金属材料类别对动态摩擦声发射参数影响的实验研究

利用声发射技术研究了材料类别对动态摩擦状态的影响.结果表明:材料类别对摩擦产生的声发射信号有很大影响,动态摩擦产生的声发射信号的强弱与材料之间的硬度差有关,硬度差越大,摩擦产生的声发射信号的能量差别越大;声发射信号的能量可以反映摩擦学中的"犁沟效应"的差别.     

摩擦叠焊工艺中声发射技术的应用前景

分析了利用声发射技术,实现对摩擦叠焊工艺动态监测的可行性,在对金属材料的金相组织特性以及动态摩擦研究的基础上,将声发射技术用于摩擦叠焊焊接工艺监测。在摩擦叠焊焊接过程中,进行声发射特征信号的特征参数提取,以表述焊接工艺的相应摩擦状态,从而实现对摩擦叠焊成形机理的研究。利用声发射技术监测焊接过程的平稳性,以保证焊接质量;另外,介绍了声发射技术应用于摩擦叠焊工艺优化中体现出的优势,现阶段存在的难点及未来的主要发展方向。     

接触式机械密封启停过程摩擦特性实验研究

为探讨接触式机械密封启停过程摩擦状态的转变特性,采用自主研发的摩擦磨损实验装置,对碳石墨-碳化硅配副材料的摩擦特性进行实验研究。通过采集启停过程中的声发射信号以及摩擦扭矩数据,分析二者之间的关联性,研究启停过程中端面摩擦状态的转变特性。结果表明：在启停阶段,声发射信号均方根值与摩擦扭矩值变化趋势相同,均为先增大后减小,最后再增大至一稳定值,二者具有很强的相关性;研究的配副材料在7 s左右出现声发射信号峰值,表明此时发生从干摩擦状态到混合摩擦状态的转变;稳定阶段的声发射信号以及摩擦扭矩值分别与转速、压力呈正比关系。     

基于声发射技术的拉深过程中润滑状态分析

采用发射技术监测了拉深过程中的润滑状态.在干摩擦和润滑脂润滑下,进行了拉深成形实验,并分析了不同润滑状态下拉深过程中声发射信号的能量、振铃计数、信号幅度等参数的变化规律.结果表明,拉深中产生声发射信号对润滑状态非常灵敏,随着润滑状态改善,拉深过程中产生的声发射信号能量、振铃计数、信号幅度参数等均呈下降趋势;通过对声发射信号分析可以判断拉深件的摩擦状况,即将声发射技术引入金属板材拉深中的摩擦状态的监测是可行的.     

弹性凸模胀形技术及其应用

弹性凸模胀形亦称软阳模胀形,是用橡皮(聚氨酯橡胶、PVC塑料等高弹性物质)作凸模,以金属作刚性凹模。胀形装置如图1所示。其胀形过程是:橡皮或其它高弹性物质所制成的凸模受轴向载荷的作用,凸模轴向压缩而径向胀大,迫使毛坯随同产生变形,最后在弹性凸模产生的高压(一般为200～400公斤力/厘米~2,用聚氨酯橡胶可达1500～1800公斤力/厘米~2)作用下使毛坯紧贴凹模内壁而成为各种曲面型零     

运用声发射技术监测金属塑性成型过程中润滑状态的研究

为监测金属塑性成型过程中的润滑状态,采用运用声发射技术,通过对无润滑和有润滑时金属塑性变形过程和摩擦过程的监测及对比,分别研究了金属摩擦声发射信号和塑性变形声发射信号.结果表明,不同材料摩擦产生的声发射信号数值上大小不同,同种材料摩擦声发射信号数值上小于塑性变形声发射信号;采用声发射技术,基于实时波形和声发射信号参数的平均值都能监测金属塑性成型时的润滑状态.     

声发射监控磨削过程中影响因素的实验研究

本文利用自制AE-I型声发射磨削检测仪进行试验，在分析磨削接触前后声发射信号变化的基础上，指出磨削接触前后声发射信号会出现很大变化，可以根据声发射信号的变化作为磨削接触的标志；在分析磨削过程中影响声发射信号大小的因素基础上，指出了影响声发射信号大小的主要因素，并提出了砂轮钝化的检测方法。     

裂缝扩展声发射有限元模拟及其信号时频分析

根据定量地震学中的矩张量理论，建立了裂缝扩展声发射源的力学模型及有限元模型，通过有限元计算得到裂缝扩展声发射的波形信号。利用小波变换对不同裂缝深度的声发射波形信号进行时频分析，得到不同裂缝深度的声发射波形信号的时频特征。通过研究声发射信号中零阶反对称模式成分（A0）和零阶对称模式成分（S0）的能量比，发现声发射信号的能量比EA0／ES0随裂缝深度变化具有一定规律性，能够通过能量比判断裂缝扩展的深度。     

液黏传动可控启动过程混合摩擦转矩特性研究

为了研究矿用重型刮板输送机可控启动装置中液黏传动可控启动过程混合摩擦阶段的转矩特性，基于雷诺方程建立了油膜承载力和剪切转矩数学模型，并根据G-W模型建立了微凸峰接触转矩模型，最终以刮板输送机实现S形曲线，得到了可控启动过程中摩擦副的承载特性和转矩特性。结果表明，可控启动过程中，摩擦副间油膜厚度按反S曲线随时间增大而减小；摩擦副的承载力和转矩不断增大，其中微凸峰为总承载力和转矩的主要承担部分，并且不断增大，而油膜承载力和转矩则只占据小部分并不断减小。研究结果为可控启动装置可控启动过程转矩特性预测和控制部分设计提供了理论依据。     

摩擦过程中相对运动速度对声发射振幅信号的影响

相对运动速度对摩擦过程中的摩擦、磨损影响很大,为此研究了摩擦过程中相对运动速度与声发射振幅信号之间的关系.研究结果表明:在正压力和摩擦状态基本不变的条件下,声发射振幅信号随相对运动速度的增加而增加;利用声发射振幅信号可以分辨出相对运动速度对摩擦产生的影响,也可以检测、量化这种影响.     

Monitoring of Ball Bearing Operation under Grease Lubrication Using a New Compound Diagnostic System Detecting Vibration and Acoustic Emission

Our new compound diagnostic system comprised of a compound sensor, a signal processor, and a personal computer installed signal processing software. The compound sensor made by an advanced sensor fusion technique was able to detect simultaneously the vibration acceleration and the acoustic emission by itself. The signal processor received a signal from the sensor and separated it into the vibration acceleration signal and the acoustic emission signal. The signal processor and the personal computer processed the acceleration signal and acoustic emission signal for diagnostic information. The rolling contact fatigue process of a ball bearing under grease lubrication was monitored using the compound system. The system outputs diagnostic information, for example, the means, the variance, the skewness, and the kurtosis of the vibration acceleration signal and the acoustic emission signal. In diagnosing the rolling contact fatigue failure, the root mean square (rms) value of the vibration acceleration was most effective, and the mean of the demodulated acoustic emission was second to the rms value of the acceleration in effectiveness. From the result of the evaluation, it became clear that the system was useful for diagnosing rolling contact bearings under grease lubrication.     

Elasto-plastic Finite-Element Analysis of the Axisymmetric Tube-Flaring Process with Conical Punch

The incremental updated Lagrangian formulation of an elasto-plastic finite-element computer code has been incorporated into the extend rmin technique in order to handle the contact boundary condition as applied to the analysis of the axisymmetric tube-flaring process with a conical punch. A modified Cou-lomb’s friction law was also adopted to calculate the influence of friction coefficients on the tube-flaring process. Effects of the size and the mechanical properties of tubes, lubricants and the punch semi-angle on the flaring load were studied. It was found that good lubrication and tubular materials with a high strain hardening coefficient are both effective in reducing the flaring load. An optimum punch semi-angle (punch load is lower) in flaring is determined by work on frictional and bending at the punch inlet. In addition, the effect of spring-back on the tube diameter or angle of final deformation, under different friction coefficients after unloading, was also explored.     

Discussion of the Definition for Acoustic Emission Event in the Time Series of Concrete Damage Process

Acoustic emission signals from concrete compression damage process are non-stationary and their arrival time is unknown. Therefore, the definition on the acoustic emission event in the time series is not clear. In this paper, the acoustic emission signals associated with concrete specimen under uniaxial compression are acquired by full-digital acoustic emission system. The overlapping phenomenon of acoustic emission signal is presented and discussed by the analysis of time interval between adjacent hits. Acoustic emission signals are classified into three categories according to their waveform characteristics. And the result shows that as the loading process continues, more and more amount of continuous type of acoustic emission signals appeared, indicating the acoustic emission signal does not carry the features of burst type, which will introduce obvious errors in the calculation of acoustic emission event. In contrast, the average signal level used in the analysis of continuous type of acoustic emission signal shows a good regularity with the damage process of concrete.

     

有机无灰减摩剂对流体动压润滑减摩性能影响机制

有机无灰减摩剂能减低流体动压润滑摩擦因数,对提升流体动压润滑性能提供了新思路。采用单油酸甘油酯、油酸、季戊四醇四异硬脂酸酯、司盘80作为有机无灰减摩剂,以质量分数5%与PAO 5基础油进行调和,制备4种不同润滑油样,采用流体动压润滑试验机对比其摩擦学性能。试验结果表明,有机无灰减摩剂在边界润滑和混合润滑中均具有一定减摩效果,在流体动压润滑下减摩效果更明显。其中,含质量分数5%季戊四醇四异硬脂酸酯的油样具有最佳的减摩作用,其在流体动压润滑状态下可使基础油的摩擦因数降低19.6%。分子动力学模拟结果显示,有机无灰减摩剂在摩擦表面产生滑移现象,减少了分子间碳链的相互缠绕,进而降低流体动压润滑下的摩擦因数。     

Effects of process variables on V-die bending process of steel sheet

This investigation aims to clarify the process conditions of the V-die bending operation of steel sheet. It provides a model which predicts the correct punch load for bending and the precise final shape of products after unloading, in relation to the tensile properties of the material and the geometry of tools. The process variables are punch radius (R_p), die radius (R_d), punch width (W_p), punch speed (V_p), friction coefficient (μ), strain hardening exponent (n) and normal anisotropy (R).This investigation is carried out by performing some experiments and by finite-element simulation. Experiments determine the punch for bending for various process variables, such as punch radius, punch speed and lubrication, were carried out. As a result it was found that punch load increases as punch radius and punch speed increase or lubrication decreases.An elasto-plastic incremental finite-element computer code based on an updated Lagrangian formulation was developed to simulate the V-die bending process of sheet metal under the plane-strain condition. Isotropic and normal anisotropic material behavior was considered including nonlinear work hardening. A modified Coulomb’s friction law was introduced to treat the alternation of sliding–sticking state of friction at the contact interface. Simulation results, such as the punch load of bending and the bend angle of the bent part after unloading, are compared with experimental data; satisfactory agreement was observed. The simulation clearly demonstrates that the code to simulate V-die bending process was efficient.Simulations were made to evaluate the effects of die radius, punch width, strain hardening exponent and normal anisotropy on punch load of bending. The punch load for bending is smaller for materials with a larger strain hardening exponent. The effect of punch width on punch load is limited. The punch load decreases in the early stage and increases in the final stage of the bending process as the die radius increases. The influences of all of the process variables on the final bend angle of the bent parts of sheet after unloading were also evaluated. The effects of process variables except die radius on the bend angle after unloading are also limited. The angle of spring-back is greater for tools with larger die radius.     

The Computer Simulation of Tribological Influence on Strain Path and Forming Limit in Punch Stretching of Sheet Metal

The purpose of this paper is to describe the principles and results of some numerical simulations of strain path and forming limit analysis in punch stretching operations which include the tribological influence by using a realistic friction model. Three tribological variables (i.e. the mean lubricant film thickness, tooling roughness, and workpiece roughness) are required for the simulation. The calculation of these variables using lubrication theory and related semi-empirical equations are described. The active lubrication regime and suitable friction model can be determined from the current local values of these tribological variables. Friction stress can then be computed from these variables combined with more traditional parameters such as pressure and sliding speed. The limiting dome height and variation of strain path are then predicted by using the coupled FEM and lubrication/friction model. The comparison between the calculated and measured results shows that the present scheme is efficient in computation and will provide a useful tool for industrial applications.     

磨削粗糙度在线检测方法的实验研究

本文对基于摩擦声发射信号的磨削粗糙度在线检测方法进行了实验研究。实验结果表明，采用声发射传感器探头与磨削表面摩擦产生的声发射信号的特征可以对磨削表面粗糙度进行评价，建立了摩擦声发射信号特征与磨削表面粗糙度之间的对应关系，并通过实验对该方法的可行性进行了实测。结果表明，探针与工件表面摩擦声发射信号的FFT和RMS特征与磨削粗糙度有很好的对应关系，可用于磨削表面粗糙度的在线检测。     

基于声发射时频分析与卷积神经网络的液膜密封摩擦状态识别

针对液膜密封状态监测领域无损监测开发不足、信号特征评估困难以及摩擦状态判别智能化特性缺乏的问题,提出一种基于声发射时频分析与卷积神经网络的液膜密封摩擦状态识别方法。该方法将声发射无损监测技术应用于液膜密封的摩擦状态监测,卷积神经网络作为液膜密封摩擦状态自主决策的实现手段,声发射信号的时频信息作为卷积神经网络的特征输入,分析短时傅立叶变换、 S变换以及小波变换3种时频分析方法对卷积神经网络识别性能的影响。结果表明：对于液膜密封的声发射信号,3种时频分析方法与卷积神经网络结合的优选顺序为：短时傅立叶变换、 S变换、小波变换;基于声发射时频分析与卷积神经网络的液膜密封摩擦状态识别方法准确率较高,相比其他识别方法取得了较好的识别效果。     

摩擦副表面沟槽型织构润滑性能的数值仿真

从目前的研究来看,织构的深度和载荷对油膜的润滑性能具有显著的影响,然而,在载荷变化的情况下,润滑膜的最小膜厚和黏性阻力是一个动态变化的过程。因此不同载荷下,最佳织构深度的选取还需系统地进行分析。通过建立沟槽型织构流体润滑模型,分析了织构的深度以及承载力对摩擦副的油膜厚度、压力、剪切力、以及摩擦因数的影响。结果表明：在承载力一定时,油膜厚度随织构深度的增加呈先增大后减小的趋势。在89 N载荷下时,存在最佳油膜厚度6.4184μm,此时织构深度为2.97μm,摩擦因数为0.0162。