三维编织C/SiC复合材料拉伸损伤演化

利用声发射技术,对三维编织C/SiC复合材料在拉伸过程中损伤发展、演化进行了实验研究。实验采集了三维编织C/SiC复合材料拉伸过程的声发射信号。运用多参数分析法,分析了三维编织C/SiC复合材料拉伸损伤的声发射特性,宏观上揭示了材料拉伸损伤的发展、演化过程和规律。研究结果表明三维编织C/SiC复合材料拉伸损伤演化可被分为两个主要阶段,损伤初始阶段和损伤严重阶段。     

平纹编织C/SiC复合材料拉—拉疲劳特性的试验研究

为研究2D平纹编织C/SiC复合材料的疲劳性能,采用Instron8801液压伺服疲劳试验机对2D平纹编织C/SiC复合材料试样进行等幅单向拉—拉疲劳试验。实验中,采用声发射设备和红外热象仪来动态监测损伤的演化过程;实验结束后,采用扫描电子显微镜对拉伸试验和疲劳试验的试样断口的微观形貌进行对比分析。试验发现,在前100次循环中,试件的模量快速下降,声发射累积能量迅速增大,温度明显上升。100个循环后,试件的模量、声发射累积能量和试件的温度变化趋势变缓。疲劳和拉伸试样的损伤均以纤维束的断裂、拔出和分层损伤为主;失效的拉伸试样断口处的纤维被完整的基体外壳包裹着,而失效的疲劳试样断口处的纤维基本无完整的基体外壳,表面只有少量的磨损后的基体碎屑。     

基于红外热成像的镁合金疲劳裂纹扩展的研究

采用红外热成像技术监测疲劳裂纹扩展过程中试件表面温度的变化情况,对AZ31B镁合金板材室温下的疲劳裂纹扩展特征进行研究。分析疲劳裂纹尖端温升值与裂纹长度的对应关系,试件表面温度分布差异与裂纹扩展趋势的关系,探索镁合金材料疲劳裂纹扩展的规律。试验结果表明,疲劳裂纹扩展过程中,镁合金表面温度变化经过一个升温、降温的过程,在稳定扩展阶段,温度变化不大,在快速扩展阶段,温度呈明显上升趋势。三组试件最高温升值分别为A试件10.89℃、B试件15.19℃、C试件12.37℃。裂纹尖端及其附近组织观察发现,裂纹尖端发生转向,裂纹总体为穿晶断裂,并伴随少量沿晶断裂,在裂纹附近区域有少量塑性变形。疲劳试件表面的最高温度区域与材料的疲劳损伤机制相关,该区域对应材料的应力集中区,是疲劳微裂纹形成与扩展的部位,温度变化与试件的最终断面相吻合。     

风力机叶片裂纹的动态扩展特性研究

首先推导了风力机叶片裂纹尖端塑性区的应力强度因子,确定了影响裂纹扩展的主要因素,然后根据裂纹扩展时的声发射信号特性,探讨了声发射信号的特征提取方法。在试验中分析了不同试件的裂纹形貌特性,并针对采集的裂纹扩展声发射信号,比较了不同小波基函数对声发射信号特征提取的影响,提取了裂纹动态扩展的特征频率,从而建立了声发射特征参数与声发射源之间的关联机制,为风力机叶片状态监测和早期预警提供理论依据。     

多重基体开裂对平纹编织C/SiC复合材料断裂强度的影响

平纹编织C/SiC复合材料含裂纹试件受拉伸载荷时,裂纹尖端出现垂直于载荷方向的基体开裂损伤带。对试件断口观察,发现拉伸带宽度约等于纤维束宽度;裂纹扩展时,拉伸带内垂直于裂纹面的纤维束形成对裂纹面的桥联。试验结果显示,桥联纤维束出现多重基体开裂的材料断裂强度较高;而纤维束断面平整,未出现多重基体开裂的材料断裂强度相对较低。基于D-B(Dugdale-Barrenblett)模型,研究纤维束多重基体开裂损伤对C/SiC复合材料断裂强度的影响。发现多重基体开裂损伤引起纤维束非线性应力应变关系,能显著提高平纹编织C/SiC复合材料含裂纹件的断裂强度。对于平纹编织C/SiC复合材料,长度参数L0=G/(Fσ20)可以表征材料内桥联机制作用的范围。当裂纹裂纹长度a≥6 mm时,线弹性断裂力学对于平纹编织C/SiC复合材料是适用的。     

基于声发射 Ib 值分析的渗铝 321 钢损伤特性研究

太阳能热发电换热管主要材料渗铝321钢的损伤会导致换热管的寿命缩短甚至断裂,因此必须进行损伤检测。采用声发射方法对渗铝321钢的损伤特性进行分析,实现对换热管性能的在线动态监测。通过采用声发射Ib值特征来表征渗铝321钢的损伤程度,并运用自组织映射(SOM)神经网络算法进行声发射特征参数聚类,以分析材料的损伤模式。结果表明,力学塑性阶段的声发射事件数量剧增,能量和振铃计数的峰值标志着试件的断裂。此外,在试件失效前,Ib值显著降低且密度变密集,表明Ib值的变化特征可以作为材料临界失效的预警信号。通过SOM算法对特征参数进行聚类分析得到4个簇及其对应的特征频率,并使用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察试件的断口形貌,得出4个簇分别对应于孔洞生长与汇合、微裂纹成核、宏观裂纹扩展和纤维状断裂4类损伤模式。这项研究旨在探索金属管材的损伤演化行为,并为管材的损伤分析和健康监测提供依据。     

受载复合材料曲板结构的失效特征研究

为研究飞机复合材料曲板的失效过程与失效模式,对一组复合材料弯角试验件进行了准静态拉伸试验.同时基于ABAQUS软件及其USDFLD子程序,考虑复合材料的渐进损伤特征,建立了受载曲板的有限元模型,分析弯角区的应力分布特征.研究发现：数值仿真能够较准确的模拟弯角结构的受载过程,模拟结果与试验结果吻合较好;结构受载过程中,在弯角区域发生分层破坏,随着载荷的增大,分层沿着周向和径向都有扩展;随着外加载荷的增大,弯角区域的最大法向应力的位置逐渐移向加载端.     

金属裂纹扩展声发射信号特性研究

机械结构件中的应力集中使得结构极易产生裂纹并逐渐扩展,裂纹扩展时伴有声发射信号,因此有必要对结构件中裂纹扩展时的声发射信号进行特征研究。为研究金属板件中的裂纹声发射源特征行为,通过分析板件中的裂纹声发射源,从理论上推导了裂纹声发射的幅值和频率特征表达式。在裂纹扩展过程中,金属板件的裂纹声发射信号幅值与声发射源的开裂长度和拉伸应力的乘积成正比,频率与裂纹开裂速度成反比,且与裂纹开裂长度成正比。用声发射检测系统对预制有初始裂纹的金属板件进行拉伸状态下的声发射监测,通过对声发射信号求取功率谱密度估计,实现不同声发射信号以功率谱在频域的分布为信号特征的有效区分。实验结果与理论分析相符合,研究结果对金属板件的裂纹声发射检测技术具有重要意义。     

含离散源损伤Z向增强复合材料加筋板压缩特性研究

以含穿透中央筋条的切口模拟离散源损伤,对无增强、Z-pin增强、改进锁式缝合增强、Tufting缝合增强复合材料加筋板进行轴向压缩试验,研究含离散源损伤Z向增强加筋板的损伤扩展模式与破坏特征。结果表明,壁板和筋条间的Z向增强有效控制了壁板与筋条的脱粘,提高了加筋板的屈曲载荷。切口前端的分层只引起局部的屈曲,沿切口方向未切断筋条的断裂和壁板边缘的突然压溃导致加筋板的最终破坏。三维有限元渐进损伤分析结果显示,选用Hashin判据作为失效判据,可以很好地模拟含离散源损伤复合材料加筋板的轴向压缩渐进损伤过程。采用线约束模拟壁板与筋条翼缘之间的Z向增强是合理的,线约束的引入在损伤扩展至筋条下方壁板区域后有效控制了损伤的扩展。     

基于小波神经网络的FRP容器爆破声发射信号研究

对FRP复合材料容器进行水压爆破的力学性能实验,利用声发射检测技术,采集FRP复合材料容器在受压损伤和爆破过程中的声发射信号。将采集到的声发射信号进行小波包特征提取,得到的前8个频带的特征向量作为小波神经网络的输入样本。据得到的数据样本库数据来预测、验证复合材料容器的破坏过程。     

Experimental verification of RV-MTS model for fracture in soda-lime glass weakened by a V-notch

Fracture phenomenon was experimentally investigated in a soda-lime glass weakened by a V-notch under tensile-shear loading. Fracture tests were conducted using a new test sample called the V-notched Brazilian disc (V-BD) specimen. The fracture resistance and fracture initiation angle were obtained initially from the test results. Afterward, a fracture model was utilized to estimate the experimental results. Very good correlation was found between the experimental and theoretical results both for the fracture resistance and the fracture initiation angle in notches having different notch angles and various notch tip radii. Experimental results revealed that for a constant notch tip radius, the failure load under pure tensile loading conditions decreases as the notch angle increases. For a constant notch angle, as the notch tip radius increases, the fracture load in the soda-lime glass V-BD specimens enhances in the whole domain from pure tensile to pure shear loading. Moreover, for a constant notch tip radius, the notch angle has almost no effect on the fracture initiation angle when the specimen is predominantly under tensile loading conditions.     

Fatigue crack propagation behavior at a notch for needled C/SiC composite under tension-tension loading

Fatigue test of a needled C/SiC composite with a notch under tension-tension cyclic loading was completed, and the main fatigue crack propagation curve of the needled composite was obtained by the in situ observation of the fatigue process. By analyzing the influence of the failure number and distribution on the tensile loading subjected by 0° fiber bundles, the relationship between the main fatigue crack propagation and the distribution of 0° fiber bundles in the needled composite was established. By observing the fracture microstructure (especially the distribution of 0° fiber bundles) of the needled composite through scanning electron microscopy, the reasons for the varying fatigue resistance of different notched specimens were also explained. In addition, acoustic emission (AE) was also used to analyze the AE energy characteristics during the fatigue crack propagation process of the needled composite.

     

Observation of notch effect in Al6061-T6 specimens under tensile loading using digital image correlation and finite element method

The fracture of ductile materials such as Al6061-T6 usually starts from void nucleation. In this study, we investigated strengthening effect and stress triaxiality behavior in notched Al alloy specimens. Various specimens, one un-notched and two with different U-types of notch, one with large diameter (L-notched) and another with small diameter (S-notched), having the same width were selected. The distribution of strain in the full-field was examined using the digital image correlation (DIC) method. Under the tensile test, S-notched specimens showed a more pronounced strengthening effect than the L-notched specimens. The results of DIC confirmed that the notch tip of the S-notched specimen experienced high strain, while the L-notched specimen experienced high strain at the center. The maximum stress triaxiality moved rapidly from the notch tip to the center with the increase in notch radius over 10 mm. The results of the stress triaxiality analysis by finite element method were in good agreement with the above DIC measurement results and predicted the void generation and fracture sites in L-notched and S-notched specimens.     

Effect of fuzzy C means technique in failure mode discrimination of glass/epoxy laminates using acoustic emission monitoring

Acoustic emission is one of the powerful techniques that can be used for in situ structural health monitoring of composite laminates. One of the main issues of AE is to characterize the different damage mechanisms from the detected AE signals. Unsupervised Pattern recognition has been one of the techniques used for the identification of a specific failure mode in composites from Acoustic emission data. Cross ply composite laminate of size 300 × 300 mm is fabricated using Vacuum bag molding. ASTM D3039 Standard tensile specimens are cut from the laminate and these specimens are subjected to uni axial tensile test under Acoustic Emission monitoring. Fast Fourier transform analysis (FFT) and Short Time Fast Fourier Transform (STFFT) analysis are performed on the Wave forms of the AE hit data obtained during the conduct of tensile test to characterize the failure modes in crossply specimens. Fast Fourier Transform enabled calculating the frequency content of each damage mechanism. In this paper Fuzzy C Mean clustering is performed for the AE parameters obtained from the test and the efficiency of this technique is being investigated using FFT AND STFFT analysis.     

Research of stress intensity factor of V-shaped notch tip in precision cropping

For carrying out the precise cropping of metal bar with different geometrical sizes, it is very important to obtain the reasonable stress intensity factor of V-shaped notch tip rapidly and accurately. At first, a new precise cropping method, which is the high-speed peripheral low-stress bending fracture cropping is presented in the paper, and its working mechanism is also given in detail. The stress field near V-shaped notch tip is analyzed, and the stress extrapolation method is presented to compute the stress intensity factor of V-shaped notch tip. Based on it, the correctional expression of theoretical stress intensity factor in a handbook of stress intensity factor is also given. The contrasts between stress intensity factor results obtained by means of the stress extrapolation method and the corresponding theoretical results in the handbook of stress intensity factor are also carried out in detail. The results show that the two errors are not more than 5 % and are within a reasonable engineering range. The cropping experimental results for initial loading force and crack propagation life have also confirmed that the correctional expression of theoretical stress intensity factor is feasible.     

截面形状对材料微孔洞损伤破坏的影响

为探讨截面形状对金属材料微孔洞损伤破坏的影响,针对圆形、矩形横截面缺口试样进行了拉伸破坏、预拉伸低温冲断试验,断口扫描电镜观察及有限元计算;用细观力学模型计算了缺口试样断裂时微孔洞长大体积率沿断口的分布和断口的起裂位置,并模拟了断口上起裂处微孔洞长大。结果表明：截面形状对材料微孔洞损伤演化有较大的影响,圆形、矩形横截面缺口试样断裂时起裂处微孔洞长大体积率相差较大,微孔洞长大的临界值不是材料常数;用R-T模型、GTN模型模拟非轴对称三轴应力状态下材料微孔洞损伤演化有较大的误差。     

Artificial neural network a tool for predicting failure strength of composite tensile coupons using acoustic emission technique

A series of 18 tensile coupons were monitored with an acoustic emission (AE) system, while loading them up to failure. AE signals emitted due to different failure modes in tensile coupons were recorded. Amplitude, duration, energy, counts, etc., are the effective parameters to classify the different failure modes in composites, viz., matrix crazing, fiber cut, and delamination, with several subcategories such as matrix splitting, fiber/matrix debonding, fiber pullout, etc. Back propagation neural network was generated to predict the failure load of tensile specimens. Three different networks were developed with the amplitude distribution data of AE collected up to 30%, 40%, and 50% of the failure loads, respectively. Amplitude frequencies of 12 specimens in the training set and the corresponding failure loads were used to train the network. Only amplitude frequencies of six remaining specimens were given as input to get the output failure load from the trained network. The results of three independent networks were compared, and we found that the network trained with more data was having better prediction performance.     

Prediction of fatigue regimes in notched components

Fatigue crack growth from notches is described as a two-stage process. Cracks are assumed to initiate in, and their early growth controlled by, the plastic zone due to the notch. Later growth is controlled by the developing crack tip plastic zone which can be described by the elastic stress intensity factor. A simple model is proposed which qualitatively accounts for all observed notch phenomena including non-propagating cracks and size effects. The equation: is shown to quantitatively predict the experimental fatigue failure limit of sharply notched specimens.     

Discussion of the Definition for Acoustic Emission Event in the Time Series of Concrete Damage Process

Acoustic emission signals from concrete compression damage process are non-stationary and their arrival time is unknown. Therefore, the definition on the acoustic emission event in the time series is not clear. In this paper, the acoustic emission signals associated with concrete specimen under uniaxial compression are acquired by full-digital acoustic emission system. The overlapping phenomenon of acoustic emission signal is presented and discussed by the analysis of time interval between adjacent hits. Acoustic emission signals are classified into three categories according to their waveform characteristics. And the result shows that as the loading process continues, more and more amount of continuous type of acoustic emission signals appeared, indicating the acoustic emission signal does not carry the features of burst type, which will introduce obvious errors in the calculation of acoustic emission event. In contrast, the average signal level used in the analysis of continuous type of acoustic emission signal shows a good regularity with the damage process of concrete.