基于样本熵的运动想象分类研究

提出了基于脑电的样本熵特征进行运动想象分类的思想,分析了左右手运动想象时感觉运动皮层的脑电信号样本熵及其动态变化规律．结果表明,样本熵能够较好地反映左右手运动想象时脑电特征的变化,具有明确的生理意义．在此基础上,利用Fisher线性分类器对基于样本熵的左右手运动想象进行了动态分类,得到的平均最大分类正确率达到87.8%．最后,提出了一种样本熵的快速算法,其计算量小、速度快,满足BCI实时系统要求．     

多任务运动想象脑电特征的融合分类研究

针对运动想象脑-机交互任务模式单一、识别精度低、实用性较差等问题,采用改进的共空间模式（CSP）的特征提取方法,并利用支持向量机（SVM）与CSP融合分类方法对多类任务运动想象脑电特征进行分类识别。首先,选择特定导联上的脑电信号进行小波分解与重构,去除冗余信息;其次,利用特征参数做差的方法,得到较为明显的脑电特征;最后,通过SVM融合CSP的分类模式,对脑电特征进行多任务分类。利用BCI竞赛数据,对左手,右手,舌和脚四类运动想象任务的脑电进行识别。结果表明：分类正确率最高达到90.9%,平均正确率为86.8%,Kappa系数为0.8867,信息传输速率可达0.68 bit/trial,能够有效的获得脑电特征并较好的实现多任务运动想象脑电识别。     

基于多类运动想象任务的EEG信号分类研究

针对多类运动想象脑电信号个体差异性强和分类正确率比较低的问题,提出了一种时-空-频域相结合的脑电信号分析方法:首先利用小波包对EEG原始信号进行分解,根据EEG信号的频域分布提取出运动想象脑电节律,通过“一对多”共空间模式(CSP)算法对不同运动想象任务的脑电节律进行空间滤波提取特征;然后将特征向量输入到“一对多”模式下的支持向量机(SVM)中,并利用判断决策函数值的方法对SVM的输出结果进行融合;最后通过引入时间窗对脑电信号进行时域滤波,消除运动想象开始和结束时脑电的波动,进一步提高信号信噪比和算法的分类效果;实验结果显示:在时间窗为2 s时,平均最大Kappa系数达到了0.72,比脑机接口竞赛第一名提高了0.15,验证了该算法能够有效减小脑电信号个体差异性影响,提高多类识别正确率。     

基于改进CSP算法的运动想象脑电信号分类方法

For the problem of low classification accuracy and poor real-time performance during the traditional common spatial patterns (CSP) algorithm for motor imagery EEG signal processing, a new analysis method of CSP EEG signal based on time space frequency domain is put forward. Firstly, the wavelet packet is used to decompose the original signal of EEG, the motor imagery EEG rhythm is extracted according to the frequency distribution of EEG signal, and the spatial features of EEG are extracted by improving CSP algorithm. Then, we introduce the time window to filter the EEG signals, and eliminate the influence of EEG fluctuation at the beginning and end of the motion imagery. Lastly, according to the characteristics of the physiological distribution of EEG signals in the brain cortex, the method based on spindle channel is used to process the EEG signal and analyze computational time of different algorithms and the classification results. The experimental results show that, the running time of the algorithm is 1.562 s, which is 67% shorter than the traditional method, and the average classification accuracy is up to 97.5% when the number of spindle channels is 29 and the time window is 2 s. In the meantime, the results show that the proposed method can effectively improve the classification accuracy and the real-time performance of motor imagery EEG.     

Discrimination of Motor Imagery Patterns by Electroencephalogram Phase Synchronization Combined With Frequency Band Energy

Central nerve signal evoked by thoughts can be directly used to control a robot or prosthetic devices without the involvement of the peripheral nerve and muscles. This is a new strategy of human-computer interaction. A method of electroencephalogram (EEG) phase synchronization combined with band energy was proposed to construct a feature vector for pattern recognition of brain-computer interaction based on EEG induced by motor imagery in this paper. rhythm and beta rhythm were first extracted from EEG by band pass filter and then the frequency band energy was calculated by the sliding time window; the instantaneous phase values were obtained using Hilbert transform and then the phase synchronization feature was calculated by the phase locking value (PLV) and the best time interval for extracting the phase synchronization feature was searched by the distribution of the PLV value in the time domain. Finally, discrimination of motor imagery patterns was performed by the support vector machine (SVM). The results showed that the phase synchronization feature more effective in 4 s-7 s and the correct classification rate was 91.4 %. Compared with the results achieved by a single EEG feature related to motor imagery, the correct classification rate was improved by 3.5 and 4.3 percentage points by combining phase synchronization with band energy. These indicate that the proposed method is effective and it is expected that the study provides a way to improve the performance of the online real-time brain-computer interaction control system based on EEG related to motor imagery.      

一种基于时–空–频联合选择与相关向量机的 运动想象脑电信号分析算法

研究表明:不同受试者由于个体差异,会引起在执行相同运动想象任务时,产生与受试者关联的特定脑电信号特征,这是设计脑机接口系统面临的一个实际问题.为解决这个问题,本文提出了一种基于时–空–频联合特征的提取方法.首先,对原始118导联的EEG进行空间特征分析,从中提取出与运动想象相关脑区对应的55导联EEG信号.进一步,在训练集上,通过7–折交叉验证,训练出与受试者匹配的时间窗和频带.其次,利用8个共空域滤波器进行特征提取.最后,将获得基于样本的运动想象特征,采用相关向量机进行分类.仿真结果表明:该算法在第3届脑机接口竞赛数据集Data IVa分类上获得5位受试者平均分类精度为94.49%,结果优于当年第1名94.17%.此外,与其他3种常用的方法比较亦具有明显优势.本文提出的基于样本的时–空–频特征提取方法和相关向量机的结合,该算法整体性能优越,为基于运动想象的脑机接口在线系统设计提供了一种新方法.     

基于ERS/ERD的二级共空间模式的运动想象脑电信号特征提取

针对多类运动想象EEG信号在脑-机接口方面存在分类识别率低和被试者差异性的问题,提出了一种基于ERS/ERD现象的二级共空间模式特征提取的方法。首先对全部导联进行特定频段的小波包降噪和分解;其次对分解系数重构后的信号以手(左、右)和脚(脚、舌)这二类进行一级共空间模式获取空间滤波器并对其采用2-范数筛选准则,提取权重系数较大的N个导联;然后以优化导联的投影矩阵对手与脚进行空间滤波后的信号分别作为原始信号进行二级空间模式特征提取;最后采用支持向量机进行分类。采用BCI2005Ⅲa中三位被试者的数据进行仿真验证,得到分类正确率最高达到92.55%。结果表明,该方法对EEG信号的特征提取具有较好的效果。     

Comparison of EEG signal decomposition methods in classification of motor-imagery BCI

A brain–computer interface (BCI) provides a link between the human brain and a computer. The task of discriminating four classes (left and right hands and feet) of motor imagery movements of a simple limb-based BCI is still challenging because most imaginary movements in the motor cortex have close spatial representations. We aimed to classify binary limb movements, rather than the direction of movement within one limb. We also investigated joint time-frequency methods to improve classification accuracies. Neither of these, to our knowledge, has been investigated previously in BCI. We recorded EEG data from eleven participants, and demonstrated the classification of four classes of simple-limb motor imagery with an accuracy of 91.46% using intrinsic time-scale decomposition and 88.99% using empirical mode decomposition. In binary classifications, we achieved average accuracies of 89.90% when classifying imaginary movements of left hand versus right hand, 93.1% for left hand versus right foot, 94.00% for left hand versus left foot, 83.82% for left foot versus right foot, 97.62% for right hand versus left foot, and 95.11% for right hand versus right foot. The results show that the binary classification performance is slightly better than that of four-class classification. Our results also show that there is no significant difference in terms of spatial distribution between left and right foot motor imagery movements. There is also no difference in classification performances involving left or right foot movement. This work demonstrates that binary and four-class movements of the left and right feet and hands can be classified using recorded EEG signals of the motor cortex, and an intrinsic time-scale decomposition (ITD) feature extraction method can be used for real time brain computer interface.

     

基于双树复小波变换和GBDT的运动想象脑电识别

针对脑机接口研究中的脑电信号特征提取与分类问题,提出了一种基于双树复小波变换结合GBDT的想象左右手运动脑电识别的方法。该方法首先深入研究了双树复小波变换相比于小波包变换在脑电信号特征提取方面的优势并验证了ERD/ERS现象;实验数据采用了2003年国际脑机接口竞赛的标准数据集DataSetⅢ,然后,选取了4个典型的时间段进行实验对比,利用双树复小波变换分解与重构提取运动感知节律相关信号分量的能量均值作为特征进行GBDT分类。最后,实验取得了较好的分类准确度,验证了双树复小波变换结合GBDT的方法在脑电信号识别应用中的有效性。     

基于脑-机接口的无线智能机器人控制系统

提出一种基于思维脑电的无线智能机器人控制系统设计方案。该系统采用想象左右手运动时产生的脑电信号作为智能服务机器人运动的控制信号,实现对服务机器人的控制,改善瘫痪患者生活自理能力。采用基于小波包分解的方法提取特征向量,利用基于欧式距离的方法进行模式识别,进而产生机器人运动控制信号,并通过LabVIEW串口发给单片机,单片机对该信号进行红外编码后发给智能机器人,用以控制其运动方向。实验结果证明,该设计方案有利于提高脑-机接口的实用性。     

Mutual information-based optimization of sparse spatio-spectral filters in brain–computer interface

Recently, neuro-rehabilitation based on brain–computer interface (BCI) has been considered one of the important applications for BCI. A key challenge in this system is the accurate and reliable detection of motor imagery. In motor imagery-based BCIs, the common spatial patterns (CSP) algorithm is widely used to extract discriminative patterns from electroencephalography signals. However, the CSP algorithm is sensitive to noise and artifacts, and its performance depends on the operational frequency band. To address these issues, this paper proposes a novel optimized sparse spatio-spectral filtering (OSSSF) algorithm. The proposed OSSSF algorithm combines a filter bank framework with sparse CSP filters to automatically select subject-specific discriminative frequency bands as well as to robustify against noise and artifacts. The proposed algorithm directly selects the optimal regularization parameters using a novel mutual information-based approach, instead of the cross-validation approach that is computationally intractable in a filter bank framework. The performance of the proposed OSSSF algorithm is evaluated on a dataset from 11 stroke patients performing neuro-rehabilitation, as well as on the publicly available BCI competition III dataset IVa. The results show that the proposed OSSSF algorithm outperforms the existing algorithms based on CSP, stationary CSP, sparse CSP and filter bank CSP in terms of the classification accuracy, and substantially reduce the computational time of selecting the regularization parameters compared with the cross-validation approach.     

基于CI-HMM的运动想象脑电信号分类

针对隐马尔科夫模型在运动想象脑电信号分类应用中,其独立性假设与脑电信号间相关性的不一致问题,提出一种基于Choquet 模糊积分隐马尔科夫模型的脑电信号分类方法。该模型应用模糊积分的单调性取代了概率测度的可加性,放宽了隐马尔科夫模型的独立性假设。利用重叠滑动窗对脑电信号分段,然后对每段数据提取绝对均值、波长和小波包相对能量特征,构成特征序列用于CI-HMM的训练和分类。选取2008年BCI竞赛Datasets 1的两类运动想象数据进行分类,实验结果表明,该方法有效提高了隐马尔科夫模型方法对运动想象脑电信号分类的性能。     

基于HHT运动想象脑电模式识别研究

脑机接口是一种变革性的人机交互, 其中基于运动想象(Motor imagery, MI)脑电的脑机接口是一类非常重要的脑机交互. 本文旨在探索有效的运动想象脑电特征模式提取方法. 采用在时域、频域同时具有很高分辨率的希尔伯特--黄变换(Hilbert-Huang transform, HHT),进而提取自回归(Auto regressive, AR)模型参数并计算运动想象脑电平均瞬时能量,从而构造特征向量, 最后利用能较好地适应运动想象脑电单次试验分类的支持向量机(Support vector machine, SVM)进行分类. 结果表明在Trial的5.5～7.5s期间, HHT特征提取方法平均分类正确率为81.08%, 具有良好的适应性;最高分类正确率为87.86%, 优于传统的小波变换特征提取方法和未经HHT的特征提取方法;在Trial的8～9s期间, HHT特征提取方法显著优于后两种特征提取方法. 本研究证实了HHT对运动想象脑电这一非平稳非线性信号具有很好的特征提取能力, 也再次验证了运动想象事件相关去同步(Event-related desynchronization, ERD)现象, 同时也表明运动想象脑电的脑--机交互系统性能与被试想象心理活动的质量密切相关. 本文可望为基于运动想象脑电的在线实时脑机交互控制系统的研究打下坚实的基础.     

机械臂抓取任务的脑电分类

针对大脑认知完好无损的患者,却患有重度神经肌肉疾病导致肢体行动受限的问题,为使患者重新获取障碍肢体的自主控制能力,本文提出了一种机械臂抓取任务的脑电分类方法对患者进行障碍肢体运动康复训练.首先使用非侵入式脑电技术对运动想象脑电信号进行采集,通过预处理、特征提取以及多尺度特征融合卷积神经网络进行分类识别;最后利用分类模型得到的标签解码成机械臂能够识别的指令,控制机械臂完成特定任务.实验结果表明:实验选取的15名健康受试者运动想象实验采集的脑电数据具有可行性,平均准确率达到了82%以上;为机械臂抓取任务的脑电分类提供了一种新思路.     

Automatic recognition of epileptic EEG patterns via Extreme Learning Machine and multiresolution feature extraction

Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological disorders- approximately one in every 100 people worldwide are suffering from it. In this paper, a novel pattern recognition model is presented for automatic epilepsy diagnosis. Wavelet transform is investigated to decompose EEG into five EEG frequency bands which approximate to delta (δ), theta (θ), alpha (α), beta (β), and gamma (γ) bands. Complexity based features such as permutation entropy (PE), sample entropy (SampEn), and the Hurst exponent (HE) are extracted from both the original EEG signals and each of the frequency bands. The wavelet-based methodology separates the alterations in PE, SampEn, and HE in specific frequency bands of the EEG. The effectiveness of these complexity based measures in discriminating between normal brain state and brain state during the absence of seizures is evaluated using the Extreme Learning Machine (ELM). It is discovered that although there exists no significant differences in the feature values extracted from the original EEG signals, differences can be recognized when the features are examined within specific EEG frequency bands. A genetic algorithm (GA) is developed to choose feature subsets that are effective for enhancing the recognition performance. The GA is also examined for weight alteration for both sensitivity and specificity. The results show that the abnormal EEG diagnosis rate of the model without the involvement of the genetic algorithm is 85.9%. However, the diagnosis rate of the model increases to 94.2% when the genetic algorithm is integrated as a feature selector.     

多类运动想象脑电信号的两级特征提取方法

共同空间模式（Common spatial pattern,CSP）是运动想象脑机接口（Brain-computer interface,BCI）中常用的特征提取方法,但对多类任务的分类正确率却明显低于两类任务.通过引入堆叠降噪自动编码器（Stacked denoising autoencoders,SDA）,提出了一种多类运动想象脑电信号（Electroencephalogram,EEG）的两级特征提取方法.首先利用一对多CSP（One versus rest CSP,OVR-CSP）将脑电信号变换到使信号方差区别最大的低维空间,然后通过SDA网络提取其中可以更好表达类别属性的高层抽象特征,最后使用Softmax分类器进行分类.在对BCI竞赛IV中Data-sets 2a的4类运动想象任务进行的分类实验中,平均Kappa系数达到0.69,表明了所提出的特征提取方法的有效性和鲁棒性.     

双树复小波特征在运动想象脑电识别中的应用

提出了一种基于双树复小波变换的运动想象脑电信号特征提取方法。针对传统离散小波抗混叠性差的缺陷,采用双树复小波变换对脑电信号进行分解与重构,得到各子带信号能量并进行归一化处理,选取α、β节律信号的归一化能量作为想象运动的特征进行SVM分类。通过对仿真信号的分析,证实双树复小波变换具有良好的混叠抑制能力和抗噪性。最后选用国际脑机接口竞赛和实验室实测的运动想象数据进行分类识别。实验结果表明,双树复小波变换是一种有效的特征提取方法,其运动想象特征的识别率要优于常用的特征分析方法。     

四类运动想象任务的脑电特征分析及分类

对多通道的四类运动想象脑电进行了研究。提出了采用表面拉普拉斯对多通道脑电进行预处理,消除各导联之间的相关性,提高信号的信噪比。实验证明表面拉普拉斯对分类正确率的提高有极大的帮助。然后使用OVR-CSP（One Versus the Rest Common Spatial Patterns）的方法,对四类运动想象任务的脑电信号进行特征提取。最后,应用设计的BP神经网络对提取的特征数据进行了分类,取得了较高的分类正确率。对基于不同频带脑电特征的分类情况进行了分析比较,得出了一些有参考价值的结论。     

面向运动想象脑电图识别的镜卷积神经网络

目的 脑电图（electroencephalogram,EEG）是一种灵活、无创、非侵入式的大脑监测方法,广泛应用于运动想象脑机接口系统中,运动想象脑电图识别精度是决定系统性能的关键因素。然而由于脑电图采集时间长、个体差异大等原因,导致单个受试者可用于模型训练的样本数量少,严重影响了卷积神经网络在脑电图识别任务中的表现。为此,本文提出一种镜卷积神经网络（mirror convolutional neural network,MCNN）模型,使用集成学习与数据扩增方法提高运动想象脑电图识别精度。方法 在训练阶段,基于源脑电通过互换左右侧脑电通道构造镜像脑电,并与源脑电一起用于源卷积网络训练,有效扩增了训练样本;在预测阶段,复制已训练源卷积网络作为镜像卷积网络,将测试集中的源脑电输入源卷积网络,构造的镜像脑电输入镜像卷积网络,集成源卷积网络与镜像卷积网络输出的类别预测概率,形成最终类别预测。结果 为了验证模型的有效性和通用性,基于3种不同运动想象脑电图识别卷积网络模型分别构造镜卷积网络,并在第4届脑机接口大赛2a与2b数据集上进行实验验证。实验结果与原始模型相比,运动想象四分类和二分类准确率分别平均提高了4.83%和4.61%,显著提高了识别精度。结论 本文面向运动想象脑电图识别,提出了镜卷积神经网络模型,通过集成学习与数据扩增方法提高运动想象识别精度,有效改善了运动想象脑机接口性能。     

基于总体经验模态分解的多类特征的运动想象脑电识别方法研究

人的脑电信号（Electroencephalogram,EEG）复杂且具有非线性及非平稳性的特点使其不易分析处理,其识别效果也依赖于数据集的不同,而表现不稳定.本文中应用的总体经验模态分解（Ensemble empirical mode decomposition,EEMD）是一种具有强自适应性的信号处理方法,其在时频域展现的良好分辨率特别适合脑电识别任务处理.本文提出利用EEMD分解后得到的较具影响能力的固有模态函数（Intrinsic mode functions,IMFs）,利用希尔伯特变换提取边际谱（Marginal spectrum,MS）及瞬时能谱（Instantaneous energy spectrum,IES）时频特征,同时通过加窗的方法提取非线性动力学特征近似熵特征,利用线性判别分类器（Linear discriminant analysis,LDA）作为分类器,实验结果得出,对于被试S2和被试S3可达到识别率分别为79.60%和87.77%,实验中9名被试的平均识别率为82.74%,得到平均识别率也高于近期使用相同数据集文献的其他方法.