考虑围岩开挖扰动裂化的定位块体稳定性分析

节理、裂隙、断层等结构面与开挖面形成的块体稳定性一直是大型地下厂房施工安全的核心问题。施工中由于围岩的开挖扰动形成不同深度的“裂化面”对地下厂房关键块体的形成和稳定具有显著的影响。在对围岩开挖扰动分区裂化现象进行概化的基础上,将“裂化面”等效为平行于开挖面的结构面,采用一般块体分析理论,对某抽水蓄能电站施工过程中出现的围岩衬砌开裂和块体塌落开展定位块体稳定性分析。研究结果表明:考虑“裂化面”的块体多以棱台状出现;围岩开挖扰动裂化深度较浅时形成的定位块体易出现塌落,当裂化深度增加时,考虑“裂化面”相对于不考虑“裂化面”形成的定位块体的体积有明显增加,这些大体积的块体若发生小的滑移变形极易导致围岩衬砌开裂。     

地下厂房围岩块体稳定分析及支护优化研究

目前支护优化分析大多数采用有限元进行计算,但有限元将围岩视为均匀介质,其计算结果很难符合以围岩等级为标准的支护设计要求.本文基于块体理论的支护优化分析,充分考虑了围岩中断层、岩脉和节理相对位置,通过块体分析软件(Unwedge)综合评价定位、半定位和随机块体的几何特征、滑动机理和稳定性状.进一步比较了不同支护方案的支护...     

煤矿巷道围岩稳定性快速评价方法研究

建立了煤矿巷道施工过程中围岩岩体结构的快速描述方法,提出了巷道围岩稳定的快速调查体系;通过实例说明,对围岩不稳定块体的定位方法,提出了运用SASW软件和赤平投影方法快速计算其稳定性;将水电系统的围岩分类方法BQ分类引入煤矿巷道围岩质量分级体系,建立了岩体回弹值和岩体抗压强度之间及RQD值和完整性系数之间的量化关系,通过测量岩体RQD值和回弹值即可快速确定质量级别;根据巷道围岩的失稳模式,即块体失稳和围岩变形失稳,分别提供了快速支护方式方法,为煤矿巷道围岩失稳岩体的支护设计提供了依据.     

深部巷道块系围岩分析模型及稳定性探讨

深部岩体具有典型的不均匀、不连续的自应力块系等级构造结构。由于浅部巷道围岩应力场分析是基于连续介质力学理论,没有考虑岩体的块体特性,因而无法应用于深部巷道块系围岩的应力场分析。考虑到深部巷道块系围岩破坏类型主要表现为峰后岩块沿软弱接触面的剪切滑移破坏,通过建立深部巷道的平面应变块系围岩模型,得到了轴对称条件下岩块相互作用的解析解;分别假设岩块之间的接触满足刚塑性和Mohr-Coulomb屈服条件,推导得出上述两种屈服条件下的块系围岩模型和连续介质模型的围岩支护力的计算公式。对比分析表明:围岩块体构造特性对深部巷道施工和承载力设计计算有重要的影响;通过假设块体间剪应力与剪切滑移满足分段线性关系,得到了块系围岩径向位移,剪应力和剪切滑移量的解析表达式,引入无量纲化的深部巷道块系围岩稳定性参数λ,并得出当λ<1时块系围岩是稳定的,当λ>1时块系围岩是不稳定的。     

块体理论在荒沟抽水蓄能电站地下厂房系统硐室群围岩稳定性分析中的应用

荒沟水电站地下硐室群开挖区围岩裂隙较发育,因此确定硐室群开挖面上可能产生的块体及其稳定性对工程施工意义重大。综合考虑荒沟水电站地下硐室群地质条件及其裂隙较多的特点,采用适合于裂隙岩体稳定性分析的块体理论,对其围岩稳定性进行分析。由于需考虑的裂隙多而导致计算量较大,因此分析方法采用可实现程序化的矢量分析法,依据其原理并结合地下硐室三维坐标体系,应用大型数值软件MATLAB编制计算程序。该程序通过输入结构面产状、测点坐标等工程数据,依次分析各关键块体,得到其顶点坐标、体积、稳定系数等相关信息,再利用CAD展示关键块体在三维空间中的位置和几何形态,从而为地下硐室群的开挖施工提供指导。     

基于块体理论的岩壁吊车梁岩台稳定性分析

水电站地下厂房岩壁吊车梁岩台成型的质量好坏直接影响工程的进度及后期运行的安全,开挖过程中,岩台的破坏模式主要为块体失稳,研究块体的稳定性尤为重要。利用块体理论的基本原理,结合全空间赤平投影找出结构面组合形成的可动块体,进而分析块体的受力及稳定性。引入广泛应用于地下工程围岩稳定分析的Unwedge软件,验证块体的分析结果。结合西南某水电站主厂房岩壁吊车梁的工程实例,结果表明:在开挖过程中,应重视各优势结构面组合形成块体的稳定性;Unwedge软件分析能较好地应用于岩壁吊车梁稳定性的分析中。     

西南某水电站地下厂房围岩稳定性分析

采用地下厂房高边墙一个关键点位移的预测方法得出高边墙关键点的位移,并以弹塑性位移相对比值判别法作为围岩稳定性的判据,再分别讨论计算顶拱围岩在有塑性区和无塑性区情况下顶拱的临界沉降量,对西南某水电站地下厂房洞室围岩整体稳定性进行研究和评价。监测数据显示顶拱的位移近似呈阶梯式上升,自09/01/01以后基本保持平稳没有大幅度上升的趋势,围岩的位移值小于计算的临界位移值,与本文分析结果相符合。根据收集的地质素描资料对顶拱和边墙出现的结构面组合切割形成的失稳块体进行稳定性分析计算,对于不稳定的块体进行及时的支护,保证厂房围岩的局部稳定。     

基于块体和松动压力理论的隧洞围岩稳定性分析

岩体中开挖隧洞的围岩失稳形式较多,尤其在埋深浅、应力低、结构面发育的地质区域经常出现顶部垮塌和边墙滑动失稳现象。笔者以某导流隧洞为工程背景,基于块体理论,运用Unwedge程序以不同隧洞走向和不同开挖断面形式条件下搜索出的关键块体重量和安全系数为研究目标,通过对比优选出适合本区域内导流洞围岩稳定的理论轴线走向和断面形式,为设计单位提供理论支撑。同时,对主次节理高度发育、围岩破碎严重、不适于用Unwedge程序进行计算的区域应用松动压力理论对围岩稳定进行计算并给出支护建议。     

地下厂房围岩稳定分析若干问题探讨

地下厂房稳定分析首先要确定围岩变形破坏运动类型。本文按照四种岩石力学条件从工程实践中归纳了五种变形破坏运动类型,以便在设计阶段进行初步判断和选择岩体力学模型,并以三峡工程地下厂房为实例,着重研究了块体结构的围岩稳定分析方法。在建立围岩力学模型时,要结合地下洞室的尺寸处理不同规模的不连续面。三个方向的应力对块体稳定性的响影同样重要,在没有条件使用三维有限单元法时,可用全空间赤平投影法与二维有限单元法结合计算。研究结果表明,在设计地下洞室方向时,不仅要考虑初始应力的方位,同时还应考虑软弱结构面的方向。     

基于三维地质模型的地下洞室曲面块体分析

 利用水电工程中地质确定型数据和统计型数据,耦合随机结构面网络模拟技术和基于NURBS-BRep 混合数据结构的地质构造建模技术,对不同类别的地质对象进行相应的拟合和构建,建立岩体结构三维精细模型。在此基础上,提出曲面块体的概念和数学定义,综合考虑随机裂隙面和空间断层、洞室开挖面等确定性地质结构面来进行曲面块体识别与分析,并提出曲面块体的封闭性、完备性、唯一性三大识别定理。结合水电工程实例,以地下洞室区域为研究对象,依据曲面块体识别定理及其相关技术快速识别分析出区域内曲面块体,为进一步分析块体稳定和围岩加固提供有效的地质和几何信息。     

The characterization of rock slope stability using key blocks within the framework of GeoSMA-3D

Considering the uncertainty and complexity of the influencing factors, the present study focused on the multi-level and multi-index evaluation system for analyzing rock slope stability. Quantitative analysis of the influence degree of the evaluation index on the rock slope stability was carried out by extension theory. The most significant factors affecting rock slope stability and the corresponding evaluation index were obtained. Further, the study presents a concept about the instability characterization coefficient of the key block, which is an important factor controlling slope stability. With this coefficient implemented into the search module of key blocks in the program Geotechnical Structure and Model Analysis-3D (GeoSMA-3D), developed by the corresponding author’s team, a further determination and visualization of key blocks were achieved. However, in many previous studies, there was no good correlation between the theoretical key blocks and the actual rock slope engineering, which led to derailment between theoretical analysis and practical engineering. Hence, this paper proposed the characterization safety factor of rock slope stability that combined the instability characterization coefficient with the weight of key blocks. The influence degree of each key block on rock slope stability was determined by the size of the instability characterization coefficient of key blocks. The weight of each key block on the slope stability was determined by combining this coefficient with the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). The key block information was applied to characterize the rock slope stability. The present study proposed a convenient and feasible evaluation method regarding rock slope stability. For the specific rock slope engineering, the significance of each evaluation index was determined and the most significant index was obtained. The determination and visualization of key blocks and the judgment of the slope stability were investigated, which verified the applicability and feasibility of this evaluation method.     

复杂岩体边坡治理工程的综合加固措施研究

加固复杂的岩体边坡,需要对不稳定岩体及其相互之间的关系进行准确判断和计算分析,采取有效的工程措施和合理的设计方案。双沟导流洞进口边坡在开挖过程中突然产生塌滑,边坡岩体被洞口和断层以及纵横交错的裂隙切割,形成了复杂的空间不稳定滑移体系,有进一步塌滑可能。为此,本文采用双滑面滑动机理进行抗滑稳定分析,由计算结果给出了锚索空间加固体系设计方案,同时辅以安全监测手段,较好地解决了边坡安全稳定问题,保证了主体工程工期。     

柔性防护边坡的稳定性分析

主动柔性防护系统以其轻便稳定等优点而被越来越多地应用于边坡浅层防护，现阶段针对某一具体的边坡防护工程，其防护体系的设计多根据设计者的经验确定，对柔性防护的边坡稳定性缺乏定量评价标准。基于主动防护体系的系统构件分析，提出柔性防护边坡块体安全系数的计算方法。在实际计算中，首先根据现场可移动块体的发育特点，验算柔性防护系统所能防护的最大块体体积，然后通过最大可能防护块体与实际块体的比较，评价防护边坡的稳定性。     

金川电站左岸引水发电系统进水口边坡块体稳定性分析

边坡开挖为边坡岩体中的岩石块体创造了新的临空条件,块体的初始稳定状况受到了外界影响,因此需要重新对结构面组合块体稳定性进行评价。通过对金川水电站左岸引水发电系统进水口边坡的岩性、构造、变形失稳机制以及岩体质量和力学参数的研究,利用空间坐标建立了边坡和结构面的三维地质模型,结合边坡的开挖设计,进行平行和垂直轴向边坡方向的剖切,从而得到块体组合情况。然后,利用商用岩石边坡块体稳定性计算程序对各潜在不稳定块体进行计算。计算结果表明:除了在极端的工况下局部块体会失稳外,其它块体均较稳定。     

基于数值分析的岩石块体稳定性评价一般性方法

 为解决岩石块体在各种复杂条件下的稳定性评价问题,在已有的岩石块体识别的单元重构–聚合方法基础上,进一步提出基于数值分析的块体稳定性评价一般性方法。该方法以含有块体信息的网格模型为出发点,首先引入界面单元,实现块体–围岩结构面滑移和脱开的模拟。其次,提出可动块体的定义和基于数值分析的块体运动形式判别方法。然后,基于结构面强度折减思路,提出块体安全系数定义和加固分析方法,从而实现基于数值分析的块体稳定性评价。该方法相比于刚体极限平衡法,能够考虑初始地应力、围岩变形和非滑面抗剪性能对块体稳定性影响,且在一定条件下,分析结果可与刚体极限平衡法结果基本等同。最后,通过算例验证了该方法的可靠性、有效性,并论证了其与刚体极限平衡法分析结果的关系。算例结果同时表明：该方法可综合考虑块体几何形态、块体埋深和块体出露高度对其稳定性的影响,能够适应复杂条件下工程岩体开挖过程的块体稳定性评价。该方法与已提出的块体识别方法,构成一套有关岩石块体的“识别–可动性判别–运动形式确定–稳定性评价–加固分析”的完整方法体系,总体平行于当前块体力学分析的常用方法(如块体理论),为研究块体在各种复杂条件下的稳定性演化提供了新的实现思路。     

关键块体理论在百色水利枢纽地下厂房岩体稳定性分析中的应用

介绍了关键块体理论的工程应用技术，包括不定位块体分析、定位块体分析、随机块体分析、块体形态分析与显示、块体稳定性分析及支护措施建议等。在不定位块体分析中，根据节理平均长度假定块体的最大边长，分析块体几何形态特征，进行洞室内最大块体形态分析与显示，由此确定在支护中需要针对性考虑的关键块体，再根据块体几何特征与结构面抗剪强度，分析块体稳定性及所需的锚固力；在定位块体分析中，通过调查实际结构面出露情况，分析块体的实际形态，包括凹形块体的形态，并进行稳定性分析与支护设计校核；在随机块体分析中，随机生成结构面网络并进行随机块体搜索。在这套工程分析技术研究中，发展了一些新技术，如假定块体最大边长分析块体形态、凹形块体形态分析与显示、块体稳定性分析与锚固支护建议等。     

A new method for remediation of sandy slopes susceptible to seepage flow using EPS-block geofoam

Using expanded polystyrene (EPS) geofoam (geofoam block) in slope remediation projects has drawn interest from the civil engineering sector for its ease of application and budget saving features. According to design precedence, all slope remediation applications that use geofoam blocks should incorporate permanent drainage systems to prevent instability of the lightweight geofoam blocks due to hydrostatic and seepage pressures. In this study, a new method for slope remediation using geofoam blocks was tested through physical laboratory experiments. For this purpose, a total of 24 lysimeter (dimensions of 60 cm height, 20 cm width, and 200 cm length) experiments (including duplicates) were conducted in which seepage through a geofoam block slope system were generated with three different constant water levels in the water reservoir of the lysimeter. Geofoam blocks (dimensions of 2.5 cm height, 5 cm width, and 15 cm length) were assembled to form embankment type configuration at the toe section of the sandy slopes. This study also included coupled numerical model simulations that were comprised of variably saturated flow modeling and slope stability modeling which could be implemented successfully for the global static failure analysis of the geofoam block slope system comprised of two mediums with different geotechnical characteristics. In addition to global static stability failure analysis, which involved conventional limit equilibrium analysis for the geofoam block slope system, hydrostatic sliding mechanism was investigated which provided insight into using an overburden concept to increase the resistance against horizontal driving forces. Experimental and numerical modeling results showed that the geofoam block slope system was stable even though the phreatic surface was above the bottom of the geofoam block assemblage. For this reason, the embankment type configuration tested in this study can be considered a viable remediation technique where seepage induced deep-seated global stability and hydrostatic sliding failures are a concern.     

乌东德拱坝坝肩三维抗滑稳定分析

 基于非线性有限元分析,采用三维有限差分程序FLAC3D,对乌东德拱坝联合坝肩岩体进行三维弹塑性数值模拟。由拱座岩体内不连续裂隙产状确定9个可能滑动楔块。将有限元计算的应力值通过插值转移到楔块滑面上,以滑面内短小裂隙建议连通率为依据折减滑面抗剪强度,采用三维矢量和法计算楔块安全系数。弹塑性计算结果表明,坝肩岩体在荷载条件下位移、应力分布基本对称河谷,但是受近坝断层F15,f42及K25岩溶系统影响,右坝肩受影响范围略大于左岸。正常蓄水条件下9个楔块具有较高的安全裕度,温升荷载导致大部分楔块稳定性降低,温降荷载主要对右坝肩稳定不利。地震荷载条件下,所有楔块稳定性大幅降低,平均降低30%,最大降低53.9%,坝肩岩体整体仍能保持稳定。     

Investigation of rockfall-prone road cut slope near Lengpui Airport,Mizoram, India

Rockfall is one of severe natural hazards that are frequently reported in northeast region of India. It carries rock block falling from the cliff with high velocities and energies which can result in damages to vehicles, disruption to transportation, injuries and fatalities. The massive rockfall event which occurred in April 2017 on the highway NH-44A, near Lengpui Airport, blocked the traffic for 1 d, and fortunately, no casualties were reported as the event occurred in the night. This is the only highway connecting the Aizawl city to the airport and the region is highly prone to rockfall events. Hence assessment of rockfall along this highway is necessary. In the current study, rockfall hazard assessment has been carried out on three locations by rockfall hazard rating system (RHRS). During pre-failure analysis, the result shows that most hazardous slopes have RHRS score of 639. The slopes were found to be vulnerable and later on the rockfall activity occurred. Three-dimensional (3D) stability analysis has been carried out using 3DEC software package to analyze the failure behavior and to decide the rockfall-prone zone (unstable blocks) for slope. The total displacement of 2.24 cm and velocity of 2.25 mm/s of the failed block have been observed in the numerical analysis. Further, the rockfall vulnerable zone (unstable blocks) is considered to determine the parameters such as run-out distance, bounce height and energies of the falling rock blocks. The maximum total kinetic energy of 5047 kJ has been observed in the numerical analysis with the maximum run-out distance up to 18 m.