低弗鲁德数条件下通气超空泡泄气机理数值模拟

基于RANS方程,采用分相流模型对超空泡在低弗鲁德数条件下的泄气机理进行了模拟,考虑了水-气两相之间的相互作用及重力效应.研究了不同湍流模型对泄气率的影响.得出了不同弗鲁德数和不同通气率条件下超空泡的泄气规律,与水洞试验现象一致.计算结果与经典经验公式对比表明数值方法具有很好的计算精度,对进一步研究通气超空泡的物理机制...     

高层建筑和风作用的耦合响应分析

本文研究了高层建筑结构和风作用的耦合振动响应,得到一个具有气体粘性的惯性力项和高阶的风速波动项的非线性微分方程组,应用简易的Park差分法求解,分析了影响结构风振响应的主要因素。获得了具有较好参考价值的风振响应分析资料。     

Dynamic stability analysis of multi-walled carbon nanotubes with arbitrary boundary conditions based on the nonlocal elasticity theory

Dynamic stability of embedded multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) in an elastic medium and thermal environment and subjected to an axial compressive force is studied based on the nonlocal elasticity and Timoshenko beam theory. The developed nonlocal beam model has the capability to consider the small scale effects. The generalized differential quadrature method is employed to discretize the dynamic governing differential equations of MWCNTs with various end supports. A parametric study is conducted to investigate the influences of static load factor, temperature change, nonlocal parameter, slenderness ratio, and spring constant of elastic medium on the dynamic stability characteristics of MWCNTs.     

Plane-parallel nonisothermal filtration of a gas: the role of heat transfer

The influence of the parameters of a mathematical model and of the type of boundary conditions on the dynamics of pressure and temperature fields in nonisothermal gas filtration has been investigated in a computational experiment. To describe the process, the nonlinear system of partial differential equations obtained from the mass and energy conservation laws and Darcy law were used, with the physical and caloric equations of state employed as closing relations. The boundary conditions correspond to gas injection at a given mass flow rate of different intensities.     

Model of coal combustion in a fluidized bed and its experimental identification

The author has formulated a system of one-dimensional steady-state differential equations for the balance of oxidizer, fuel and energy in the diffusion approximation. The model of coal combustion in a fluidized bed is identified from the experimental data, and the unknown parameters of the model describing the rate of oxidation of fuel and the intensity of gas and fuel transfer in the bed are determined.Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 60, No. 6, pp. 913–918, June, 1991.     

Formation of natural pH gradients in a microfluidic device under flow conditions: model and experimental validation

A new isoelectric focusing technique has been developed that incorporates natural pH gradient formation in microfluidic channels under flowing conditions. In conjunction, a one-dimensional finite difference model has been developed that solves a system of algebraic-ordinary differential equations that describe the phenomena occurring in the system, including hydrolysis at the electrodes, buffering effects of weak acids and bases, and mass transport due to both diffusion and electrophoresis. A quantitative, noninvasive, optically based method of monitoring pH gradient formation is presented, and the experimental data generated by this method are found to be in good agreement with model predictions. In addition, the model provides a theoretical explanation for initially unexpected experimental results. Model predictions are also shown to match well with experimental results of microfluidic isoelectric focusing of a single protein species. Accounting for the nonuniform velocity profile, characteristic of pressure-driven flow in microfluidic channels, is found to improve predictions of dynamic pH changes close to the electrodes and overall time required to reach steady state, but to reduce the accuracy of dynamic pH change predictions in other regions of the channel.     

基于Bulk-flow模型的偏心叶轮前侧盖板泄漏流稳态特性分析

通过数值计算分析了叶轮偏心情况下前侧盖板泄漏流流体的稳态特性。基于一种bulk-flow模型建立了由3个非线性偏微分方程组成的流体控制方程。运用有限差分方法和交错网格得到离散化的控制方程,利用SIMPLE算法来完成对离散化控制方程的求解。根据计算结果给出了给定条件下叶轮前侧盖板泄漏流流体的稳态压力分布和速度分布,并分析了叶轮前侧盖板与蜗壳间间隙和叶轮偏心率对叶轮前侧盖板泄漏流流体的稳态压力分布和速度分布的影响。分析结果表明:二者对叶轮前侧盖板泄漏流流体的稳态特性具有明显影响。     

Interfacial Balance Equations for Diffusion Evaporation and Exact Solution for Weightless Drop

Introducing of additional terms into the balance equations to specify the conditions at the interface allows to study physical phenomena in the diffusion evaporation (condensation) of the liquid into the neutral gas. We have taken into account the vapour dynamic effects on evaporating liquid, as well as the waste of energy on deformation of the boundary, changing of the interfacial temperature (the interface has an internal energy and therefore heat capacity), to overcome the surface tension etc. This paper presents the balance conditions at the interface with the diffusion evaporation of the liquid into the neutral gas, for the case when the vapour is considered as an impurity in the gas phase. The analysis of the dimensionless criteria is carried out. The areas of parameters for which the effect of some physical factors take a place have been defined. The exact solution of the diffusion evaporation for a spherical drop at zero gravity conditions has been constructed. The explicit expression for the interfacial temperature and evaporation rate were derived. Solution for evaporation rate coincides with the solution obtained by Maxwell (1890).     

Viscosity-based magnetodynamic model of soft magnetic materials

A time-stepping method based on the concept of magnetic viscosity developed to reproduce the excess loss in electrical steel is proposed. A numerical scheme for simultaneous solution of Maxwell equations and equations describing the magnetic viscosity has been developed. The method is suitable for describing arbitrary magnetization regimes such as waveforms associated with pulsewidth modulation (PWM) voltage excitation, and the model differential equations can be conveniently combined with equations of an external electric circuit. The accuracy of the proposed dynamic model is shown using three nonoriented electrical steel as examples. Fitting of the magnetic viscosity parameters for one sinusoidal flux regime enables dynamic hysteresis loops and losses to be predicted with high accuracy over a wide range of frequencies and amplitudes of sinusoidal or nonsinusoidal flux densities.     

Transient signal analysis using complementary metal oxide semiconductor capacitive chemical microsensors

This work explores the possibility to discriminate analytes based on their nonequilibrium signals in polymer-coated capacitive chemical microsensors. The analyte uptake in the chemically sensitive polymer layers of 3-7-microm thickness has been analyzed using a diffusion model and the dynamic sensor response data. The shapes of the response profiles have been calculated analytically. Despite the simplifications in the model, the observed transient signal profiles could be described accurately. Comparison of the measured diffusion coefficients (on the order of 10(-12) m2/s) with literature values measured at similar concentration levels showed good agreement. Concentration-independent diffusion coefficients for several analyte/polymer combinations (poly(etherurethane)/all analytes; poly(epichlorohydrin)/alcohols) as well as slightly concentration-dependent diffusion coefficients (poly(epichlorohydrin)/toluene or ethyl cellulose/toluene) have been found in the investigated concentration range of tens to hundreds of pascals gas-phase partial pressure. The diffusion times of water and the first aliphatic monohydric alcohols in the polymers are strongly correlated to their molecular size. The discrimination of these substances based on dynamic sensor data of a single sensor could be demonstrated. In particular, the analysis of mixtures of analytes with similar chemical behavior (water/ethanol or methanol/ethanol) by means of analyzing the response profile of single-exposure steps or by applying a series of decreasingly long alternating target gas exposure and carrier gas exposure steps has been performed.     

A refined dynamic stiffness element for free vibration analysis of cross-ply laminated composite cylindrical and spherical shallow shells

An exact free vibration analysis of doubly-curved laminated composite shallow shells has been carried out by combining the dynamic stiffness method (DSM) and a higher order shear deformation theory (HSDT). In essence, the HSDT has been exploited to develop first the dynamic stiffness (DS) element matrix and then the global DS matrix of composite cylindrical and spherical shallow shell structures by assembling the individual DS elements. As an essential prerequisite, Hamilton’s principle is used to derive the governing differential equations and the related natural boundary conditions. The equations are solved symbolically in an exact sense and the DS matrix is formulated by imposing the natural boundary conditions in algebraic form. The Wittrick–Williams algorithm is used as a solution technique to compute the eigenvalues of the overall DS matrix. The effect of several parameters such as boundary conditions, orthotropic ratio, length-to-thickness ratio, radius-to-length ratio and stacking sequence on the natural frequencies and mode shapes is investigated in details. Results are compared with those available in the literature. Finally some concluding remarks are drawn.     

Free vibration analysis of sandwich beams using improved dynamic stiffness method

In this paper, free vibration of three-layered symmetric sandwich beam is investigated using dynamic stiffness and finite element methods. To determine the governing equations of motion by the present theory, the core density has been taken into consideration. The governing partial differential equations of motion for one element contained three layers are derived using Hamilton’s principle. This formulation leads to two partial differential equations which are coupled in axial and bending deformations. For the harmonic motion, these equations are combined to form one ordinary differential equation. Closed form analytical solution for this equation is determined. By applying the boundary conditions, the element dynamic stiffness matrix is developed. They are assembled and the boundary conditions of the beam are applied, so that the dynamic stiffness matrix of the beam is derived. Natural frequencies and mode shapes are computed by the use of numerical techniques and the known Wittrick–Williams algorithm. After validation of the present model, the effect of various parameters such as density, thickness and shear modulus of the core for various boundary conditions on the first natural frequency is studied.     

A computationally efficient hybrid leakage model for positive displacement compressors and expanders

An empirical frictional correction factor to the isentropic nozzle model has been developed for application to refrigerant leakage modeling in scroll, rotary and other similar compressors and expanders. This correction factor is derived by calculating the leakage mass flow rate with a compressible, variable area, real gas properties model and referencing the results to an isentropic nozzle model. The ratio of flows is correlated to the Reynolds number, a characteristic length and the leakage gap width. A representative selection of fluids and geometries are employed. For all the correlations, at least 93% of the points are predicted within an absolute error band of 20%.     

Numerical study of Soret and Dufour effects on heat and mass transfer from natural convection flow over a vertical porous medium with variable wall heat fluxes

A study has been carried out to obtain the solutions for heat and mass transfer from natural convection flow along a vertical surface with variable heat fluxes embedded in a porous medium due to thermal-diffusion (Soret) and diffusion-thermo (Dufour) effects. The buoyancy induced boundary layer adjacent to a vertical surface is analyzed using a non-Darcy flow model. The parameters for inertia, buoyancy ratio, exponent of heat flux, position and diffusion have been examined. The governing differential equations of continuity, momentum, energy and concentration are transformed into a set of coupled equations and solved using similarity analysis with numerical technique. Results show the velocity, temperature and concentration profiles related to local Nusselt and Sherwood numbers at different magnitude of Soret and Dufour numbers.     

Bioremediation of contaminated soil beds and groundwater — A simulation study

Pollution has reached levels which demand immediate attention and scientific and technological solutions are required on an urgent basis. We are concerned in this paper with bioremediation of soil and groundwater, i.e. the use of indigenous micro-organisms to clean up soil beds and groundwater contaminated with organic pollutants. To achieve managedin situ bioremediation in practice, treated water is recycled with added nutrients into the ground so that oxygen and nitrogen are carried with the water to the subsurface regions. Sorption, convective-dispersive flow and chemical and biological transformations are the chief processes involved that have to be modelled. Here we discuss a simulation model developed to aid in designing an efficient system that maximizes the rate of biodegradation. Simulation models are a must in this case since laboratory experiments take time periods of the order of months. An unusual feature of this simulation model is that it is governed by coupled partial and ordinary differential equations. Partial differential equations (PDEs) model the diffusion and biodegradation processes occurring in the micropores of soil aggregates while ordinary differential equations (ODEs) describe the bioremediation in the interstitial spaces between soil aggregates, both partial and ordinary differential equations being nonlinear. The model is applied to the case of high initial contaminant concentrations. This work is part of a joint project with Regional Research Laboratory, Jorhat and has been carried out in close cooperation with N N Dutta. Discussions with K S Yajnik have been very useful.     

Dynamic analysis of a functionally graded simply supported Euler–Bernoulli beam subjected to a moving oscillator

The dynamic behavior of a functionally graded (FG) simply supported Euler–Bernoulli beam subjected to a moving oscillator has been investigated in this paper. The Young’s modulus and the mass density of the FG beam vary continuously in the thickness direction according to the power-law model. The system of equations of motion is derived by using Hamilton’s principle. By employing Petrov–Galerkin method, the system of fourth-order partial differential equations of motion has been reduced to a system of second-order ordinary differential equations. The resulting equations are solved using Runge–Kutta numerical scheme. In this study, the effect of the various parameters such as power-law exponent index and velocity of the moving oscillator on the dynamic responses of the FG beam is discussed in detail. To validate the present formulation, the mid-point displacement of the beam is compared with that of the existing literature, and also a comparison study is performed for free vibration of an FG beam. Good agreement is observed. The results indicated that the above-mentioned parameters have a significant role in the analysis.     

具有球形胞体结构的泡沫塑料弹性常数的确定

通过微分法导出了泡沫塑料剪切模量和体积模量所满足的微分方程组，并利用泡沫塑料各向同性弹性常数间满足的关系求解；得到了泡沫塑料剪切模量与体积模量的关系，确定了剪切模量与材料孔隙比的关系；并且将本文结果同其他已有模型了对比。     

Model development and numerical simulation of temperature-sensitive hydrogels

A novel mathematical model is developed in this study to predict the swelling behavior and phase transition of temperature-sensitive hydrogels. The presently developed multi-physics model consists of the convection–diffusion equations for ionic concentrations, the Poisson equation for electric potential, the thermodynamic equation for equilibrium swelling ratio and the mechanical equations for deformation. To solve the multi-field coupled nonlinear partial differential governing equations, a Newton iteration procedure is carried out and the steady-state responses of temperature-sensitive hydrogels are numerically simulated by meshless finite cloud method. The ionic concentrations, electric potentials interior and exterior the hydrogels as well as the swelling deformation of the hydrogels are investigated. The parameters having important influence on the swelling deformation are also discussed. The simulating results in good agreement with experimental data validate the developed multi-physics model.     

Using PHREEQC for modelling and simulation of dynamic leaching tests and scenarios

This paper presents an extension of the application field of PHREEQC geochemical software for modelling the dynamic leaching tests (and scenarios) by taking into account the leachant compartment as complex reactive/transport system and the coupling of many reactive compartments linked by substance fluxes. This study focuses on the specific case of dynamic leaching of monolithic porous materials (particularly the case of continuous monolithic leaching test, CMLT) where reaction/diffusion occurs in the porous matrix and where the leachant is a complex reactor in which chemistry coupled with inter-phase mass transfer and convection processes take place. It is demonstrated here that the modelling of open reactors (convection) is possible with PHREEQC by using RATES and KINETICS keyword data blocks. The PHREEQC model was validated by results comparison with analytical solutions of the system equations. Coupling a diffusion compartment with an open reactor (complex boundary conditions for the diffusion equation) requires the introduction of a stagnant cell on the first grid cell of the diffusion compartment in TRANSPORT data block and the use of MIX function for model the monolith/leachant interface transfer. The proposed model was validated by comparison with numerical solutions obtained with MATLAB and by a numerical sensibility study. Finally, the model equations are given for a complex dynamic leaching process of a porous monolith involving beside reaction/diffusion in the monolith, reactions, interface mass transfers, gas absorption and convection in the leachant. Examples of PHREEQC modelling are presented: (1) the case of continuous leaching of a cement based material using carbonated water and (2) a field scale water storage pool constructed with a solidified/stabilised material. The comparison with the experimental leaching data shows the simulation results are very satisfying.     

Analysis of surface degradation of high density polyethylene (HDPE) insulation material due to tracking

In the present work, tracking phenomena has been studied with HDPE material under a.c. voltage, with ammonium chloride as the contaminant. It is noticed that the tracking time depends on the conductivity and flow rate of the contaminant. The diffusion coefficient of the material was obtained. The thermal and chemical stability of the material were identified by carrying out a methodical experimental study. The physico-chemical analyses viz. wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), were carried out and it was concluded that the mechanism of tracking process is due to the surface degradation. The surface condition of the insulation structure was characterized for any surface discharges or tracking, using the leakage current measurement, utilizing the wavelet concepts.