无卤阻燃增强硬质聚氨酯泡沫塑料的研究

采用聚醚多元醇、聚酯多元醇、多异氰酸酯、泡沫稳定剂、催化剂及发泡剂等为基本原料,以聚磷酸铵(APP)、可膨胀石墨(EG)及膨润土(BT)为阻燃剂及填料,通过一步发泡法制备了无卤阻燃增强硬质聚氨酯泡沫塑料。研究了APP、EG、BT对泡沫力学性能、阻燃性能以及泡孔结构的影响。结果表明,APP质量分数为15%,EG为7.5%,膨润土为2.5%时可以制得力学性能和阻燃性能均优良的聚氨酯泡沫塑料。在该条件下,泡沫的压缩强度为0.271 MPa,平均孔径为322μm,极限氧指数达到29.5%。     

IFR/AHP和IFR/EG阻燃发泡聚氨酯的应用研究

将次磷酸铝(AHP)及膨胀石墨(EG)与膨胀阻燃剂(Orient IFR603)进行复配后添加到聚氨酯中制备阻燃硬质发泡聚氨酯(RPUF)材料,研究了IFR/AHP和IFR/EG阻燃发泡聚氨酯材料的阻燃性能、表观密度、力学性能及热降解行为、泡孔结构。结果表明,AHP及EG与IFR对阻燃聚氨酯泡沫材料具有一定的协效作用。IFR及IFR/AHP阻燃体系的加入会使得RPUF的压缩性能有所提升,但IFR/EG阻燃体系降低了材料的压缩性能。阻燃剂的加入改变了聚氨酯泡沫体系的热降解过程。阻燃剂的加入对聚氨酯泡沫材料的泡孔影响不大,阻燃剂的加入使RPUF材料燃烧后碳层更加的致密和均匀。     

反应型含磷多元醇/APP复配阻燃聚氨酯泡沫的制备及性能

以非丁基氧化锡为催化剂,通过甲基膦酸二甲酯(DMMP)与乙二醇(EG)酯交换反应,制备了含磷多元醇(DMMP-EG)。将DMMP-EG与聚磷酸铵(APP)作为复合阻燃剂,制备了阻燃硬质聚氨酯泡沫(RPUF),探讨了复配阻燃剂对RPUF力学性能、阻燃性能、热稳定性的影响。结果表明:DMMP-EG与APP复配阻燃RPUF,在提高阻燃性能的同时,力学性能显著提高;当DMMP-EG添加15份、APP添加30份时,泡沫的力学性能最佳,与纯RPUF相比,压缩强度提高了1.25%,冲击强度提高了101.53%;此时,极限氧指数(LOI)提高至21.7%,烟密度等级为40。热重(TG)分析结果表明:在氮气气氛中,750℃时的残炭率较纯RPUF提高了612.56%。阻燃体系呈现以凝聚相为主的气相-凝聚相双相阻燃特点。     

膨胀石墨填充硬质聚氨酯泡沫塑料的研究

对膨胀石墨(EG)填充硬质聚氨酯泡沫塑料(RPUF)泡孔结构和填料分散情况进行了分析，研究了EG对RPUF的微观结构形态、泡孔平均直径和泡孔直径分布的影响；同时研究了EG对RPUF的压缩力学性能和电学性能的影响，并分析其压缩破坏的机理。结果表明：EG使RPUF泡孔平均直径减小，泡孔尺寸分布减小，EG在反应体系中充当泡孔成核剂，石墨片层间距离小，并未形成插层复合结构。随EG用量的增加，RPUF的压缩强度和压缩模量轻微下降。不同膨胀倍率的EG对其压缩强度和压缩模量没有影响；EG填充RPUF的体积电阻没有变化，对其导电性能没有影响。     

笼状硫代磷酸酯对聚氨酯泡沫性能的影响

以多异氰酸酯、硫代笼状季戊四醇磷酸酯(SPEPA)、聚醚多元醇为主要原料,采用一步法和自由发泡工艺制备SPEPA阻燃硬质聚氨酯泡沫塑料(RPUF)。通过电子扫描显微镜(SEM)、氧指数、冲击强度、压缩强度、热稳定性等测试,研究了SPEPA对泡沫的泡孔结构、阻燃性能、力学性能及热稳定性的影响。结果表明:随SPEPA含量的增加,SPEPA改性RPUF的平均泡孔直径减小,且SPEPA在一定程度上提高了RPUF的阻燃性能。阻燃RPUF的力学性能呈先上升后下降趋势,当SPEPA质量分数为5%时,力学性能最好。SPEPA阻燃RPUF获得了较高的热稳定性,残炭量从9.3%增加至33.1%。     

零ODP且无卤阻燃型聚氨酯硬泡的制备及性能研究

以粉状生物发泡剂(PU-88)为零ODP发泡剂,甲基磷酸二甲酯(DMMP)为主要阻燃剂,三氧化二锑(Sb2O3)为辅助阻燃剂,制备了零ODP且无卤阻燃型硬质聚氨酯泡沫(RPUF)。利用氧指数仪研究了阻燃聚酯多元醇和添加型阻燃剂对聚氨酯硬泡阻燃性能的影响,并采用扫描电镜图分析了RPUF泡孔的大小及闭孔率。结果表明,随着阻燃剂(DMMP)用量的增加,氧指数(LOI)在上升到一定幅度后趋缓;当DMMP为泡沫总质量的25%时,可以制得力学性能、泡沫孔径和阻燃性能较佳平衡的阻燃泡沫材料。在该条件下,泡沫的压缩强度为0.408 MPa,泡沫平均孔径为70μm~150μm,闭孔率可达到96%,导热系数为0.0191W·(m·K)-1和LOI值达到32.1%;用DMMP与Sb2O3的复配使用效果更佳,LOI值达到32.6%。     

DMMP/IFR阻燃发泡聚氨酯的研究

将甲基膦酸二甲酯(DMMP)与膨胀阻燃剂(IFR)复配后添加到聚氨酯中,制备阻燃聚氨酯发泡材料(RPUF),研究了RPUF的阻燃性能、表观密度、力学性能、热降解行为及泡孔结构。结果表明:当DMMP与IFR以质量比2:3复配后阻燃聚氨酯时,RPUF的氧指数达到了27.2%,同时对RPUF的表观密度和压缩强度有一定影响。另外,阻燃剂的加入改变了RPUF体系的热降解过程,降低了材料的热分解速率,提高了材料高温时的残炭率和热稳定性。     

轨道交通内饰材料用阻燃增强硬质聚氨酯泡沫的性能研究

以聚磷酸铵(APP)和碳纳米管(CNTs)为阻燃剂和增强剂,采用一步发泡法制备硬质聚氨酯泡沫/聚磷酸铵/碳纳米管(RPUF/APP/CNTs)复合材料。并研究了APP和CNTs的含量对硬质聚氨酯泡沫(RPUF)的泡孔结构、阻燃性能、强度及导热系数的影响。结果表明:APP和CNTs的加入可以显著提高RPUF复合材料的阻燃性能。当添加量为20%,且APP与CNTs的质量比为2∶1时,RPUF复合材料的LOI值为28.2%,提高了61.1%,通过了UL-94测试V-0等级,而且APP和CNTs之间表现出明显的协同阻燃作用。在锥形量热测试(CCT)中,RPUF复合材料的PHRR为174.25 k W/m2,相比于纯RPUF,降低了66.05%。质量比为1∶2时,RPUF复合材料的压缩强度为0.30 MPa,提高了7%,弯曲强度为3.0 MPa,提高了43%。当APP与CNTs的质量比为1∶1时,相比于纯RPUF,RPUF复合材料的LOI值提高47.43%,并通过了V-0等级,且PHRR降低了63.84%。同时,RPUF复合材料的压缩强度提高了3.57%,弯曲强度提高了33.33%,此时,RPUF复合材料的综合性能达到最佳。     

APP对硬质聚氨酯-酰亚胺泡沫泡孔结构及力学性能的影响

采用聚酰亚胺(PI)预聚法,合成由聚磷酸铵(APP)阻燃的硬质聚氨酯-酰亚胺泡沫塑料。分析了APP添加量对泡孔结构、泡沫结构参数、力学性能的影响以及三者之间的关系,并通过幂次法则建立起压缩性能、冲击性能与泡沫密度之间的关系。结果表明:随着APP添加量的增加,硬质聚氨酯-酰亚胺泡沫塑料的泡孔孔径和冲击强度减小,而泡沫密度、压缩强度和压缩模量均增大;冲击强度、压缩强度、压缩模量与泡沫密度之间的密度指数分别为-1.688、1.062和0.934;冲击性能和压缩性能与泡孔结构和孔隙率有密切关系。     

硬质聚氨酯泡沫/聚磷酸铵复合材料的制备及阻燃性能研究

以聚磷酸铵(APP)为阻燃剂,采用一步法全水发泡制备一系列硬质聚氨酯泡沫/聚磷酸铵复合材料(RPUF/APP),通过扫描电镜(SEM)、热重分析(TG)、极限氧指数(LOI)、UL94垂直燃烧以及烟密度测试来研究聚磷酸铵对硬质聚氨酯泡沫(RPUF)泡孔结构、热稳定性、阻燃性能以及燃烧烟密度的影响。研究表明,聚磷酸铵可以明显提高RPUF/APP复合材料的阻燃性能,30份的聚磷酸铵使得RPUF/APP达到UL94 V-0级别,LOI达到23. 6%。同时发现,APP的加入会降低RPUF/APP泡沫复合材料的热分解温度,提高其成炭率和炭层的高温稳定性,并降低复合材料的燃烧烟密度,有效提高复合材料火灾安全性能。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。