_5石油树脂加氢工艺及催化剂研究进展

介绍了国内外C_5加氢石油树脂的研究进展,详述了C_5石油树脂加氢工艺及技术难点。综述了C_5石油树脂加氢催化剂的研究重点及成果,并展望了我国C_5石油树脂加氢的发展方向。     

Influence of the co-feeding of CO, H2, CO2 or H2O in the partial oxidation of methane over Ni and Rh supported catalysts

The influence of the addition of 5 vol.% of carbon monoxide, hydrogen, carbon dioxide or water to the feed of partial oxidation of methane was investigated over Ni/γ-Al₂O₃ and Rh/γ-Al₂O₃ catalysts. In addition to catalytic tests, thermodynamic calculations were performed to predict the effect of these gas co-feeds. Compared to the thermodynamic trends, differences in the influence of the co-feeding on catalytic performances were observed between both catalysts. Co-feeding of CO, H₂, CO₂ or H₂O can modify the oxidation state and dispersion of the metal component of the catalysts during reaction, and as a consequence, their performances. Changes in catalysts can be due to dynamic processes occurring during reaction. It is suggested to take these processes into account in a more complex kinetic equation for the reactions involved.     

Selective oxidation of H2S in Claus tail-gas over SiC supported NiS2 catalyst

Very high activity and selectivity could be achieved for the direct oxidation of H₂S into elemental sulfur at low reaction temperature (40–60°C), on nickel sulfide supported SiC catalyst. The heterogeneous nature of the support surface (hydrophilic and hydrophobic areas) could explain the important role played by water to maintain a high and stable H₂S conversion level. The formation of a very active superficial nickel oxysulfide phase was proposed in order to explain the activation period necessary at reaction temperatures <60°C. Total selectivity for sulfur was attributed to the very low reaction temperature and the absence of any microporosity in the support.     

Active sites in Cu/ZnO/ZrO2 catalysts for methanol synthesis from CO/H2

Among various Cu/ZnO/ZrO₂ catalysts with the Cu/Zn ratio of 3/7, the one with 15 wt.% of ZrO₂ obtains the best activity for methanol synthesis by hydrogenation of CO. The TPR, TPO and XPS analyses reveal that a new copper oxide phase is formed in the calcined Cu/ZnO/ZrO₂ catalysts by the dissolution of zirconium ions in copper oxide. In addition, the Cu/ZnO/ZrO₂ catalyst with 15 wt.% of ZrO₂ turns out to contain the largest amount of the new copper oxide phase. When the Cu/ZnO/ZrO₂ catalysts is reduced, the Cu²⁺ species present in the ZrO₂ lattice is transformed to Cu⁺ species. This leads to the speculation that the addition of ZrO₂ to Cu/ZnO catalysts gives rise to the formation of Cu⁺ species, which is related to the methanol synthesis activity of Cu/ZnO/ZrO₂ catalyst in addition to Cu metal particles. Consequently, the ratio of Cu⁺/Cu⁰ is an important factor for the specific activity of Cu/ZnO/ZrO₂ catalyst for methanol synthesis.     

Ag-Fe_2O_3-V_2O_5/TiO_2催化剂制备及其甲基吡啶催化氧化脱甲基性能

针对甲基吡啶氧化脱甲基反应,以TiO_2为载体经浸渍法制备Ag-Fe_2O_3-V_2O_5/TiO_2催化剂,结合结构表征和催化剂性能评价,考察制备条件对其催化甲基吡啶氧化脱甲基性能的影响。结果表明,通过Fe_2O_3改性可以提高Ag-V_2O_5/TiO_2催化剂对3-甲基吡啶氧化脱甲基化反应的催化性能,其作用主要是抑制V_2O_5团聚,促进V物种的分散。同时,锐钛矿相TiO_2载体表面B酸中心有利于催化3-甲基吡啶脱甲基,提高产物吡啶选择性。经实验优化,Ag-Fe_2O_3-V_2O_5/TiO_2催化剂适宜制备条件为:焙烧温度450℃、焙烧时间4 h、V_2O_5和Ag的负载质量分数分别为15%和1.5%、Fe与V物质的量比1∶2。在优化条件下,吡啶收率与选择性最高可达到62.97%和78.75%。     

改性Al2O3负载Ru催化剂制备及1,4-丁炔二醇加氢性能

采用炭改性Al_2O_3(CCA)为载体,通过吸附-沉淀法制备Ru/CCA催化剂,以1,4-丁炔二醇加氢制1,4-丁二醇为探针反应,考察Ru/CAA催化剂的加氢性能,并对催化剂进行XRD和H2-TPR表征。活性评价结果表明,在110℃和4.0 MPa条件下,Ru/CAA催化剂上1,4-丁炔二醇转化率100%,1,4-丁二醇选择性88%。表征结果表明,采用炭改性可提高催化剂的水热稳定性,同时炭的加入还增强了活性组分与载体的相互作用。     

镧和铈改性CuNi／Al2O3催化剂

采用浸渍法制备了稀土镧和铈改性的CuNi／Al2O3催化剂,研究了稀土负载量对催化剂活性和选择性的影响,并研究了催化剂的还原性能。结果表明：La和Ce的存在均降低了活性相CuO和NiO的还原温度,使改性催化剂具有更高的催化活性,但催化剂上乙烯的选择性则是Ce改性催化剂高于La改性催化剂,NCeO2含量为l％时,CeCuNi／Al2O3催化剂上乙炔转化率达到98％,乙烯选择性和收率则分别达到84％和82．3％,比未改性的CuNi／Al2O3催化剂上乙烯收率高16．4％,显示出CeO2改性CuNi／Al2O3催化剂的优异性能。     

Na-Fe_3O_4/ZSM-5催化剂上CO_2加氢反应汽油烃产物的组成调控

CO_2加氢直接合成汽油不仅有利于CO_2减排,还可减轻人们对化石能源的依赖。汽油馏分烃产物组成是决定汽油燃料品质的重要因素,其调控是该过程具有挑战性的研究热点。研究NaFe_3O_4/ZSM-5催化剂中分子筛的金属(La,Ga,Zn,Cu,Co)改性对CO_2加氢产物中汽油馏分烃组成的影响,结果表明,与其他金属相比,Cu改性ZSM-5分子筛组分可在保持较高汽油收率前提下,明显提高汽油产物中异构烷烃选择性。优化改性分子筛中Cu质量分数8%时,汽油馏分烃产物中异构烷烃含量最高。当Na-Fe_3O_4和Cu-ZSM-5采用分层填装方式时,汽油馏分烃产物中异构烷烃含量达50.5%,组成调控后富含异构烷烃汽油产品更符合汽油品质升级趋势需求。     

助剂对碳四馏分选择性加氢Pd/Al2O3催化剂性能的影响

以Al₂O₃为载体,Pd为活性组分,Ag和Li为助剂,制备碳四馏分选择性加氢脱除丁二烯催化剂,并对催化剂进行XPS、TPR和TPD表征。结果表明,加入助剂Ag使Pd的电子云密度升高,而加入助剂Li使催化剂表面酸中心数量减少。催化剂评价结果表明,加入助剂Ag和Li后,催化剂的1-丁烯双键异构活性降低,加氢选择性提高。     

Preparation of nanosized Mn3O4/SBA-15 catalyst for complete oxidation of low concentration EtOH in aqueous solution with H2O2

A new heterogeneous Fenton-like system consisting of nano-composite Mn₃O₄/SBA-15 catalyst has been developed for the complete oxidation of low concentration ethanol (100 ppm) by H₂O₂ in aqueous solution. A novel preparation method has been developed to synthesize nanoparticles of Mn₃O₄ by thermolysis of manganese (II) acetylacetonate on SBA-15. Mn₃O₄/SBA-15 was characterized by various techniques like TEM, XRD, Raman spectroscopy and N₂ adsorption isotherms. TEM images demonstrate that Mn₃O₄ nanocrystals located mainly inside the SBA-15 pores. The reaction rate for ethanol oxidation can be strongly affected by several factors, including reaction temperature, pH value, catalyst/solution ratio and concentration of ethanol. A plausible reaction mechanism has been proposed in order to explain the kinetic data. The rate for the reaction is supposed to associate with the concentration of intermediates (radicals: OH, O₂⁻ and HO₂) that are derived from the decomposition of H₂O₂ during reaction. The complete oxidation of ethanol can be remarkably improved only under the circumstances: (i) the intermediates are stabilized, such as stronger acidic conditions and high temperature or (ii) scavenging those radicals is reduced, such as less amount of catalyst and high concentration of reactant. Nevertheless, the reactivity of the presented catalytic system is still lower comparing to the conventional homogenous Fenton process, Fe²⁺/H₂O₂. A possible reason is that the concentration of intermediates in the latter is relatively high.     

TiO2-SiO2 and V2O5/TiO2-SiO2 catalyst: Physico-chemical characteristics and catalytic behavior in selective catalytic reduction of NO by NH3

TiO₂-SiO₂ with various compositions prepared by the coprecipitation method and vanadia loaded on TiO₂-SiO₂ were investigated with respect to their physico-chemical characteristics and catalytic behavior in SCR of NO by NH₃ and in the undesired oxidation of SO₂ to SO₃, using BET, XRD, XPS, NH₃-TPD, acidity measurement by the titration method and activity test. TiO₂-SiO₂, compared with pure TiO₂, exhibits a remarkably stronger acidity, a higher BET surface area, a lower crystallinity of anatase titania and results in allowing a good thermal stability and a higher vanadia dispersion on the support up to high loadings of 15 wt% V₂O₅. The SCR activity and N₂ selectivity are found to be more excellent over vanadia loaded on TiO₂-SiO₂ with 10–20 mol% of SiO₂ than over that on pure TiO₂, and this is considered to be associated with highly dispersed vanadia on the supports and large amounts of NH₃ adsorbed on the catalysts. With increasing SiO₂ content, the remarkable activity decrease in the oxidation of SO₂ to SO₃, favorable for industrial SCR catalysts, was also observed, strongly depending on the existence of vanadium species of the oxidation state close to V⁴⁺ on TiO₂-SiO₂, while V⁵⁺ exists on TiO₂, according to XPS. It is concluded that vanadia loaded on Ti-rich TiO₂-SiO₂ with low SiO₂ content is suitable as SCR catalysts for sulfur-containing exhaust gases due to showing not only the excellent de-NO_x activity but also the low SO₂ oxidation performance.     

Development of high performance Raney Cu-based catalysts for methanol synthesis from CO2 and H2

Catalytic hydrogenation of CO₂ into methanol has been investigated over Raney Cu-based catalysts. The Raney catalysts leached in NaOH/ZnO solutions showed high activities and selectivities for methanol synthesis. The deposition of Zn on the surface of Cu particles increased the surface area and the specific activity of Raney Cu–M. Raney Cu–Zr developed was significantly more active than a commercial catalyst.     

Catalytic wet oxidation of H2S to sulfur on Fe/MgO catalyst

The room temperature wet catalytic oxidation was conducted in a batch reactor with Fe/MgO catalyst. Fe/MgO catalyst was prepared by the dissolution–precipitation method. XRD and temperature-programmed reductions (TPR) indicate that Fe oxide in the Fe/MgO is finely dispersed in the MgO support. The high H₂S removal capacities of Fe/MgO can be explained by the finely dispersed iron oxide MgO. The H₂S removal capacities of Fe/MgO are dependent on oxygen partial pressure (1.0 g H₂S/g_cat in air and 2.6 g H₂S/g_cat in oxygen). The valence state analysis of Fe/MgO catalyst suggests that the H₂S oxidation on Fe/MgO can occur by a redox couple reaction, reducing Fe³⁺ into Fe²⁺ by H₂S and oxidizing Fe²⁺ to Fe³⁺ by O₂.     

CO oxidation and CO2 reduction on carbon supported PtWO3 catalyst

The activity of a carbon supported PtWO₃ (PtWO₃/C) catalyst in the CO oxidation and CO₂ reduction reactions was evaluated in sulfuric acid solution at room temperature.Cyclic voltammetry combined with on-line mass spectrometry shows that the oxidation of both saturated CO adlayer and dissolved CO on PtWO₃/C material commences at rather low potentials, ca. 0.18 and 0.12 V vs. RHE, respectively. However, the low-potential process seems to involve only a minor fraction of the CO adlayer, the major part of the adsorbed CO layer being oxidised at the potentials as high as those for pure Pt catalysts—ca. 0.7 V vs. RHE. PtWO₃/C material was found to reversibly de-activate upon a prolonged exposure to the CO-saturated solution due to the inhibition of the hydrogen tungsten bronze formation.The reduction of CO₂ on PtWO₃/C leads to the formation of an adsorbate - presumably CO - on the Pt sites of the catalyst. Although the rate of the adsorbate build-up on PtWO₃/C at 0.1 V is lower than that on pure Pt/C, our results indicate that upon a prolonged exposure of the PtWO₃/C electrode to a CO₂-saturated solution a complete poisoning of the Pt sites with the adsorbate is likely to occur at room temperature.     

Reactivity of V2O5-WO3/TiO2 catalysts in the selective catalytic reduction of nitric oxide by ammonia

The physico-chemical characteristics and the reactivity of sub-monolayer V₂O₅-WO₃/TiO₂ deNO_x catalysts is investigated in this work by EPR, FT-IR and reactivity tests under transient conditions. EPR indicates that tetravalent vanadium ions both in magnetically isolated form and in clustered, magnetically interacting form are present over the TiO₂ surface. The presence of tungsten oxide stabilizes the surface V^IV and modifies the redox properties of V₂O₅/TiO₂ samples. Ammonia adsorbs on the catalysts surface in the form of molecularly coordinated species and of ammonium ions. Upon heating, activation of ammonia via an amide species is apparent. V₂O₅-WO₃/TiO₂ catalysts exhibits higher activity than the binary V₂O₅/TiO₂ and WO₃/TiO₂ reference sample. This is related to both higher redox properties and higher surface acidity of the ternary catalysts. Results suggest that the catalyst redox properties control the reactivity of the samples at low temperatures whereas the surface acidity plays an important role in the adsorption and activation of ammonia at high temperatures.