Life cycle assessment of HFC-134a production by calcium carbide acetylene route in China

HFC-134a is a widely used environment-friendly refrigerant. At present, China is the largest producer of HFC-134a in the world. The production of HFC-134a in China mainly adopts the calcium carbide acetylene route. However, the production route has high resource and energy consumption and large waste emission, and few of the studies addressed on the environmental performance of its production process. This study quantified the environmental performance of HFC-134a production by calcium carbide route via carrying out a life cycle assessment (LCA) using the CML 2001 method. And uncertainty analysis by Monte-Carlo simulation was also carried out. The results showed that electricity had the most impact on the environment, followed by steam, hydrogen fluoride and chlorine, and the impact of direct CO₂ emissions in calcium carbide production stage on the global warming effect also could not be ignored. Therefore, the clean energy (e.g., wind, solar, biomass, and natural gas) was used to replace coal-based electricity and coal-fired steam in this study, showing considerable environmental benefits. At the same time, the use of advanced production technologies could also improve environmental benefits, and the environmental impact of the global warming category could be reduced by 4.1% via using CO₂ capture and purification technology. The Chinese database of HFC-134a production established in this study provides convenience for the relevant study of scholars. For the production of HFC-134a, this study helps to better identify the specific environmental hotspots and proposes useful ways to improve the environmental benefits.     

HFC—134a及其配套润滑油的研制

本文作者开发了液相催化连续生产ＨＦＣ－１３４ａ的工艺技术，并获得了两项国家专利，在ＨＦＣ－１３４ａ的工艺技术，并获得了两项国家专利。在ＨＦＣ－１３４ａ配套用的润滑油方面，研制成功家用电冰箱和汽车空调压缩机用冷冻机油。     

天然气基汽车燃料的经济评价

结合重庆地区利用天然气资源生产汽车代用燃料实例,运用生命周期方法对天然气基汽车燃料的经济性进行了评 价;同时对加气站、加油站的经济效益进行了评价。使用天然气基代用燃料具有良好的经济效益。     

退役锂离子电池湿法回收生命周期和经济评价

锂离子电池（LIBs）具有能量密度高、输出功率大等优点被广泛应用,随之产生了大量退役LIBs。近年来,退役LIBs回收再利用逐渐受到了人们的关注,但目前回收体系尚不完善,存在发展动力和科学技术等方面的问题。从生命周期评价（LCA）和经济性评价两方面对典型的盐酸、硫酸-双氧水和电化学浸出3种回收方法进行分析讨论。使用SimaPro 9软件对回收过程进行生命周期评价,得到全球变暖潜能值、非生物资源耗竭潜能值和资源消耗量等,结果表明酸用量和能量消耗为主要的环境影响因素;并对回收再利用过程（包括预处理、浸出、再制备）进行经济性分析,得到相应的收益情况。结果表明,目前回收成本较高,整体呈现亏损状态。基于此,提出了相应的优化建议。     

Synthesis of HFC-134a by isomerization and hydrogenation

For the preparation of HFC-134a, the isomerization of CFC-114 and the hydrogenation of CFC-114a were investigated. Both reactions were catalyzed by AlC₃ and supported Pd catalysts, respectively. For the comparison purpose, the isomerization of CFC-113 was carried out also. With virgin AICI₃ catalyst, both isomerization reactions proceeded after a certain induction period probably because the catalyst needed the activation by the halogen exchange. The catalyst deactivated gradually with the time on stream. However, the deactivation rate could be reduced by removing impurities from the reactants. Isomerization rate of CFC-114 was much slower than that of CFC-113. Palladium supported on carbon catalyzed the hydrogenation reaction quite selectively while the selectivity declined when the support was replaced with different supports. The catalytic activity and selectivity to desired products increased in the following order. Pd/kieselguhr Pd/silica-alumina ≅Pd/silica gel Pd/TiO₂Pd/Al₂O₃Pd/C     

生命周期成本分析及其应用研究

采用生命周期思想,通过对产品生命周期内的环境影响货币化和产品生产过程中内部成本的核算,建立综合考虑环境性能和经济性能的产品生命周期成本模型。在成本模型分析的基础上,提出产品绿色因子和绿色比值两个指标,为不同工艺或产品的性能比较提供量化依据。以天然气生产乙炔为案例分析对象,结果表明成本模型能够有效地识别影响产品综合性能的关键因素和最优的产品工艺方案的选择。     

Life cycle assessment of ISPRA Mark 9 thermochemical cycle for nuclear hydrogen production

The nuclear energy driven thermochemical cycle is one of the potential water‐splitting processes for producing hydrogen, presumed to be the transportation fuel of the future. A life cycle assessment (LCA) of one such system, which utilizes nuclear energy to drive the ISPRA Mark 9 thermochemical cycle, is presented in this paper. The results of the LCA are presented in terms of the emissions of greenhouse gases (CO₂‐equivalent) and acid gases (SO₂‐equivalent). The contributions of the thermochemical plant to the emissions were determined through the estimation of material and energy requirements for chemical inventory, raw materials consumption and plant fabrication/installation. The greenhouse gas emissions from the system are 2515 g CO₂‐equivalent kg^?1 H₂ produced and acid gas emissions 11.252 g SO₂‐equivalent kg^?1 H₂ produced. A comparison of this hydrogen production route with other routes, including steam reforming of methane and high‐temperature electrolysis, is also presented in the paper. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry     

中央空调系统的替代冷媒选择——评HCFC-123与HFC-134a在中央空调系统中的使用前景

本文根据最新的替代冷媒环境特性参数的研究成果与国际研讨会的一些结论,从全面看待臭氧层耗损与气候变暖这两个全球性环境问题的角度,对HCFC-123与HFC-134a在中央空调系统离心式冷水机组中的使用前景作做了评述。最后,就目前行业中对HCFC-123与HFC-134a在离心式冷水机组中使用前景所争议的问题陈述了个人的四点看法。     

污泥水煤浆全生命周期综合评价

为了客观评价在水煤浆中掺入污泥的综合效果,以污泥水煤浆为研究对象,建立全生命周期综合评价模型,以对外供应1 t蒸汽为最终目标,以煤炭准备—水煤浆生产—水煤浆利用(普通水煤浆路线)为基准路线,对比评价煤炭、污泥准备—污泥水煤浆生产—污泥水煤浆利用(污泥水煤浆路线)全过程的技术性、经济性和环境效益。评价认为,污泥水煤浆路线全过程能源效率85.40%,全过程消耗煤炭135.69 kg、污泥32.94 kg、新鲜水487.44 kg,全过程投资8.10元,全过程成本129.08元,全过程废水、烟尘、SO2、NOx排放基本与普通水煤浆路线相当。     

新疆伊犁地区煤制天然气技术经济分析

分析了新疆伊犁地区的煤炭资源和利用现状,结合国家西气东输二线工程的实施,从政策、技术、规模、厂址选择、资源配套等方面,论述了在伊犁地区开展煤制天然气的可行性,并选择典型煤种和工艺进行技术经济评价,得出在伊犁地区开展煤制天然气的可行性结论并给出合理化建议。     

空气分离与天然气液化组合循环

提出了利用空分系统冷量液化天然气的联合流程思想,并介绍了一种采用氮气膨胀循环的空气分离与天然气液化联合方案,在得到液化天然气（LNG）的同时,也生产氮气、氧气等多种产品。通过流程模拟计算并采用有效能分析原理,确定了高、低温膨胀量比对传热温差及有效能损失的影响规律,得到了不同液化量下的优化膨胀量之比。结果表明,基于热负荷总组合曲线的有效能分析原理能够方便、有效地研究整个传热过程的温差分布及有效能损失规律,对实际低温过程系统优化有重要意义。     

Phthalic anhydride production from hemicellulose solutions: Technoeconomic analysis and life cycle assessment

The process synthesis, technoeconomic analysis, and life cycle assessment (LCA) of a novel route for phthalic anhydride (PAN) production from hemicellulose solutions are presented. The production contains six steps including dehydration of xylose to furfural, reductive decarbonylation of furfural to furan, oxidation of furfural to maleic anhydride (MA), Diels‐Alder cycloaddition of furan, and MA to exo?4,10‐dioxa‐tricyclo[5.2.1.0]dec‐8‐ene‐3,5‐dione followed by dehydration to PAN in the presence of mixture of methanesulfonic acid and acetic anhydride (AAN) which is converted to acetyl methanesulfonate and acetic acid (AAD), and dehydration of AAD to AAN. The minimum selling price of PAN is determined to be $810/metric ton about half of oil‐based PAN. The coproduction of high‐value products is essential to improve the economics. Biomass feedstock contributes to the majority of cost. LCA results shows that biomass‐based PAN has advantages over oil‐based PAN to reduce climate change and fossil depletion however requires more water usage. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 3708–3718, 2015     

液化天然气冷能回收混合动力循环参数分析

提出了以氨水为工质的朗肯循环、燃气动力循环和液化天然气循环组成的混合动力循环系统,用于液化天然气冷能回收。建立了混合动力循环中换热和动力设备的能量平衡方程和可用能平衡方程,并以朗肯循环冷凝温度、朗肯循环透平进出口压力、液化天然气循环透平进出口压力为关键参数,分析了上述关键参数对混合动力循环热效率和可用能效率的影响。分析结果表明,混合动力循环热效率和可用能效率随朗肯循环冷凝温度升高、朗肯循环透平进口压力和液化天然气循环透平进口压力增大而提高,随朗肯循环透平出口压力和液化天然气循环透平出口压力增大而降低。     

Optimization-based identification of CO2 capture and utilization processing paths for life cycle greenhouse gas reduction and economic benefits

This paper introduces a mathematical formulation to identify promising CO₂ capture and utilization (CCU) processing paths and assess their production rates by solving an optimization problem. The problem is cast as a multi-objective one by simultaneously maximizing a net profit and life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction. Three case studies are illustrated using an exemplary CCU processing network. The results indicate the optimal solution is greatly influenced by the scale of CO₂ emission source, market demand, and hydrogen availability. Moreover, with the current system of measuring the GHG reduction regarding a business-as-usual level, if the aim is to achieve a GHG reduction within a national boundary, the question of whether CCU plants producing a product of same functionality through conventional means, which the CO₂-based product can replace, exists in the country can come into consideration. This systematic identification will assist decision-making regarding future R&D investment and construction of large-scale CCU plants.     

乙烯生产的生命周期评价(Ⅰ)目标与范围的确定和清单分析

报道了乙烯生产的生命周期清单分析方法,并得到清单的计算结果:单位量乙烯生产相关原煤、原油和天然气的生命周期消耗量分别为85.60kg/t、2302.56kg/t和162.21m3/t,相关CO2、SO2、NOx、CO、乙烯和烟尘的生命周期排放量分别为2257.04kg/t、8.93kg/t、11.60kg/t、7.62kg/t、2.90kg/t和5.84kg/t。研究结果表明,乙烯、CO、烟尘和NOx生命周期排放的主要来源为乙烯生产的直接排放,CO2的直接排放和间接排放基本相当,SO2的生命周期排放则主要来源于燃料的生产与加工阶段。     

生物质型煤与褐煤的生命周期评价对比研究

为了研究生物质型煤对环境的影响和能耗情况,利用生命周期评价方法,与褐煤进行对比评价,从型煤与褐煤的生产到燃烧进行全面分析。结果表明,生物质型煤生命周期的环境负荷指数是0.30,褐煤的潜在环境影响负荷指数为0.48,生物质型煤的环境影响明显低于褐煤;环境影响类型主要是全球变暖,主要影响因子是CO2;生命周期各阶段的环境排放量主要集中于燃烧使用阶段,因此,降低燃烧使用阶段的环境影响是生物质型煤技术改进的重要途径。     

煤炭地下气化制液化天然气技术经济性分析

为了核算煤炭地下气化制液化天然气(UCG-LNG)技术的经济可行性,在试验数据的基础上,以年产液化天然气2亿m3的UCG-LNG项目为例,计算了项目的总投资额,以及工程费用和天然气生产成本的构成及各项占比,并分析了项目的敏感性。结果表明,项目总投资约18.7亿元,总投资的88.3%为工程费用,而在工程费用中,空分设备、煤气净化设备以及天然气液化设备的总费用占比高达69.5%;在天然气销售价格为3.21元/m3时,整个项目的税前内部收益率(IRR)为10.90%,投资回收期为9.85 a(含3 a建设期),经济上可行,敏感性分析得出天然气销售价格对项目IRR的影响最大。     

煤“一步法”制天然气催化剂

在固定床反应器中,以水蒸气为气化介质,考察了“一步法”煤制天然气K-Fe甲烷化催化剂的催化活性及稳定性,研究了反应动力学,并且考察了不同煤种对煤催化甲烷化的影响。在650℃、2 MPa下,K15Fe10Ca5对于煤气化及甲烷化均具有良好催化活性。XRD分析表明,活性组分K与Fe之间相互作用,形成的K₆Fe₂O₅促进了煤气化及甲烷化反应。Ca助剂的引入抑制了活性组分与煤中矿物质的结合,同时吸收了煤焦释放出的含硫气体,提高了催化剂的活性。在5次循环实验过程中,CH₄产率保持稳定,表明催化剂有较高的稳定性。修正随机孔模型很好地描述了K15Fe10Ca5催化神木煤焦甲烷化的行为,其中界面反应为控制步骤。煤中挥发分、灰分及含硫量等因素都会影响最终的产率。     

能源和化工系统的全生命周期评价和可持续性研究

在资源和能源日趋紧缺的背景下,开拓替代能源和新的化工产品技术路线势在必行。然而,目前对各种新技术方案的基础数据和系统分析比较薄弱,对产业布局和生态环境的长期影响有待深入研究。对近年来研究资源/能源化工复杂系统的建模、模拟、结构优化和系统集成问题的进展进行综述,运用过程系统投入产出分析的理论和方法,建立化工产品技术路线的全生命周期分析模型与集成的框架平台,研究资源、能源、技术、经济、环境等多因素综合优化评价问题。以煤气化合成气衍生的煤化工系统为基础案例,专门论述了在产品路线规划和过程合成中,集成优化、全生命周期评价和可持续性的研究进展。目标在于推进"技术-经济-环境-产业发展"多属性、多目标、多尺度系统集成的基础理论研究和技术创新。     

Modelling and economic analysis of gas production from hydrates by depressurization method

Gas production from a hydrate reservoir involves decomposition of the solid hydrate. An analytical model is developed to predict reservoir performance for gas production by the depressurization method from a hydrate reservoir containing associated free gas. The model is developed by combining the intrinsic kinetics of hydrate decomposition, which is of interest to chemical engineers, with gas inflow performance relationship and material balance equations. An economic analysis model is also developed and incorporated with the reservoir performance model. These models are used in a case study of gas production from a hydrate reservoir in the Alaskan North Slope. The results show that gas transportation cost is the main factor controlling feasibility of commercial gas production. The hydrate zone contributes significantly to overall reservoir performance by arresting pressure decline and maintaining gas production rate.