钨钼钒氧化物矿直接合金化冶炼高速钢的理论及技术

对用白钨矿、氧化钼和V2O5直接合金化冶炼高速钢进行了热力学和动力学的计算和分析。在理论研究的基础上,进行了用白钨矿、氧化钼和V2O5直接合金化冶炼高速钢的工业试验。在工业试验中开发了装入制度、碱度控制、渣量控制等技术。工业试验获得成功,采用白钨矿、氧化钼、V2O5冶炼M2高速钢合金化率达13%,合金元素W、Mo、V的收得率分别达95.25%、98.01%、90.72%;所获得的钢材质量良好。直接合金化工艺较铁合金冶炼M2高速钢成本降低6813.5元/t。     

Nb-RE微合金化对复杂刀具用TGM2高速钢组织和性能的影响

Nb-RE微合金化TGM2高速钢(%:0.88～0.89C、4.14～4.16Cr、4.73～4.76Mo、6.09～6.12W、1.85～1.86V、0.05～0.10Nb、0.05～0.06RE)由25 t EAF-30 t LF(VD,加Nb-RE)-1 t ESR工艺冶炼.试验结果表明,经Nb-RE微合金化后,TGM2高速钢Φ96 mm材淬火晶粒尺寸明显细化,晶粒度由原来未微合金化钢的9.5级提高至10～10.5级;淬、回火后硬度HRC为65.2～65.8,600℃4 h红硬性HRC为62.1～62.3,Nb-RE TGM2钢制成刀具的切削寿命较原TGM2钢提高20%.     

110 t转炉氧化钼直接还原合金化冶炼B7和42CrMoA钢的工业试验

分析了转炉冶炼过程使用氧化钼直接还原合金化代替出钢时钼铁合金化的氧化钼热力学和动力学还原条件。并在110t转炉进行冶炼B7(/%:0. 38～0.48 C,0.15～0. 25 Mo)和42CrMoA钢(/%:0.38～0.45 C,0.15～25 Mo)的工业试验。结果表明,转炉氧化钼还原合金化与出钢钼铁合金化的钼收得率基本相同,约为95%,应用氧化钼直接合金化冶炼成本明显降低,吨钢成本约降低22元。     

EAF+VOD-ESR-825 mm轧机流程试制12%Cr型叶片钢

长城特钢采用 30 t EAF +VOD ESR(2～3 t锭 ) 825mm轧机试生产了 1Cr12Mo ,2Cr12NiMo1W1V等12%Cr型叶片用钢。结果表明 ,当 1Cr12Mo钢成分为 (%) :C 0.13～0.15 ,Cr 11.70～11.90 ,Ni 0.46～0.55 ,Mo 0.34～0.47,以及2Cr12NiMo1W1V钢成分为 (%) :C 0.22～0.25 ,Cr 11.30～11.68,Ni 0.67～0.95 ,Mo 0.96～0.99,W 0.96～0.98,V 0.22～0.25时 ,钢中的δ 铁素体含量δ_F ＜5 % ,满足标准要求。电极母材精炼时 ,用Ca-Si,Si-Al-Ba终脱氧有利于在电渣过程去除钢中夹杂物     

高速钢磨屑直接还原铁冶炼新型模具钢W4Mo3Cr4VRE

在250kg感应炉,利用高速钢磨屑直接还原铁(海绵铁%:0.44C-4.62W-3.27Mo-2.2Cr-0.98V),配加一定含量高速钢车屑废钢(%:0.87C-3.50W-1.30Mo-1.50Cr-0.60V),冶炼成一种新型模具钢W4Mo3Cr4VRE(%:0.78～0.88C、3.50～4.50W、2.50～3.50Mo、3.80～4.40Cr、1.10～1.60V、0.15～0.25RE)再经电渣重熔。检验结果表明,电渣重熔后,该钢1180℃淬火+250℃2次回火,HRC硬度值≥60,冲击韧性≥49J/cm²;当1150℃或1180℃淬火+560℃2次回火时,其HRC硬度值达66。该实验结果证实了采用精选、还原烧结、电炉配料的冶炼工艺对磨屑的回收利用是可行的,生产的新型钢能满足耐火制品模具使用性能的要求。     

高速钢磨悄直接还原铁冶炼新型模具钢W4Mo3Cr4VRE

在250 kg感应炉,利用高速钢磨屑直接还原铁(海绵铁%0.44C-4.62W-3.27Mo-2.2Cr-0.98V),配加一定含量高速钢车屑废钢(%0.87C、3.50W-1.30Mo-1.50Cr-0.60V),冶炼成一种新型模具钢W4Mo3Cr4VRE(%0.78～0-88C、3.50～4.50W、2.50～3.50Mo、3.80～4.40Cr、1.10～1.60V、0.15～0.25RE)再经电渣重熔.检验结果表明,电渣重熔后,该钢1180 ℃淬火+250 ℃ 2次回火,HRC硬度值≥60,冲击韧性≥49 J/cm2;当1150 ℃或1180 ℃淬火+560 ℃ 2次回火时,其HRC硬度值达66.该实验结果证实了采用精选、还原烧结、电炉配料的冶炼工艺对磨屑的回收利用是可行的,生产的新型钢能满足耐火制品模具使用性能的要求.     

新型Cr-Mo-V精铸热作模具钢的研制

在研究热作模具钢主要成分合金化原理的基础上,用250 kg中频感应炉熔炼研究新型精铸热作模具钢,并采用MG2000高温摩擦磨损试验机对试验钢进行400℃磨损试验。研究结果表明,根据V/C 3.0,C_余0.1%~0.2%,Cr/(Cr+Mo)0.68~0.85,Cr/C_余>16.6,Mo/C_余>16原则,设计的新型精铸热作模具钢(%:0.32C,3.54Cr,2.41Mo,1.02V)具有高的高温耐磨性,其400℃高温磨损率为H13钢(%:0.45C,5.3Cr,1.4Mo,0.83V)的30%,3Cr2W8V钢(%:0.37C,2.48Cr,7.82W,0.41V)的20%~25%。     

钛微合金钢的合金化工艺实践

含钛钢冶炼采用钛铁、钛线合金化冶炼实践及热力学分析表明,钛的氧化反应造成钛收得率降低,钢液中一定的Al含量可提高钛收得率。通过48炉次试验分别对两个钢种、两种合金化方式和两种工艺路径(EAF和BOF)进行钛收得率考察,钛总收得率72.66%～87.17%,目标钛含量高的钢种(钢种Ⅱ,0. 05%Ti)钛总收得率(79.84%～84.66%)高于含量低的钢种(钢种Ⅰ,0.02%Ti)钛收得率(72.66%～87. 17%);钛铁合金加入钛的收得率67.34%～72.76%,低的出钢氧化性可以提高钛的收得率;钛线喂入钛的收得率78.62%～85.12%,钛铁加钛线合金化方式由于喂线前炉渣中钛化合物抑制了钛的渣-钢钛氧化反应,喂线环节钛收得率(83.49%～85.12%)明显高于单独加钛线合金化钛收得率(78. 62%～79.54%);熔渣中的钛在真空处理环节可以部分还原进入钢水,由于VD环节渣-钢还原动力学条件有利于钛的还原,钛还原率(28.05%～44.04%)明显高于RH真空处理顶渣钛还原率(<4%)。钢种Ⅰ及钢种Ⅱ冶炼钛合金化采用LF喂钛线+VD工艺路线较其它方式更为经济。     

70CaF_2-30Al_2O_3渣系重熔参数控制对电渣锭下部表面质量的影响

根据双臂电渣炉冶炼的521钢(/%:0.37~0.45C,0.80~1.15Si,4.50~5.30Cr,1.20~1.40No,0.85~1.10V)和GCr15钢(/%:0.97C,1.57Cr)电渣锭下部出现的表面缺陷,统计分析了70CaF_2-30Al_2O_3二元渣量、下部冶炼电压和电流以及重熔时间对2.5~5 t电渣锭表面质量的影响。结果表明,控制重熔时间(重熔速率)对电渣锭的表面质量有较大影响:5 t 521钢锭渣量200kg,钢锭下部重熔电压55 V,电流15 500~16 800 A,总重熔时间为434~489 min时,钢锭表面光滑,总重熔时间500 mim时,电渣锭下部有厚15 mm的渣疤;2.5 t GCr15钢锭渣量120kg,下部重熔电压43~44 V,电流13 500~14000 A,总重熔时间316~359 min,钢锭表面光滑,总重熔时间380 min,电渣锭下部有7mn深渣沟和夹渣。     

汽轮机叶片用钢X10CrNiMoV12-2-2锻造棒材的开发

X10CrNiMoV12-2-2钢(%:0.08～0.13C、11.4～12.5Cr、2.2～2.8Ni、1.6～1.8Mo、0.25～0.40V、0.020～0.040N)经20 t EAF-AOD-LF冶炼后铸成Φ490 mm电极,电渣重熔成Φ600 mm钢锭,锻造成Φ180～240mm棒材。检验结果表明,钢中有害元素Sb为0.002%,As 0.010%,Sn 0.010%,其夹杂物级别、晶粒度、力学性能、FATT(脆性转变温度)、晶间断裂百分比、δ-自由铁素体含量均达到技术标准要求。     

V-N微合金化含钨改型Cr5W冷轧工作辊用钢

开发了加V-N合金的含钨改型Cr5W工具钢(%:0.70～0.90C、≤1.00Si、0.20～0.60Mn、4.50～5.50Cr、1.00～1.50W、≤0.15Mo、≤0.3V;300×10^-6～350×10^-6N)。Cr5W钢960℃淬火后组织为马氏体+碳化物,平均HRC硬度值为63.5,180℃回火后的平均HRC值为63.2,高于Cr5钢(%:0.70～0.90C、≤1.00Si、0.20～0.60Mn、4.50～5.50Cr、0.15～0.70Mo;80×10^-6～120×10^-6N)180℃的回火硬度(HRC值62.3),在相同硬度下,Cr5W钢的相对耐磨性较Cr5钢提高50%。     

300mm×300mm EA4T车轴钢坯生产工艺实践

EA4T车轴钢（/%:0.22～0.29C、0.15～0.40Si、0.50～0.80Mn、≤0.020P、≤0.015S、0.90～1.20Cr、0.15～0.30Mo、≤0.06V）采用30 t EBT电弧炉40 t LF/VD-5 t铸锭工艺生产,并经8 MN油压机锻成300 mm x300mm钢坯,锻造比≥9。结果表明,EA4T钢[O]为（12-15）×10^-6,[H]为（1.2～1.6）×10^-6,经900～920℃淬火,600～650℃回火后,抗拉强度R_m721⁷45 N/mm²,屈服强度R_eh463～470 N/mm²,伸长率A₅ 19.0%～19.5%,纵向冲击功53～73 J,横向冲击功36～41 J,组织为贝氏体一回火马氏体,10⁷循环疲劳极限为350 N/mm²。     

Alloying OCTG pipes with tungsten

The mechanical and corrosion performance of low alloy steel tubular goods depends on the microstructure obtained as a result of the combination of alloying elements and manufacturing process parameters. The basic design philosophy for the selection of the alloying elements is ruled by the balance between the steel cost and the material performance.Following this approach the alloying sequence for the manufacturing of tubular components in oil country tubular goods(OCTG) application is generally Mn,C,r and Mo,used as substitutional elements in a total added weight concentration around 1%up to 3%.Other elements such as B,Ti,Nb and V are applied as strengthening microalloying elements forming fine precipitates. A lack of experience is found related to the use of Tungsten(W) on OCTG applications,although W is also a substitutional element that belongs to group 6 of the periodic table together with Cr and Mo.On the other hand W is widely added for steel pipes working in high temperature services such as power plant boilers,where creep resistance is needed.It is also applied for tool steels enhancing the hardness,wear resistance and cutting performance. Taken into consideration the similarity between Cr,Mo and W and the applications where W has been proven it was decided to analyze the feasibility of using W as an alternative alloying element for some OCTG applications. Another factor that drives this study is the fact that W could be a cost effective substitute of Mo,depending on the alloy market price. This paper is based on literature review and experimental activity done on laboratory steels in which 0.1%Mo was replaced by 0.2%and 0.4%W.The different findings in regards with manufacturing process considerations, material performance and the possible use of W alloyed steel for OCTG applications are summarized. (1 ) Opposed to the susceptibility shown by low carbon with high Cr-W content,hot cracks are not expected in medium C steels(0.2%-0.3%) with W addition up to 1%. (2) Microporosity-related defects could form if W <<0.4%. (3) An improvement in the oxidation resistance for typical rolling furnace atmospheres in the temperature range 1 200 - 1 340℃was detected if Mo is substituted by W. (4) Theoretically W is one half less efficient in regards with hardenability. (5) No differences were found in the grain size after austenitizing in the temperature range 920 - 1 050℃, independently on Mo and W contents. (6) Tempering resistance was similar to Mo steels and there was no effect on the cementite shape factor,which affects the performance in sour environments. (7) Both pitting and general corrosion resistance are improved by W addition.But W effectiveness in improving pitting resistance is about one half. (8) The use of W as a substitute of Mo has been proven to be feasible and it could be applied for the manufacturing of N80 or L80 OCTG steel grades as per ISO 11960/API 5CT.     

W4Mo2Cr4VNb钢的组织和力学性能

 由于钨、钼、钒合金元素价格昂贵,因而导致含较多这类合金元素的钢的成本较高。合理运用高速钢的合金化理论,研究出了一种低合金高速钢——W4Mo2Cr4VNb。此钢的(W+Mo+V)含量比通用高速钢W9低很多,而且通过调整碳含量及加入价格较便宜的微合金元素铌,使该钢具有较好的综合力学性能和较低的成本。文章研究了W4Mo2Cr4VNb钢的组织和力学性能。     

铸轧辊套用Φ700mm 32Cr3Mo1V钢连铸圆坯生产实践

32Cr3Mo1V钢（/%:0.33～0.36C,0.20～0.50Mn,0.20～0.40Si,3.00～3.20Cr,0.30～0.45Ni,1.00～1.20Mo,0.19～0.22V,≤0.008P,≤0.005S,≤0.10Cu,≤0.01 Al）连铸圆坯生产工艺为110 t电弧炉-LF-VD-Φ700mm坯连铸。控制电弧炉出钢终点[C]≥0.08%、[P]≤0.004%,LF精炼终点渣（/%:50～60CaO,10～15Si0₂,15～25Al₂0₃,≤6MgO,ΣFeO+MnO≤0.8%,VD后[H]≤1.3×10^-6连铸全程保护浇铸,采用拉速0.2 m/min,过热度稳定控制在18～30℃使用结晶器、铸流、末端电磁搅拌等工艺措施成功生产Φ700mm 32Cr3Mo1V钢连铸圆坯。结果表明,连铸圆坯表面质量良好,中心疏松1.0级、缩孔≤1.5级、中心裂纹≤1.5级,中心缺陷大小低于100mm满足协议标准要求。     

VOD底吹氮精炼高氮钢P91的工艺实践

锅炉用铁素体耐热钢P91（%:0.08～0.12C、8.0～9.5Cr、0.85～1.05Mo、0.18～0.25V、0.06～0.10Nb、0.030～0.070N）的冶炼工艺流程为20 t EBT EAF+10 t感应炉混炼-LF-VOD（吹氮）-3 t锭模铸。通过低真空（～26 000 Pa）底吹N气搅拌使脱氧剂、造渣材料充分快速与钢液反应,使[N]从（80～90）×10^-6增至（120～140）×10^-6,然后底吹氮以（9～15）×10^-6/min的增氮速率将[N]增至620×10^-6,钢材中的N含量约为500×10^-6,达到标准要求。     

50 t EBT EAF-LF( VD) -CC流程生产G55SiMoVA轴承钢的工艺实践

石油钻具用轴承钢G55SiMoVA(/%:0.52~0.55C,0.90~1.10Si,0.30~0.50Mn,0.40~0.60Mo,0.20~0.30V,≤0.015P,≤0.015S)的工艺流程为废钢+60%~70%铁水-50 t UHP EBT EAF-60 t LF-VD-260 mm×300 mm连铸。通过采用电弧炉全程泡沫渣埋弧操作,EBT出钢合金化,控制LF二次精炼渣(/%:46~54CaO,10~16SiO₂,11~13Al₂O₃,4.5~7.0MgO)碱度3.2~4.5,SiC扩散脱氧和60~80 L/min流量氩气搅拌,VD 67 Pa真空状态下保持20 min,连铸全程保护浇铸,所生产G55SiMoVA轴承钢轧材中氧含量为9×10^-6~10×10^-6。