基于区域划分和四元数的彩色图像复制粘贴篡改检测

现有的篡改检测方法中特征点提取不充分会导致篡改检测精度不高,特征点描述符识别率差,针对该问题提出一种基于颜色矩的区域划分和四元数Hu矩的彩色图像复制粘贴篡改检测算法。首先,使用自适应形态重建算法对图像进行超像素分割,通过密度聚类算法对图像自适应划分区域;其次,提出一种关键点提取方法得到均匀的SIFT特征点;然后,在一种新颖的彩色图像四元数表示方法中构建局部高斯金字塔提取Hu矩特征;最后,利用2NN进行特征匹配后,结合Delaunay三角形算法定位出复制粘贴篡改区域。在公共数据集上的实验结果表明,该算法可以更有效地定位篡改区域。     

A new keypoint-based copy-move forgery detection for small smooth regions

Copy-move forgery is one of the most common types of image forgeries, where a region from one part of an image is copied and pasted onto another part, thereby concealing the image content in the latter region. Keypoint based copy-move forgery detection approaches extract image feature points and use local visual features, rather than image blocks, to identify duplicated regions. Keypoint based approaches exhibit remarkable performance with respect to computational cost, memory requirement, and robustness. But unfortunately, they usually do not work well if smooth background areas are used to hide small objects, as image keypoints cannot be extracted effectively from those areas. It is a challenging work to design a keypoint-based method for detecting forgeries involving small smooth regions. In this paper, we propose a new keypoint-based copy-move forgery detection for small smooth regions. Firstly, the original tampered image is segmented into nonoverlapping and irregular superpixels, and the superpixels are classified into smooth, texture and strong texture based on local information entropy. Secondly, the stable image keypoints are extracted from each superpixel, including smooth, texture and strong texture ones, by utilizing the superpixel content based adaptive feature points detector. Thirdly, the local visual features, namely exponent moments magnitudes, are constructed for each image keypoint, and the best bin first and reversed generalized 2 nearest-neighbor algorithm are utilized to find rapidly the matching image keypoints. Finally, the falsely matched image keypoints are removed by customizing the random sample consensus, and the duplicated regions are localized by using zero mean normalized cross-correlation measure. Extensive experimental results show that the newly proposed scheme can achieve much better detection results for copy-move forgery images under various challenging conditions, such as geometric transforms, JPEG compression, and additive white Gaussian noise, compared with the existing state-of-the-art copy-move forgery detection methods.     

基于可形变自相关网络的图像篡改检测方法

基于深度学习的图像复制-粘贴篡改检测方法在特征提取过程中未考虑特征的空间排列,在小区域篡改样本下检测性能不佳。基于可形变自相关网络提出一种图像篡改检测方法。通过引入可形变卷积和多尺度空间金字塔,自适应地学习篡改目标的空间形变,同时通过构造自相关金字塔式特征层次结构,融合全局特征和局部特征以提升图像篡改检测性能。实验结果表明,该方法在公开的图像篡改检测基准上各项评测指标均优于对比方法,其精确率、召回率、F₁值较BusterNet 2019分别提高14.85、15.04、12.81个百分点,在小区域篡改样本下性能优势更为明显。     

基于深度特征提取和DCT变换的图像复制粘贴篡改检测

针对图像复制粘贴篡改检测中算法时间复杂度过高和定位区域不完整的问题,提出一种基于深度特征提取和离散余弦变换的图像复制粘贴篡改检测算法。首先,融合图像颜色和纹理信息获得四通道图像,计算自适应特征提取阈值,并通过基于全卷积神经网络的特征检测器提取图像深度特征;其次,通过离散余弦变换提取块特征进行初步匹配,再利用点特征向量消除误匹配;最后,通过卷积运算精确定位篡改区域。通过在公共数据集上进行验证,充分展示了该算法在检测效率和定位区域完整性方面的优势。     

基于超像素形状特征的图像复制粘贴篡改检测算法

针对传统图像复制粘贴篡改检测方法中划分子块的数目过大导致算法时间复杂度过高且抵抗几何变换能力较弱的问题,提出一种基于超像素形状特征的图像复制粘贴篡改检测算法.首先提出基于小波对比度自适应划分超像素的方法分割图像并提取稳定的特征点;然后提出新颖的形状编码方式提取超像素形状特征,并与特征点融合,估计可疑伪造区域;最后对可疑...     

基于不变矩特征的图像区域复制粘贴篡改检测

针对一种常见的篡改手段--图像区域复制粘贴,提出了一种基于不变矩特征的检测方法。将图像分成多个重叠块,提取每块的不变矩特征与直方图特征,结合起来得到图像的特征矢量。利用字典排序,依照预定的相似性标准,确定图像中的复制粘贴区域。实验结果表明,该算法在抗旋转操作方面明显优于经典的PCA检测算法,能准确检测出90°和180°的旋转。     

Geometric transformations parameters estimation from copy-move forgery using image blobs and keypoints

A copy-move forgery is a passive tampering wherein one or more regions have been copied and pasted within the same image. Often, geometric transformations, including scale, rotation, and rotation+scale are applied to the forged areas to conceal the counterfeits to the copy-move forgery detection methods. Recently, copy-move forgery detection using image blobs have been used to tackle the limitation of the existing detection methods. However, the main limitation of blobs-based copy-move forgery detection methods is the inability to perform the geometric transformation estimation. To tackle the above-mentioned limitation, this article presents a technique that detects copy-move forgery and estimates the geometric transformation parameters between the authentic region and its duplicate using image blobs and scale-rotation invariant keypoints. The proposed algorithm involves the following steps: image blobs are found in the image being analyzed; scale-rotation invariant features are extracted; the keypoints that are located within the same blob are identified; feature matching is performed between keypoints that are located within different blobs to find similar features; finally, the blobs with matched keypoints are post-processed and a 2D affine transformations is computed to estimate the geometric transformation parameters. Our technique is flexible and can easily take in various scale-rotation invariant keypoints including AKAZE, ORB, BRISK, SURF, and SIFT to enhance the effectiveness. The proposed algorithm is implemented and evaluated on images forged with copy-move regions combined with geometric transformation from standard datasets. The experimental results indicate that the new algorithm is effective for geometric transformation parameters estimation.

     

采用圆谐-傅里叶矩的图像区域复制粘贴篡改检测

现有检测方法大多对图像区域复制粘贴篡改的后处理操作鲁棒性不高.针对这种篡改技术,提出一种新的基于圆谐-傅里叶矩的区域篡改检测算法.首先将图像分为重叠的小块;然后提取每个图像块的圆谐-傅里叶矩作为特征向量并对其进行排序;最后根据阈值确定相似块,利用位移矢量阈值去除错误相似块以定位篡改区域.实验结果表明,该算法能有效抵抗噪声、高斯模糊、旋转等图像后处理操作,且与基于HU矩的方法相比有更好的检测结果.     

State of the art in passive digital image forgery detection: copy-move image forgery

Authenticating digital images is increasingly becoming important because digital images carry important information and due to their use in different areas such as courts of law as essential pieces of evidence. Nowadays, authenticating digital images is difficult because manipulating them has become easy as a result of powerful image processing software and human knowledge. The importance and relevance of digital image forensics has attracted various researchers to establish different techniques for detection in image forensics. The core category of image forensics is passive image forgery detection. One of the most important passive forgeries that affect the originality of the image is copy-move digital image forgery, which involves copying one part of the image onto another area of the same image. Various methods have been proposed to detect copy-move forgery that uses different types of transformations. The goal of this paper is to determine which copy-move forgery detection methods are best for different image attributes such as JPEG compression, scaling, rotation. The advantages and drawbacks of each method are also highlighted. Thus, the current state-of-the-art image forgery detection techniques are discussed along with their advantages and drawbacks.     

基于改进显著图和局部特征匹配的copy-move窜改检测

检测整幅窜改图像的方法增加了许多非必要的计算量,为了降低计算复杂度和进一步提高检测精确率,提出了一种基于改进显著图和局部特征匹配的copy-move窜改检测方法。首先,结合图像梯度改进显著图,分离出包含图像高纹理信息的局部显著区域;其次,只对该局部区域采用SIFT(scale invariant feature transform)算法提取特征点;然后,对显著性小的图像采用密度聚类和二阶段匹配策略,对显著性大的图像采用超像素分割和显著块特征匹配的策略;最后,结合PSNR和形态学操作来定位窜改区域。在两个公开数据集上进行实验,该方法的平均检测时间小于10 s,平均检测精确率大于97%,均优于所对比的方法。实验结果表明,该方法能够大幅缩减检测时间、有效提高检测精确率,并且对几何变换和后处理操作也都具有较好的鲁棒性。     

基于多支持区域局部亮度序的图像伪造检测

图像伪造检测是目前数字图像处理领域中的一个研究热点,其中复制-粘贴是最常用的伪造手段。由于伪造区域在粘贴前会被进行一定的尺度、旋转、JPEG压缩、添加噪声等操作,这使得检测伪造区域具有一定的挑战性。针对图像复制-粘贴伪造技术,提出一种基于多支持区域局部亮度序模式（LIOP）的图像伪造检测算法。首先,利用最大稳定极值区域（MSER）算法提取具有仿射不变性的区域作为支持区域;其次,利用非抽样Contourlet变换得到不同尺度、不同分辨率和不同方向的多个支持区域;然后,在每个支持区域上提取同时具有旋转不变性和单调亮度不变性的LIOP描述子,并利用双向距离比值法实现特征初匹配;接着,采用空间聚类将匹配的特征进行归类,进而用随机抽样一致性（RANSAC）算法对每个归类进行几何变换参数估计;最后,使用必要的后处理等操作来检测出伪造区域。实验表明,提出的算法具有较高的伪造检测精度与可信度。     

基于半色调技术的印前图像篡改检测方法

本文印前图像特指图像数字排版经编辑确认后的数字印刷样张,其以栅格处理器分色后的加网二进制形式存储.数字样张一经确认,其来源的合法性便不受怀疑.但是,从印刷的整体流程来看,数字样张的存储、传输过程中仍有较大的篡改风险.现有的复制移动篡改检测算法存在特征维度高、计算开销大或检测率较低等问题,而且不适用于分色后的二进制样张.本文提出了一种基于半色调图像网点密度特征的Copy-Move篡改检测方法,该方法针对分色处理后的CMYK目标图像的二值量化处理,采用滑动分块的方法对目标图像进行分块,通过提取图像块CMYK四个通道的局部网点密度特征对图像块进行篡改检测.实验结果表明,该方法在图像篡改检测上较以往方法相比具有较低的时间复杂度和较高的检测率,并且对图像篡改区域的旋转攻击、小尺度缩放攻击等具有较好的鲁棒性.     

JPEG图像双重压缩偏移量估计的篡改区域自动检测定位

目的 为了解决现有图像区域复制篡改检测算法只能识别图像中成对的相似区域而不能准确定位篡改区域的问题,提出一种基于JPEG(joint photographic experts group)图像双重压缩偏移量估计的篡改区域自动检测定位方法。方法 首先利用尺度不变特征变换(SIFT)算法提取图像的特征点和相应的特征向量,并采用最近邻算法对特征向量进行初步匹配,接下来结合特征点的色调饱和度(HSI)彩色特征进行优化匹配,消除彩色信息不一致引发的误匹配;然后利用随机样本一致性(RANSAC)算法对匹配对之间的仿射变换参数进行估计并消除错配,通过构建区域相关图确定完整的复制粘贴区域;最后根据对复制粘贴区域分别估计的JPEG双重压缩偏移量区分复制区域和篡改区域。结果 与经典SIFT和SURF(speeded up robust features)的检测方法相比,本文方法在实现较高检测率的同时,有效降低了检测虚警率。当第2次JPEG压缩的质量因子大于第1次时,篡改区域的检出率可以达到96%以上。 结论 本文方法可以有效定位JPEG图像的区域复制篡改区域,并且对复制区域的几何变换以及常见的后处理操作具有较强的鲁棒性。     

An integrated method of copy-move and splicing for image forgery detection

Multimedia Tools and Applications - Splicing and copy-move are two well known methods of passive image forgery. In this paper, splicing and copy-move forgery detection are performed simultaneously...     

A passive authentication scheme for copy-move forgery based on package clustering algorithm

Copy-move forgery as one of popular methods is widely used to tamper digital images. Passive authentication is extensively used to detect the copy-move forgery images. This paper proposes a passive authentication scheme for copy-move forgery based on the discrete cosine transform (DCT) and the package clustering algorithm. The copy regions and paste regions can be automatically detected in doctored digital images. This scheme works by first applying the DCT to small fixed image blocks to obtain their features and the size of feature vectors are reduced. Moreover, the package clustering algorithm is applied to replace the general lexicographic order technologies to improve the detection precision. The similar blocks can be found by comparing the feature vectors in each package. The experimental results represent that the proposed scheme can locate irregular and meaningful tampered regions and multiply duplicated regions in a suspicious image. The duplicated regions can also be located in digital images that are distorted by adding white Gaussian noise, Gaussian blurring and their mixed operations.     

Copy-move forgery detection based on convolutional kernel network

Multimedia Tools and Applications - Conventional copy-move forgery detection methods mostly make use of hand-crafted features to conduct feature extraction and patch matching. However, the...     

基于DWT和形态学滤波的图像伪造检测方法

针对图像中复制-移动和拼接形式的图像伪造检测,提出一种基于离散小波变换(DWT)和形态学滤波的图像伪造检测方法。首先,将图像转换为灰度图,通过应用DWT获得LH、HL和HH子带。然后,通过阈值判断来获得伪造图像区域的边缘,并通过形态学滤波来连接边缘使其清晰化。最后,提取伪造区域的SIFT特征,并通过相似性检测来寻找图像中与伪造区域相似的区域,以此来确定伪造类型。实验结果表明,该方法能够准确检测出伪造区域和伪造类型。     

Copy-Move Geometric Tampering Estimation Through Enhanced SIFT Detector Method

Digital picture forgery detection has recently become a popular and significant topic in image processing. Due to advancements in image processing and the availability of sophisticated software, picture fabrication may hide evidence and hinder the detection of such criminal cases. The practice of modifying original photographic images to generate a forged image is known as digital image forging. A section of an image is copied and pasted into another part of the same image to hide an item or duplicate particular image elements in copy-move forgery. In order to make the forgeries real and inconspicuous, geometric or post-processing techniques are frequently performed on tampered regions during the tampering process. In Copy-Move forgery detection, the high similarity between the tampered regions and the source regions has become crucial evidence. The most frequent way for detecting copy-move forgeries is to partition the images into overlapping square blocks and utilize Discrete cosine transform (DCT) components as block representations. Due to the high dimensionality of the feature space, Gaussian Radial basis function (RBF) kernel based Principal component analysis (PCA) is used to minimize the dimensionality of the feature vector representation, which improves feature matching efficiency. In this paper, we propose to use a novel enhanced Scale-invariant feature transform (SIFT) detector method called as RootSIFT, combined with the similarity measures to mark the tampered areas in the image. The proposed method outperforms existing state-of-the-art methods in terms of matching time complexity, detection reliability, and forgery location accuracy, according to the experimental results. The F1 score of the proposed method is 92.3% while the literature methods are around 90% on an average.     

Multi-scale feature extraction and adaptive matching for copy-move forgery detection

A copy-move forgery detection scheme by using multi-scale feature extraction and adaptive matching is proposed in this paper. First, the host image is segmented into the non-overlapping patches of irregular shape in different scales. Then, Scale Invariant Feature Transform is applied to extract feature points from all patches, to generate the multi-scale features. An Adaptive Patch Matching algorithm is subsequently proposed for finding the matching that indicate the suspicious forged regions in each scale. Finally, the suspicious regions in all scales are merged to generate the detected forgery regions in the proposed Matched Keypoints Merging algorithm. Experimental results show that the proposed scheme performs much better than the existing state-of-the-art copy-move forgery detection algorithms, even under various challenging conditions, including the geometric transforms, such as scaling and rotation, and the common signal processing, such as JPEG compression and noise addition; in addition, the special cases such as the multiple copies and the down-sampling are also evaluated, the results indicate the very good performance of the proposed scheme.     

基于Harris兴趣点和空域均值信息的图像复制粘贴窜改检测算法

提出了一种基于兴趣点检测和特征匹配的图像复制粘贴窜改检测方法。首先采用Harris算子检测图像中的角点作为兴趣点, 然后提取以兴趣点为中心的邻域内空域的五个均值特征形成特征向量, 最后记录相等位移矢量的发生频率并通过阈值化处理得到匹配的兴趣点, 从而标志复制粘贴区域。仿真实验表明, 该算法不仅可以有效检测多区域复制粘贴窜改操作, 而且能够有效抵抗多种窜改后处理操作, 包括加性高斯白噪声, JPEG压缩, 对比度、亮度和曝光度调整以及JPEG压缩和加噪的混合操作。