基于DEM的干旱区河网系统模拟--以柴达木盆地流域为例

数字地形模型是模拟现代环境过程的重要工具,建立具有高精度的数字高程模型成为构建分布式现代过程模型的重要内容,其中河流网络构成了流域水文模型的重要参数。根据Shreve与Strahler提出的流域结构图,进行了基于DEM的河网系统自动提取的应用研究。以柴达木盆地为例,分析1：250000与1：1000000比例尺地形图数据所建立的数字高程模型。相比较而言,在构建TIN模型中,样条插值方法在等高线内插分析中具有更好的效果;水流方向矩阵计算中格网的大小对结果有很大的影响,在地形复杂的地区表现更为明显,主要表现为随格网变大而河网系统更密集;提取河流网络的计算阈值取全流域累积矩阵的平均值,可以得到最好的图形效果。     

SRTM DEM数据提取河网方法及影响因素研究

从数字高程模型（Digital Elevation Models,DEM）直接提取河网及相关流域信息,是分布式水文模型开发与应用的基础。珠江三角洲地区是中国经济最发达的地区之一,是世界上公认范围最大、结构最复杂的网河流域。研究该地区河网分布及流域特征,对于流域的整体规划和水资源的有序配置具有重要意义。文中首先讨论了基于栅格DEM取流域河网水系特征信息的基本方法;然后基于SRTM DEM数据,以珠江三角洲地区为例给出了利用Arc/Info实现河网提取的具体步骤,实现了大范围区域内的流域特征信息的快速提取;最后对比分析珠江三角洲分流域河网特征。     

SRTM DEM数据提取河网方法及影响因素研究

从数字高程模型（Digital Elevation Models,DEM）直接提取河网及相关流域信息,是分布式水文模型开发与应用的基础。珠江三角洲地区是中国经济最发达的地区之一,是世界上公认范围最大、结构最复杂的网河流域。研究该地区河网分布及流域特征,对于流域的整体规划和水资源的有序配置具有重要意义。文中首先讨论了基于栅格DEM取流域河网水系特征信息的基本方法;然后基于SRTM DEM数据,以珠江三角洲地区为例给出了利用Arc/Info实现河网提取的具体步骤,实现了大范围区域内的流域特征信息的快速提取;最后对比分析珠江三角洲分流域河网特征。     

一个基于DEM的数字河网体系提取算法的应用

基于DEM提取数字河网是一种高效率获取河网信息的方法,D8算法由于直观简单,成为数字河网提取中应用最为广泛的模型之一.介绍了D8算法模型的基本原理、计算步骤以及流域水系提取阈值设定等问题,并采用这一模型对烟台市大沽夹河网DEM数据进行数字河网体系的提取,对提取的数字河网体系进行了检验.研究结果表明,在算法中不同的流域应取不同的阈值,所取阈值的范围对提取出的河网密度、精细度等有着巨大的影响.最后,指出这个算法所存在的缺点.     

数字孪生椒江防洪“四预”应用研究

针对椒江流域山区河流、平原河网、感潮河段、洪泛区均存在的水系及易受台风影响的洪涝格局,根据数字孪生流域的要求,开发了符合数字孪生标准的水利专业模型服务组件,建设了预报调度一体化系统;对模型计算所需的多源数据开发了多源数据融合平台;根据防洪“四预”业务需求开发了知识平台对调度规则、历史洪水的知识推送功能;建立了椒江流域273个子流域112条河流、2112个计算断面、84900个二维计算网格、17个控制单元的流域预报调度一体化模型,系统经过多场次台风暴雨检验,运行效率较高;对全国沿海地区防洪“四预”应用建设具有借鉴意义。     

统一设备计算架构下的栅格河网提取并行算法

针对大规模高分辨率数字地形数据提取栅格河网效率低下的问题,提出了基于统一设备计算架构(CUDA)利用淹没模型提取栅格河网的并行算法。使用图形处理器(GPU)将汇流累积量计算分解为独立的多任务并行处理,通过数据异步传输减少数据交换时间,进而加速河网提取的运算。实验结果表明,该算法运行效率明显优于串行河网提取算法,在NVIDIA Geforce GTX660上对数据量为600 MB(网格大小为9784×8507)数字高程模型(DEM)数据提取河网加速比达到62。     

基于WorldView-2制备大野口流域高分辨率DEM及精度分析

在全野外GPS地面控制点基础上,对WorldView-2影像自带RPC文件进行校正,利用数字摄影测量软件系统在立体模型上通过影像自动匹配技术快速提取黑河流域上游大野口子流域1∶5 000比例尺数字高程模型(DEM)。由于区域地形复杂、交通不便,研究区南部无地面控制点覆盖。基于立体模型交互式操作,匹配60个均匀分布高精度影像连接点,提高了DEM自动提取精度。并在对阴坡森林覆盖区、大野口水库等重点区域进行DEM编辑基础上,辅助地形特征点和线数据提高了成果精度。由15个外业控制点、12个模型保密点组成的检查点进行定量DEM验证,结果表明:两组高程中误差最大为1.9 m,达到该比例尺山地一级精度2.5 m的要求。
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基于DEM的数字流域河网编码方法研究

数字流域模型中基于二叉树理论的河网编码方法能够实现任意河段的直接定位和高效的拓扑运算.论文首先讨论了利用DEM提取河网的基本原理,然后根据二叉树二元编码规则完成数字流域的河网编码.     

基于水系改进的数字高程模型内插研究

流域地形是决定水系生成的一个关键性因素，是数字流域和分布式水文模型研究的主要内容。针对现有应用数字高程模型进行水文分析时存在的若干问题，在对当前数字高程模型的生成算法进行讨论的基础上，提出在利用现有方法进行内插的过程中加入河流数据进行方向判断和高程修正的算法。通过试验与分析，得出应用本方法生成的数字高程模型在保留精度的基础上，较好地反映了地表水文特征和河流结构，利用它不仅可以进行一般的地学分析，还能够作为水文模拟与研究的数据源。     

RSI River Tools系统及其应用介绍

River Tools是Research System Inc. 研制的基于数字高程模型（digital elevation model,DEM)的流域地表水文要素特征信息（如单元网格流模式、河网拓扑结构、流域及子流域边界等）提取、分析与可视化显示的专业分析系统。值得一提的是，它是用RSI知名的研究与开发系统－交互式数据语言（Interactive Data Language,IDL）开发的且与之高度集成，其所有的例程均可在 IDL集成开发环境（IDLDE）中调用，这样就为研究者提供了一个从数据获取、分析到高级应用开发的良好手段。文中简要介绍了该系统的主要功能，并就其在水科学领域中的应用（如流域河网水文水质数值模拟）作一些初步的探讨。     

Morphological convexity measures for terrestrial basins derived from digital elevation models

Geophysical basins of terrestrial surfaces have been quantitatively characterized through a host of indices such as topological quantities (e.g. channel bifurcation and length ratios), allometric scaling exponents (e.g. fractal dimensions), and other geomorphometric parameters (channel density, Hack's and Hurst exponents). Channel density, estimated by taking the ratio between the length of channel network (L) and the area of basin (A) in planar form, provides a quantitative index that has hitherto been related to various geomorphologically significant processes. This index, computed by taking the planar forms of channel network and its corresponding basin, is a kind of convexity measure in the two-dimensional case. Such a measure - estimated in general as a function of basin area and channel network length, where the important elevation values of the topological region within a basin and channel network are ignored - fails to capture the spatial variability between homotopic basins possessing different altitude-ranges. Two types of convexity measures that have potential to capture the terrain elevation variability are defined as the ratio of (i) length of channel network function and area of basin function and (ii) areas of basin and its convex hull functions. These two convexity measures are estimated in three data sets that include (a) synthetic basin functions, (b) fractal basin functions, and (c) realistic digital elevation models (DEMs) of two regions of peninsular Malaysia. It is proven that the proposed convexity measures are altitude-dependent and that they could capture the spatial variability across the homotopic basins of different altitudes. It is also demonstrated on terrestrial DEMs that these convexity measures possess relationships with other quantitative indexes such as fractal dimensions and complexity measures (roughness indexes).     

Effect of differing DEM creation methods on the results from a hydrological model

It is known that digital elevation models (DEMs) can vary in quality depending on their method of creation. Six DEMs derived from digitised contours from the British Ordnance Survey were compared. The DEMs were used to run TOPMODEL for a small catchment in Devon. There were differences between the DEMs in the prediction of the catchment area and the spatial pattern of topographic index values, although these differences were reduced by smoothing the DEMs. Because runoff in the area is dominated by subsurface flow, many of the model predictions were not sensitive to differences between the DEMs. However, predictions of surface runoff differed by over 200%, and caused variations of up to 25% in the prediction of hourly flow values. The predicted spatial pattern of surface runoff was strongly affected by the presence of interpolation artefacts in the DEM, with completely unrealistic predictions in the case of the worst quality DEMs.     

基于SRTMv4的异龙湖流域地形因子提取

以最新SRTMv4版DEM作为基础数据,选择异龙湖流域为研究区域,利用ArcGIS 10平台中的水文分析扩展模块提取异龙湖流域的流域边界和流域水文特征两方面的流域地形因子。根据提取结果与获取到的实测数据进行有效性检验:①与实际调查数据的水系网和1∶5万水系图对照比较,发现基于SRTM DEM所提取出的流域地形因子等信息是合理有效的。②与1∶5万DEM所提取流域水网进行对比发现基于SRTM DEM所提取的数据精度较为满意,在相同河网密度情况下,基于SRTM的DEM与1∶5万DEM的水网细节表现高度一致,具有可靠性。     

An evaluation of LIDAR- and IFSAR-derived digital elevation models in leaf-on conditions with USGS Level 1 and Level 2 DEMs

An assessment of four different remote sensing based methods for deriving digital elevation models (DEMs) was conducted in a flood-prone watershed in North Carolina. New airborne LIDAR (light detecting and ranging) and IFSAR (interferometric synthetic aperture radar (SAR)) data were collected and corresponding DEMs created. These new sources were compared to two methods: Gestalt Photomapper (GPM) and contour-to-grid, used by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) for creating DEMs. Survey-grade points (1470) for five different land cover classes were used as reference points. One unique aspect of this study was the LIDAR and IFSAR data were collected during leaf-on conditions. Analyses of absolute elevation accuracy and terrain slope were conducted. The LIDAR- and contour-to-grid derived DEMs exhibited the highest overall absolute elevation accuracies. Elevation accuracy was found to vary with land cover categories. Elevation accuracy also decreased with increasing slopes—but only for the scrub/shrub land cover category. Appreciable terrain slope errors for the reference points were found with all methods.     

Using satellite remote sensing for DEM extraction in complex mountainous terrain: Landscape analysis of the Makalu Barun National Park of eastern Nepal

The design and management of national parks and other protected areas requires a broad base of physiographic and geo-ecological information about the landscape. This paper evaluates the effectiveness of satellite remote sensing for photogrammetric stereo-mapping and digital elevation model (DEM) extraction within remote mountainous terrain. As a case study, a landscape analysis of the Makalu Barun National Park and Conservation Area of east Nepal (27.5° N, 87.0° E) was examined. The study area is a highly complex and rugged mountain landscape, with extreme topographic relief and an elevation gradient spanning more than 8300 m. A DEM extracted from stereo SPOT imagery resulted in a median disagreement of 58 m when compared to a DEM generated from a conventionally digitized GIS dataset of topographic contours (scale=1:250 000). Visual comparison of the two DEMs showed substantial agreement at the landscape scale, while larger scale comparison of 100 m contours revealed some localized differences. The SPOT extracted DEM provided equal or better basis for orthorectification of satellite imagery when compared to the conventional DEM. Derivative landscape analysis outputs, such as hydrological modelling, drainage networks and watershed boundaries, compared well with results based upon the conventional dataset. Intermediate map products useful for field research and mapping included production of an orthorectified satellite base-map image. Additionally, a fused multisensor high resolution image of the study area, combining Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and SPOT imagery at 10 m resolution, was orthorectified to produce a false-colour satellite image map highlighting the spectral discrimination between land cover classes.     

Uncertainty analysis of flash‐flood system using remote sensing and a geographic information system based on GcIUH in the Yeongdeok Basin,Korea

The current paper focuses on minimizing flood damage in the Yeongdeok basin of South Korea by establishing a flood prediction model based on a geographic information system (GIS), remote sensing and geomorphoclimatic instantaneous unit hydrograph (GcIUH) techniques. The GIS database for flash flood prediction was created using data from digital elevation models (DEMs), soil maps and Landsat satellite imagery. Flood prediction was based on the peak discharge calculated at the sub‐basin scale using hydrogeomorphologic techniques and the threshold runoff value. Using the developed flash flood prediction model, rainfall conditions with the potential to cause flooding were determined based on the cumulative rainfall for 20 min, considering rainfall duration, peak discharge and flooding in the Yeongdeok basin.     

Extraction of drainage networks from large terrain datasets using high throughput computing

Advanced digital photogrammetry and remote sensing technology produces large terrain datasets (LTD). How to process and use these LTD has become a big challenge for GIS users. Extracting drainage networks, which are basic for hydrological applications, from LTD is one of the typical applications of digital terrain analysis (DTA) in geographical information applications. Existing serial drainage algorithms cannot deal with large data volumes in a timely fashion, and few GIS platforms can process LTD beyond the GB size. High throughput computing (HTC), a distributed parallel computing mode, is proposed to improve the efficiency of drainage networks extraction from LTD. Drainage network extraction using HTC involves two key issues: (1) how to decompose the large DEM datasets into independent computing units and (2) how to merge the separate outputs into a final result. A new decomposition method is presented in which the large datasets are partitioned into independent computing units using natural watershed boundaries instead of using regular 1-dimensional (strip-wise) and 2-dimensional (block-wise) decomposition. Because the distribution of drainage networks is strongly related to watershed boundaries, the new decomposition method is more effective and natural. The method to extract natural watershed boundaries was improved by using multi-scale DEMs instead of single-scale DEMs. A HTC environment is employed to test the proposed methods with real datasets.     

Assessment of Digital Elevation Model (DEM) aggregation methods for hydrological modeling: Lake Chad basin,Africa

Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) are used to compute the hydro-geomorphological variables required by distributed hydrological models. However, the resolution of the most precise DEMs is too fine to run these models over regional watersheds. DEMs therefore need to be aggregated to coarser resolutions, affecting both the representation of the land surface and the hydrological simulations. In the present paper, six algorithms (mean, median, mode, nearest neighbour, maximum and minimum) are used to aggregate the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) DEM from 3″ (90 m) to 5′ (10 km) in order to simulate the water balance of the Lake Chad basin (2.5 Mkm²). Each of these methods is assessed with respect to selected hydro-geomorphological properties that influence Terrestrial Hydrology Model with Biogeochemistry (THMB) simulations, namely the drainage network, the Lake Chad bottom topography and the floodplain extent.The results show that mean and median methods produce a smoother representation of the topography. This smoothing involves the removing of the depressions governing the floodplain dynamics (floodplain area<5000 km²) but it eliminates the spikes and wells responsible for deviations regarding the drainage network. By contrast, using other aggregation methods, a rougher relief representation enables the simulation of a higher floodplain area (>14,000 km² with the maximum or nearest neighbour) but results in anomalies concerning the drainage network. An aggregation procedure based on a variographic analysis of the SRTM data is therefore suggested. This consists of preliminary filtering of the 3″ DEM in order to smooth spikes and wells, then resampling to 5′ via the nearest neighbour method so as to preserve the representation of depressions. With the resulting DEM, the drainage network, the Lake Chad bathymetric curves and the simulated floodplain hydrology are consistent with the observations (3% underestimation for simulated evaporation volumes).     

Evaluating Shuttle radar and interpolated DEMs for slope gradient and soil erosion estimation in low relief terrain

The error in slope gradient estimates provided by digital elevation models propagates to spatial modelling of erosion and other environmental attributes, potentially impacting land management priorities. This study compared the slope estimates of Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM) DEMs with those generated by interpolation of topographic contours, at two grid cell resolutions. The magnitude and spatial patterns of error in DEM slope, and derived erosion estimates using the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE), were evaluated at three sites in eastern Australia. The sites have low-relief terrain and slope gradients less than 15%, characteristics which dominate the global land surface by area and are often highly utilised. Relative to a reference DEM resampled to the same resolution (a measure of DEM ‘quality’), the 90 m (3-s) SRTM DEM provided the best estimates of slopes, being within 20% for each 5% slope class outside alluvial floodplains where it over-predicted by up to 220%. Relative to a hillslope scale 10 m reference DEM, the 30 m (1-s) SRTM-derived DEM-S, provided slope gradient estimates slightly less biased towards under-prediction than the 90 m SRTM and significantly less biased on alluvial floodplains. In contrast, the 20 m vertical contour intervals underpinning the interpolated DEMs resulted in under-prediction of slope gradient by more than a factor of 5 over large contiguous areas (>1 km²). The 30 m DEM-S product provided the best estimate of hillslope erosion, being 3–4% better than the 90 m SRTM. The slope errors in the interpolated DEMs translated into generally poorer and less consistent erosion estimates than SRTM. From this study it is concluded that the SRTM DEM products, in particular the 30 m SRTM-derived DEM-S, provide estimates of slope gradient and erosion which are more accurate, and more consistent within and between low relief study sites, than interpolated DEMs.     

神经网络方法应用于轮廓定位

关于从图像中定位物体轮廓的问题,目前所采用的活动轮廓模型和基于自组织神经网络的算法,存在能量泛函优化容易陷入局部极值和演化过程依赖于初始轮廓的选取等问题。提出了一种基于RBF神经网络的轮廓定位算法。首先,通过自适应梯度阈值方法来获取图像特征点。然后,通过特征点的聚类建立一组基函数,把图像像素点的像素值和梯度构造输入向量空间,在网络权值训练完成后,利用网络的预测功能来准确判断物体轮廓。与传统算法相比,仿真结果表明提出的轮廓定位算法可以高效地实现目标轮廓定位。