市政污泥生物质炭在废水吸附处理中的应用

随着经济全球化的飞速发展,城市污水处理中排放的污泥量日益增加,预计到2025年我国市政污泥年产量将超过9000万吨。市政污泥中含有的病原微生物、有机物及重金属,会对环境和人体健康造成严重危害。污泥衍生的生物炭材料因其较大的比表面积、优良的孔隙结构以及丰富的含氧基团,被广泛应用于废水吸附处理领域,实现了固体废物再利用和去除污染的双重目的,做到以废治废,达到生态与发展的双赢。本文系统总结了污泥生物质炭的制备及改性方法、综述了其对废水中重金属、染料、无机盐、抗生素、酚类等的应用及其吸附机理,指出未来污泥生物炭的发展方向和需攻克的难题,努力形成绿色低碳的资源化处理体系。     

等离子体技术在废水处理中的应用

低温等离子体的特点在于通过放电产生的电子温度远远高于系统中其他重粒子的温度。根据这一特点．阐述了低温等离子体技术处理废水的基本原理,研究了低温等离子体对废水的处理技术,分析了低温等离子体与废水的作用过程及其机理,介绍了低温等离子体技术的国内外研究现状,最后探讨了该技术在废水处理中的应用前景及其存在的问题。     

Improved performance of the ultrafiltration membranes by simple modification with air plasma treatment and polymeric deposition

This study seeks to increase the antifouling properties of fluorinated polyvinylidene (PVDF) membranes through the synergistic application of plasma treatment and polymer deposition, employing polymerizations of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and polyethyleneimine (PEI). The results show remarkable success in modifications, presenting exceptional performance. Two distinct surface modification methods, plasma treatment and polymer deposition, were used to improve the antifouling properties and filtration performance of PVDF membranes. The plasma used was a discharge dielectric barrier using ambient air as gas, and hydrophilic polymers, PVP, and PEI. The results outlined changes in membrane roughness with a significant roughness reduction of up to 43% evident based on topographic and morphological analyses. Hydraulic permeability analysis revealed a substantial 35-fold increase, indicating a notable improvement in performance. All treated membranes exhibited higher water affinity and superior performance during 12-h ultrafiltration compared to their untreated counterparts. After chemical cleaning, water flux recovery exceeded 85% for all treated membranes, indicating the inherent antifouling properties of the surface.     

非平衡等离子体水处理技术研究进展

回顾了高压脉冲电源的发展概况,对现行研究中使用的非平衡等离子体水处理反应器进行了分类,系统总结了液相、气相和气液两相放电反应器的研究现状,指出了待改进之处和发展趋势。归纳了脉冲放电过程中催化剂的使用状况,分析了催化剂在脉冲放电过程中的作用,指出了不同催化剂在使用过程中存在的问题及进一步研究的方向。     

低温等离子体在电化学储能器件表面修饰的应用

面对日益严峻的能源危机和环境污染,人类社会需减少化石燃料使用,发展新能源。以锂离子电池为代表的二次电池作为新能源存储设备在生活中得到了广泛应用。然而,在充放电过程中,以电极材料为代表的电化学储能器件面临体积膨胀、活性物质溶解等问题,影响二次电池的电容量和安全性。对电化学储能器件进行合理的表面修饰是改善上述问题的关键。等离子体具有高活性,可以有效抑制电极材料表面活性物质溶解、避免副反应的发生,提高二次电池的循环寿命和放电容量。本工作对等离子体技术,特别是低温等离子体进行了介绍,并总结了低温等离子体技术在电化学储能器件表面修饰中的最新进展,重点介绍了其在先进电极材料表面的应用,最后讨论了等离子体方法优点,并对其未来面临的挑战和应用进行了展望。     

Surface modification of polypropylene membrane by low‐temperature plasma treatment

Microporous polypropylene membranes were low temperature plasma treated with acrylic acid and allylamine. Parameters of plasma treatment were examined and optimized for the enhancement of membrane performance properties. Excess power damaged the membrane surface and excess monomer flow rate increased the reactor pressure to interfere with the glow discharge. Longer plasma treatment time resulted in even more plasma coating and micropore blocking. The contact angle with water decreased and wettabilities increased with the increase of plasma treatment time. Deposition of the plasma polymer on the membrane surface was confirmed by FTIR/ATR spectra of the treated surface. In determining the flux, the hydrophilicity of the surface played a role as important as that of the micropore size. Adequate plasma treatment could enhance both water flux and solute removal efficiency. Results from the BSA (bovine serum albumin) solution test confirmed that fouling was greatly reduced after the plasma treatment. The BSA solution flux through the plasma‐treated membranes depended on pH, whereas pH variation had no serious effects on the untreated membrane. Modification of the surface charge by the plasma treatment should exert a substantial influence on the adsorption and removal of BSA. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 81: 1555–1566, 2001     

竹制生物炭负载TiO2-SnO2电化学处理焦化废水

制备了一种新型竹制生物炭负载TiO₂-SnO₂的颗粒电极,采用SEM、FT-IR、BET及XRD对其进行表征,并对其在三维电化学系统中处理焦化废水的性能进行了研究。结果表明：竹制生物炭拥有致密的微孔空间结构,改性后其表面和内部存在大量的Ti-Sn氧化物;在电流密度为30 mA/cm²,经过150 min电解处理后,焦化废水的COD去除率达到73.96%,DOC去除率达到66.72%,UV₂₅₄由6.65 cm^-1降至3.00 cm^-1;三维荧光光谱结果表明：焦化废水中大部分有机化合物和可溶性微生物副产物被降解和转化。Ti、Sn的加入提高了颗粒电极电氧化、电吸附和电催化的性能,改善了焦化废水的处理效果。此外,本研究为电化学氧化法处理焦化废水的工程实践提供了基础研究的可能性。     

低温等离子体对多孔材料的表面改性研究进展

多孔材料在化工和高新技术领域应用广泛,对其表面进行改性成为近年研究热点.而低温等离子体技术是近来快速发展的材料表面改性技术,在不影响材料基体性能的前提下改善材料表面的物理化学性质,具有广阔的应用前景.在总结国内外科研成果的基础上,介绍了低温等离子体对多孔材料的表面改性原理,综述了现阶段该技术的研究进展,指出了今后研究发展方向.     

TiO2-SnO2 coated bamboo biochar for electrochemical treatment of coking wastewater

A new type of bamboo biochar (BC) loaded TiO₂-SnO₂ particle electrode was prepared and characterized by SEM, FT-IR, BET and XRD for efficient treatment of the coking wastewater in a three-dimensional electrochemical reaction system(3DERs). The results showed that bamboo biochar had a dense microporous space structure, and a significant amount of Ti-Sn oxides existed on the surface and in the interior of the BC. The removal rates of COD and DOC in coking wastewater reached to 73.96% and 66.72% respectively, and UV₂₅₄ reduced from 6.65 cm^-1 to 3.00 cm^-1 by the electrolysis treatment of 150 min at the current density of 30 mA/cm². The three-dimensional fluorescence spectra indicated that the most of the soluble organic compounds and soluble microbial by-products were degraded and transformed. The addition of Ti and Sn enhanced the efficacy of the electrooxidation, electro-adsorption and electrocatalytic behavior of the BC particle electrodes, which improved the treatment effect on coking wastewater in the 3DERs. In addition, this study provides the possibility of basic research for the engineering practice of electrochemical oxidation treatment of coking wastewater.     

Solid‐state hydrolysis of postconsumer polyethylene terephthalate after plasma treatment

Plasma treatments were applied on the surface of postconsumer polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles to increase their wettability and hasten the subsequent hydrolysis process. Sixty‐four treatments were tested by varying plasma composition (oxygen and air), power (25–130 W), pressure (50–200 mTorr), and time (1 and 5 min). The best treatment was the one applied in air plasma at 130 W and 50 mTorr for 5 min, as it provided the lowest contact angle, 9.4°. Samples of PET before and after the optimized plasma condition were subjected to hydrolysis at 205°C. Although the treatment changed only a thin surface layer, its influence was evident up to relatively high conversion rates, as the treated samples presented more than 40% higher conversion rates than the untreated ones after 2 h of reaction. Infrared spectroscopy showed that the terephthalic acid obtained from 99% of depolymerization was similar to the commercial product used in PET synthesis. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013     

低温等离子体预处理对油田废水蒸发及蒸馏水品质的影响

为了提高油田稠油废水蒸发回收的蒸馏水的品质并防止蒸发过程中的结垢,利用低温等离子体对稠油废水进行预处理,使之与低温等离子体产生的离子和自由基反应后再送入蒸发器,研究了稠油废水经过等离子体预处理后蒸馏水各项指标的变化和蒸发过程中结垢的分布变化。结果表明:经过等离子体预处理后废水中的二氧化硅含量和硬度下降,更适合蒸发处理;同时蒸馏水中所含盐和油的含量都减少了,品质得以提高。此外蒸浓缩到30～40倍时,经过等离子体处理后废水的浓缩液中固体悬浮物大幅升高;对应地,蒸发器底部结垢大幅降低。对比所获得的蒸馏水各项指标与注气锅炉的给水指标,可以看出蒸馏水所含的油分超标是蒸馏水回收为锅炉给水的最大障碍;而低温等离子体预处理可为解决油田大量稠油废水回收蒸馏水的结垢问题和水质问题提供了一个快捷的新途径。     

低温等离子体氧化法及其在有机废水中的应用

在总结国内外文献的基础上,对低温等离子体氧化法及其在有机废水中的应用进行了介绍和综述.内容涉及低温等离子体的性质、低温等离子体氧化法的原理以及研究进展.最后,指出了目前低温等离子体氧化法存在的问题并提出建议,以及今后的发展前景.     

低温等离子体协同填料床吸附净化甲醇废水

采用低温等离子体协同填料床吸附强化氧化降解高浓度甲醇废水。研究表明单独采用4A分子筛、陶粒、陶瓷Rasching环和γ-Al₂O₃不同填料均可吸附废水中甲醇,但较易达到吸附饱和,其中4A分子筛的吸附速率和平衡吸附量优于其他3种填料。单独采用多针板式介质阻挡放电低温等离子体技术,化学需氧量（COD）降解率随放电时间和放电电压增加而增大。采用低温等离子体协同填料降解甲醇废水优于单一净化过程,协同初始阶段以吸附为主,随放电时间延长以等离子体降解反应为主,液相和填料吸附的甲醇同时被等离子体活性基团逐渐氧化降解,最大降解率达90%以上。单独填料吸附过程符合准二级吸附动力学方程。低温等离子体对COD降解反应级数随污染物浓度降低和反应时间延长逐渐增大。低温等离子体协同填料吸附对降解过程相互影响,等离子体活性基团对液相和固相吸附的污染物都有一定的活化作用。填料的吸附作用和等离子体氧化作用会不断改变液相中的污染物浓度与·OH浓度比值,降解过程宏观反应动力学级数随着液相中甲醇浓度降低而逐渐增大。     

明珠号生产污水处理流程优化与效果分析

根据明珠号FPSO污水处理流程的实际情况和操作要求,在节约费用和利用现场有限空间的基础上,提出合理的优化办法,有效利用除油水舱舱容,改变加气浮选器和核桃壳过滤器的部分流程,使处理流程更加合理,更好地满足油田生产的需要。     

非热等离子体强化TiO2催化尿素分解副产物水解性能的研究

尿素-选择性催化还原技术低温下运行时尿素分解不彻底,易形成缩二脲、三聚氰酸和三聚氰胺等副产物。本研究将TiO₂催化剂与介质阻挡放电等离子体相结合,在程序升温条件下考察了载气中有无O₂时引入等离子体前后TiO₂催化尿素分解副产物水解的性能。结果表明：TiO₂表面缩二脲、三聚氰酸和三聚氰胺分别在43~261℃、217~300℃和199~300℃水解生成NH₃和CO₂,载气中有无O₂对催化水解过程几乎无影响。引入等离子体后缩二脲、三聚氰酸和三聚氰胺水解所需温度显著降低,载气中无O₂时引入等离子体NH₃产率变化不大,副产物仅有少量N₂O和NO,有O₂时NH₃产率显著降低,且生成较多N₂O、NO、NO₂及少量NH₄NO₂和NH₄NO₃。未来需从优化放电条件和催化剂组成等方面解决引入等离子体导致副产物形成等问题。     

生物炭基复合材料制备及其对水体特征污染物的吸附性能

以重金属、药物及个人护理品污染物（PPCPs）和氮磷氟等为代表的水体主要污染物脱除已成为水污染治理研究的重点。吸附法由于其具有操作简易、成本效益高等优势,在水污染治理方面应用广泛。相比于传统吸附材料,生物炭具有原材料丰富、比表面积大、成本低廉等优势,但其表面官能团的丰富度有限,经适当改性能够增加生物炭的吸附活性位,从而提高其吸附性能。本文根据改性剂类型、合成方法及合成的先后顺序,系统阐释了生物炭的改性方法及其复合体的理化特性;结合最新研究报道,在合成方法、吸附性能和机理方面归纳汇总了生物炭基复合材料在水体重金属、PPCPs和其他污染物中的吸附应用,并对生物炭基吸附剂再生与资源化利用的新理念及应用进行了概述,最后展望了生物炭基吸附剂有待深入研究的方面,并提出建设性的意见。     

聚合氯化铝与鸡粪生物炭联合强化处理活性蓝KNR染料溶液的研究

用聚合氯化铝与鸡粪生物炭联合强化处理染液废水,探讨了聚合氯化铝投加量、pH值、搅拌速度、反应时间、鸡粪生物炭投加量等因素对废水中的有机物去除率的影响。结果表明,聚合氯化铝与鸡粪联合处理印染废水,不仅可＂以废治废＂,而且效果比单独使用更好。其优化工艺条件为：聚合氯化铝（PAC）投加量400 mg/L,pH值为8,搅拌速度80 r/min,鸡粪生物炭投加量为6 g/L,反应时间60 min,在此优化条件下,COD Cr的去除可达90%以上,脱色率为95%以上。     

改性沸石在废水处理中的应用

针对改性沸石在水处理领域中研究应用的现状,分别对天然沸石的改性方法,改性沸石对废水中的重金属离子、含氧酸阴离子及有机物的处理性能等方面作了详细的介绍,指出所存在的问题,并展望了改性沸石在水处理领域的应用前景。     

分子生物学技术在污水处理中的应用

综述了分子生物技术在污水处理中的应用,包括对不同种类污水处理系统微生物种群的比较、不同污水生物处理工艺中的微生物种群结构分析、菌株的鉴定及在生物强化技术中的应用等研究进展。分子生物技术能够准确地检测污水处理过程中微生物群落结构多样性及其动态变化,克服了传统方法费时费力、培养条件苛刻等局限性。在指导调节实际工艺参数,提高难降解有机物的去除率,筛选和鉴定工程菌等方面具有指导意义。     

Immobilization of enzyme and antibody on ALD-HfO2-EIS structure by NH3 plasma treatment

Thin hafnium oxide layers deposited by an atomic layer deposition system were investigated as the sensing membrane of the electrolyte-insulator-semiconductor structure. Moreover, a post-remote NH₃ plasma treatment was proposed to replace the complicated silanization procedure for enzyme immobilization. Compared to conventional methods using chemical procedures, remote NH₃ plasma treatment reduces the processing steps and time. The results exhibited that urea and antigen can be successfully detected, which indicated that the immobilization process is correct.