土的变形非线性与剪缩剪胀性新认识

在对土受荷变形的弹性、非线性、剪缩剪胀性和压缩回胀性全面分析的基础上,着重研究了土的非线性和剪缩剪胀性,提出了能够同时考虑因应力路径偏转和主应力轴旋转而引起剪缩剪胀特性的方法,进而建立了考虑土的非线性、剪缩剪胀性和压缩回胀性的统一描述关系     

粘性土的弹粘塑性本构方程及其应用

从常规试验成果出发，用弹粘塑性应力－应变－时间本构方程来描述粘性土的剪胀特性和时间效应。并采用Ｐｅｒｚｙｎａ的粘塑性方程，结合关联和不相关联流动法则，建立应力－应变－时间关系，对粘性土的有效应力路径特别是塑性区的剪胀特性和应力－应变关系的时间依存性进行了数值模拟计算，得出了与试验相近的结果。通过计算结果和试验结果的对比分析，探讨了该计算模型的合理性和可行性。     

论无粘性砂卵石与堆石的力学性质

无粘性砂卵石与堆石,广泛用于土石坝与面板堆石坝的建设。本文根据我院十余年来大量工程的大三轴试验结果,就抗剪强度、应力应变、剪胀性等性质问题进行了讨论,展现了这些材料性质的某些规律。砂卵石的抗剪强度与堆石相近甚至更好,剪胀性对强度与泊松比有明显影响。本文还讨论了邓肯模型的试验结果,归纳了该模型参数的一些变化性质。     

一个基于微观力学分析的散粒体应力–剪胀关系

从微观力学角度出发,基于真应力张量推导了散体中平均接触力与平均接触位移的计算公式,并通过宏–微观能量守恒得到了考虑散体各向异性组构及其演化的应力–剪胀关系;详细分析了剪胀参数的物理意义及对剪胀性的影响,并与经典的剑桥流动法则、Rowe剪胀方程以及室内试验结果进行了比较分析。研究结果表明,提出的应力–剪胀关系宏微观物理意义明确,考虑了材料密实状态和微观各向异性组构及其演化对应力–剪胀关系的影响,可以很好地模拟散粒体的初始剪胀(缩)行为,并可反映峰值应力比滞后于最大剪胀比的现象。同时提出的应力–剪胀方程还可以描述材料在相变点处应力比不等于临界应力比的现象,与已有室内试验结果一致,能够较好地预测散体材料三轴条件下的各向异性应力–剪胀关系。     

粘性土振动蠕变的动单剪试验研究

本文通过对粘性土振动蠕变的动单剪试验的分析研究，得出了粘性土在长期振动荷载作用下土的应力－应变关系及其随时间变化的规律和动力性质．     

岩土材料的剪胀方程

岩土材料的摩擦特性导致土体在剪应力作用下会发生体积的膨胀或收缩,因此建立剪胀方程是描述岩土材料力学行为的关键。基于经典弹塑性理论的框架,可以构建土的一般性剪胀方程。论文分析了Mohr-Coulomb、Drucker-Prager、SMP等强度准则对应的剪胀方程。总结了剑桥模型、清华模型,以及国内外常用本构模型的剪胀方程。探讨了三轴试验条件下剪胀方程与名义切线泊松比的关系,以及可能的取值范围。结合广义位势理论,进一步给出了利用剪胀方程构造本构模型的途径。     

粗粒土非线性剪胀模型研究

粗粒土具有明显的剪胀剪缩性,为非虎克材料。对8种颗粒材料进行了11组三轴试验,将体应变分为球应力和偏应力引起的体应变两部分,并假定弹性变形泊松比为常数,对实测体应变两部分大小进行了分离。假定三轴试验的轴向应变和剪应力引起的体应变服从Rowe剪胀方程,分析表明,对任一种颗粒材料而言,Rowe剪胀方程参数Kf的归一性良好,即不同应力状态下参数Kf均近似为一个常数。在此基础上,基于邓肯–张模型和Rowe剪胀方程,建立了体变模量KP、剪胀模量Kq、剪切模量G三参量与应力状态的关系,初步提出了一种新的非线性剪胀模型。该模型可视为邓肯–张模型的改进型模型。经验证,该模型能比较准确地描述各种颗粒材料的体变过程,是一种物理概念明确,简单实用的非线性剪胀模型。     

一类含裂隙岩质边坡的滑动弱化逐步破坏机理

含裂隙的岩土材料在剪切作用下，随着剪应变的增加，裂纹端部一定区域内的强度会表现出滑动弱化的现象。岩土材料这种性质的变化不同于粘性土结构性破坏，也不同于剪胀。在一定的载荷作用下，坡体内裂隙端部的滑动弱化使坡体内的应力重新分配，从而使得应力集中加剧，裂隙尖端进一步扩展，造成岩体结构性的破坏，乃至整个滑面的贯通直至发生滑坡。因此，滑动弱化是一类含裂隙岩质边坡滑坡的机理。     

粘性土剪切带破坏研究

压实粘性土是静水压力和应变率相关性材料,在低围压下表现出软化现象,在高围压下表现出硬化现象。在同一含水率,不同围压下粘性土随周围压力的增大,同一轴向应变所对应的偏应力也越大;压实度一定时,含水率越高,粘聚力越大,而摩擦角越小,粘性土的抗剪强度越弱;含水率一定时,压实度越高,粘聚力越大,而摩擦角越小,抗剪强度也越大。利用TSZ10-1.0型应变控制式三轴仪,对四川绵阳地区粘性土进行了常规三轴压缩试验,研究了不同围压和含水率下粘性土的应力-应变关系、抗剪强度指标,并对粘性土的剪切带破坏进行了拟合分析。     

粘性土剪切带破坏研究

压实粘性土是静水压力和应变率相关性材料,在低围压下表现出软化现象,在高围压下表现出硬化现象.在同一含水率,不同围压下粘性土随周围压力的增大,同一轴向应变所对应的偏应力也越大;压实度一定时,含水率越高,粘聚力越大,而摩擦角越小,粘性土的抗剪强度越弱;含水率一定时,压实度越高,粘聚力越大,而摩擦角越小,抗剪强度也越大.利用TSZ10-1.0型应变控制式三轴仪,对四川绵阳地区粘性土进行了常规三轴压缩试验,研究了不同围压和含水率下粘性土的应力-应变关系、抗剪强度指标,并对粘性土的剪切带破坏进行了拟合分析.     

基于广义塑性理论的堆石料动力本构模型研究

分析了堆石料在等幅与不等幅应力循环荷载作用下的变形特性,以此为基础,确定了不同加载过程中堆石料的剪胀方程,加载方向,切线模量及塑性模量,建立了一个可以考虑堆石料循环加载特性的广义塑性本构模型.模型将所有的加卸载阶段都视为弹塑性过程,并在剪胀方程中引入老化函数来考虑体积应变积累对剪胀(缩)性的影响.模型共有12个参数,均可通过常规室内单调及循环加载试验确定.为验证模型的有效性,依据试验资料确定了两种不同堆石料的本构模型参数,并对等幅循环三轴压缩与不等幅循环三轴压缩试验进行了模拟.两种材料在不同围压下的模型预测结果与试验数据均吻合良好,表明模型可以有效地反映循环荷载作用下堆石料应力应变曲线的滞回特性与永久变形的积累.     

Applicability of discrete element method with spherical and clumped particles for constitutive study of granular materials

Discrete element method(DEM)has been intensively used to study the constitutive behaviour of granular materials.However,to what extent a real granular material can be reproduced by virtual DEM simulations remains unclear.This study attempts to answer this question by comparing DEM simulations with typical features of experimental granular materials.Three groups of models with spherical and clumped particles are investigated from four perspectives:(i)deviatoric stress and volumetric behaviour;(ii)critical state behaviour;(iii)stress-dilatancy relationship;and(iv)the evolution of principal stress ratio against axial strain.The results demonstrate that DEM with spherical or clumped particles is capable of qualitatively describing macroscopic deviatoric stress responses,volumetric behaviour,and critical state behaviour observed in experiments for granular materials.On the other hand,some qualitative deviations between experiments and the investigated DEM simulations are also observed,in terms of the stress-dilatancy behaviour and principal stress ratio against axial strain,which are proven to be critical for constitutive modelling.The results demonstrate that DEM with spherical or clumped particles may not necessarily fully capture experimental features of granular materials even from a qualitative perspective.It is thus encouraged to thoroughly validate DEM with experiments when developing constitutive models based on DEM observations.     

On the modelling of stress-dilatancy behavior in weakly cemented sands

A comprehensive study on the stress-dilatancy behavior of cemented sand and its modeling is presented. The effect of confining pressure, relative density, and cement content on stress-dilatancy behavior are studied from the published experimental results and an additional series of experiments performed in this study. To facilitate a contrast and comparison of stress-dilatancy behavior between these datasets, a normalized stress ratio is proposed which removes the effect of mineralogy and morphology of parent sand. A set of key insights were obtained from this comparative study which aided in improving the stress-dilatancy relation; for example, the effect of initial conditions on stress-dilatancy behavior was found to be captured by the ratio of cohesion intercept (or tensile strength) and mean effective stress before shearing. The limitations of stress transformation, often used in modelling of cemented sand, were also systematically studied by a set of carefully designed experiments; it was found to be only applicable before gross yielding of cementation. After gross yielding, it is necessary to take in account of the breakage of bonds/cementation. The gross yield locus was identified from 70 experimental datasets and a cohesion/bond degradation model was formulated to model the stress-dilatancy behavior of cemented sand. The efficacy of stress-dilatancy relations (after including the gross yield locus and bond degradation behavior) is evaluated from the experimental results; the Rowe's stress-dilatancy relation was found to be most suitable with the proposed bond/cohesion degradation model.     

The strength–dilatancy characteristics embraced in hypoplasticity

The strength-dilatancy characteristics of frictional materials embraced in the hypoplastic model proposed by Gudehus and Bauer are investigated and compared with the revised model suggested by Huang. In the latter the deviatoric stress in the model by Gudehus and Bauer is replaced by a transformed stress according to the stress transformation technique proposed by Matsuoka. The flow rule, the failure state surface equation and the strength-dilatancy relationship embraced in both models are derived analytically. The performance of the two hypoplastic models in reproducing the relationship between the peak strength and the corresponding dilation rate under triaxial compression, plane compression and plane shearing are then extensively investigated and compared with experimental results and with the predictions made by particular classical stress-dilatancy theories. Numerical investigations show that the performance in reproducing the strength-dilatancy relationship is quite satisfactory under triaxial compression stress state in both models and the predictions made by the transformed stress based model are closer to the results obtained from classical stress-dilatancy theories for plane compression and plane shearing problems.     

堆石料状态相关三维多重机制边界面模型

堆石料的应力应变特性与材料的密度、压力等状态密切相关。针对堆石料的变形与强度非线性,在临界状态和边界面弹塑性理论框架内,建立了一个堆石料状态相关三维多重机制边界面模型。模型将复杂的宏观变形行为分解为一个宏观体应变机制和一系列空间分布的相互独立虚拟微观剪切机制。每个微观剪切机制包含3个方向的微观剪应力–应变关系和微观应力–剪胀关系。引入一个与密度、压力相关的状态参数,用以统一描述不同状态下堆石料的变形和强度特性。模型包含12个参数,多数具有明确的物理意义。对2种堆石料三轴压缩试验结果进行模拟计算,模型模拟值与试验结果吻合良好,说明模型能够较合理地预测堆石料的应力应变特性。     

一个基于细观结构的粗粒料弹塑性本构模型

针对粗粒料的剪胀特性和强度非线性,在经典弹塑性理论框架内,建立了一个基于细观结构的粗粒料弹塑性本构模型。模型采用基于颗粒材料细观结构变化推导得到的屈服函数,在此基础上由非相关联流动法则得到的剪胀方程,结合粗粒料典型的三轴压缩试验结果,引入一种无黏性土的压缩模式,构造了能够统一描述粗粒料剪胀、剪缩特性的硬化参数。阐述了由常规三轴试验和等向压缩试验确定模型全部7个参数的方法。对3种粗粒料三轴压缩试验结果进行了预测,预测结果与试验结果吻合良好,说明模型能够合理地反映粗粒料的应力变形特性。     

土工格栅加筋路堤的机理分析

论述了土工格栅的性能,分析了土工格栅加筋路堤中筋材与土的相互作用,并介绍了土工格栅加筋机理的理论依据和试验分析,指出土工格栅是一种良好的路用加筋材料,其加筋路堤的作用主要通过土工格栅筋材的拉力激发来实现。     

土颗粒破碎耗能对罗维剪胀模型的修正

采用Hardin建议的公式来度量颗粒破碎及其耗能。根据罗维最小能比原理,推导得到破碎修正的屈服函数微分方程。对围压300kPa时,进行了微分方程的数值积分,得到了屈服面图形。与原始罗维剪胀模型相比,经过颗粒破碎修正的罗维剪胀模型具有低剪胀性等明显优点。     

聚丙烯纤维加筋砂土的剪胀特性

随机分布的聚丙烯纤维在土体中彼此交错形成网状,可显著提高砂土的抗剪强度,减少其峰值强度折减。描述土体剪胀规律的剪胀方程是建立纤维加筋土的本构模型的核心。以聚丙烯纤维加筋南京细砂为主要研究对象,通过不同围压下的常规三轴压缩试验,研究了不同纤维质量百分比含量对南京细砂强度、变形以及剪胀特性的影响。对比聚丙烯纤维加筋砂土与纯砂土的应力应变关系和强度特性,分解出聚丙烯纤维对砂土的内在约束应力。将外力克服剪胀阻力需要做的额外功分解为由土颗粒运动和纤维变形两部分所消耗的能量,利用纤维对土的内在约束应力表示与加筋纤维有关的耗散能,基于最小比能原理建立了聚丙烯纤维加筋砂土的剪胀方程,揭示了聚丙烯纤维加筋砂土的特殊剪胀特性。经过对比发现常规三轴压缩试验结果与模型结果具有良好的一致性。