A REAL-IN-TIME CT TRIAXIAL TESTING STUDY OF MESO-DAMAGE EVOLUTION LAW OF COAL

The dynamic computerized tomography test of meso-da mage evolution law is completed for the whole destroyed process of coal rock sam ple using the ne west specified loading equipment corresponding to the CT machine in triaxial and uniaxial compression. Through CT scaning, the clear CT image is ob tai ned w hich includes the microhole(microcrack) compressed→the microcrack growth→ the microcrack bifurcation→the microcrack development→crack fracture→rock sam ple destroyed→unloading in the different stress state. The CT values, CT images and the other data are anal ysed. An initial damage effect coefficient is considered, a new damage variable based on CT values is defined. The coal rock damage propagation law is researche d.     

Novel experimental techniques to assess the time-dependent deformations of geosynthetics under soil confinement

A new experimental approach to assess the impact of soil confinement on the long-term behavior of geosynthetics is presented in this paper.The experimental technique described herein includes a novel laboratory apparatus and the use of different types of tests that allow generation of experimental data suitable for evaluation of the time-dependent behavior of geosynthetics under soil confinement.The soil-geosynthetic interaction equipment involves a rigid box capable of accommodating a cubic soil mass under plane strain conditions.A geosynthetic specimen placed horizontally at the mid-height of the soil mass is subjected to sustained vertical pressures that,in turn,induce reinforcement axial loads applied from the soil to the geosynthetic.Unlike previously reported studies on geosynthetic behavior under soil confinement,the equipment was found to be particularly versatile.With minor setup modifications,not only interaction tests but also in-isolation geosynthetic stress relaxation tests and soil-only tests under a constant strain rate can be conducted using the same device.Also,the time histories of the reinforcement loads and corresponding strains are generated throughout the test.Results from typical tests conducted using sand and a polypropylene woven geotextile are presented to illustrate the proposed experimental approach.The testing procedure was found to provide adequate measurements during tests,including good repeatability of test results.The soilegeosynthetic interaction tests were found to lead to increasing geotextile strains with time and decreasing reinforcement tension with time.The test results highlighted the importance of measuring not only the time history of displacements but also that of reinforcement loads during testing.The approach of using different types of tests to analyze the soilegeosynthetic interaction behavior is an innovation that provides relevant insight into the impact of soil confinement on the time-dependent deformations of geosynthetics.     

Particle breakage evolution of coral sand using triaxial compression tests

Particle breakage continuously changes the grading of granular materials and has a significant effect on their mechanical behaviors.Revealing the evolution pattern of particle breakage is valuable for development and validation of constitutive models for crushable materials.A series of parallel triaxial compression tests along the same loading paths but stopped at different axial strains were conducted on two coral sands with different particle sizes under drained and undrained conditions.The tested specimens were carefully sieved to investigate the intermediate accumulation of particle breakage during the loading process.The test results showed that under both drained and undrained conditions,particle breakage increases continuously with increasing axial strain but exhibits different accumulating patterns,and higher confining pressures lead to greater particle breakage.Based on the test results,the correlations between particle breakage and the stress state as well as the input energy were examined.The results demonstrated that either the stress state or input energy alone is inadequate for describing the intermediate process of particle breakage evolution.Then,based on experimental observation,a path-dependent model was proposed for particle breakage evolution,which was formulated in an incremental form and reasonably considers the effects of the past breakage history and current stress state on the breakage rate.The path-dependent model successfully reproduced the development of particle breakage during undrained triaxial compression using the parameters calibrated from the drained tests,preliminarily demonstrating its effectiveness for different stress paths.     

基于土体非线性压密效应的劈裂注浆机制分析

 In the process of split grouting,the soil on both sides of the split channel is being compressed. The relationship between the stress and strain is nonlinear in the compression process of soil. A new model of relationship between the soil stress and strain was established to describe the nonlinear characteristics in the compression process of soil. The process of split grouting was simplified into the horizontal radiation circle. Based on the nonlinear model of compression and considering the coupling effect at the interface between soil and slurry,a theoretical model of split grouting was established. The spatial distribution equation of width of the split channel was derived,and the relationship among the grouting pressure,width of split channel and radius of grouting diffusion was obtained. After comparing with the result from the linear relationship of stress and strain,the nonlinear relationship of stress and strain was shown to be necessary. The model test of split grouting process was performed. The width of split channel attenuated along the diffusion radius. The calculated and measured the thickness of grouting vein are at the same order of magnitude and theory was thus proved reasonable.     

Influence of microwave treatment on mechanical behaviour of compact basalts under different confining pressures

The realisation of microwave-induced fracturing of hard rocks has potential signiflcance for microwave-assisted mechanical rock fracturing and stress release in deep rock masses.In this context,compact basalts were treated by microwave heating in a multi-mode cavity at a frequency of 2450 MHz,and then,we investigated the mechanical behaviour of basalt samples after microwave treatment under uniaxial compression and conventional triaxial compression(CTC)tests.After microwave exposure,cracks appeared on the surface and inside of the rock sample,and the temperature of the sample's surface was unevenly distributed.The results show that the conventional triaxial compressive strength(CTCS)of basalt samples decreased linearly with microwave exposure time,and the higher the confining pressure,the smaller the reduction in the strength of basalt samples after microwave treatment.Under uniaxial compression,microwave exposure greatly affected the axial deformation,suggesting that deformation resistance of the samples gradually decreases with increasing microwave exposure time.Under triaxial compression,some microcracks induced by microwave exposure closed due to the effect of confining pressure,resulting in the confining pressure inhibiting any rightward shift of the axial deformation curve.Furthermore,under uniaxial compression,the elastic modulus and Poisson's ratio of basalts also decreased in a quasi-linear manner with elapsed microwave exposure time.Under triaxial compression,microwave exposure has slight influence on elastic modulus and Poisson's ratio.After microwave treatment,the changes in rock strength and deformation mainly result from changes in between the mineral structures.Confining pressure results in the closure of microcracks produced by microwave exposure,so that effects of microwave treatment on strength and deformation decrease,thus reducing the influence on elastic constants.The cohesion decreases with increasing microwave exposure time and shows an approximately linear decrease over time.In the basalt samples,new microcracks in various directions generated by microwave exposure can increase the discreteness of test results,while the discreteness of test results caused by microcracks gradually reduces with increasing confining pressure.     

Hydro-mechanical behaviours of highly compacted sand-bentonite mixture

Abstract： This paper presents the results of laboratory testing on a heavily compacted sand-bentonite mixture. To measure the soil-water retention curve （SWRC） of the mixture over a large range of suction, a pressure plate apparatus and filter papers were used. The obtained SWRC shows that the measurements via the two methods consistently agree with each other. By using a suction-controlled oedometer for unsaturated soils, a series of one-dimensional compression tests were performed on the unsaturated compacted sand-bentonite mixture at different constant suctions. The testing results indicate that the yield stress increases and compression index decreases with the increase of imposed suction. The results also demonstrate that the mixture wetted to saturation and subsequently dried to a certain suction level has a lower yield stress than that wetted directly to the same suction.     

The compressive strength experimental study of cemented soil under H2SO4 corrosive in earlier period

In order to simulate and study the erosion effect process such as the changes of corrosive depth and unconfined compression strength of cemented soil sample in earlier period from 0 day to 60 days, a series of tests including unconfined compressive tests, measuring the blocks＇ sizes, and taking photos, are conducted on the cemented soil blocks which were cured in different concentrations of H2SO4 solutions. The results of tests show that the corrosive depth is increasing and the unconfined compression strength is decreasing with the increase of H2SO4 solution concentration at the same erosion time, and the corrosive degree is increasing with the corrosive time. In the earlier state, the corrosive effect is serious, but the effect becomes slow in the later state in the same concentrated H2SO4 solution. After take statistics the date, a coefficient a is put forward to predict the reduction of the compressive strength of cemented soil in various concentration of H2SO4 solution, which could be used in practical design.     

Salinity effect on the compaction behaviour,matric suction,stiffness and microstructure of a silty soil

To better understand the salinity effect on the compaction behaviour of soil,standard Proctor compaction test was conducted on soil samples with different salinities.Matric suction and small-strain shear modulus,G_(max),were determined and pore size distribution was also investigated on samples statically compacted at different water contents.Results showed that with the decrease of soil salinity from initial value of 2.1‰(g of salt/kg of dry soil) to zero,the maximum dry density increased and the optimum water content decreased,whereas there was no significant change with the increase of soil salinity from2.1 ‰ to 6.76‰.Interestingly,it was observed that G_(max) also decreased when the soil salinity decreased from initial value of 2.1‰ to zero and kept almost constant when the soil salinity increased from 2.1‰ to6.76‰, for dry samples with similar matric suction and also for samples compacted at optimum state and on wet side whose matric suctions were slightly different due to the difference in remoulded water content.Furthermore,the effect of salinity on compaction behaviour and G_(max) decreased for samples compacted from dry side to wet side.The pore size distribution exhibited bi-modal characteristics with two populations of micro-and macro-pores not only for samples compacted on dry side and at optimum state,but also for those compacted on wet side.Further examination showed that the modal size of micro-pores shifted to lower values and that of macro-pores shifted to higher values for saline soil compared to the soil without salt.     

A non-destructive method to measure the thermal properties of frozen soils during phase transition

Frozen soils cover about 40%of the land surface on the earth and are responsible for the global energy balances affecting the climate.Measurement of the thermal properties of frozen soils during phase transition is important for analyzing the thermal transport process.Due to the involvement of phase transition,the thermal properties of frozen soils are rather complex.This paper introduces the uses of a multifunctional instrument that integrates time domain re fl ectometry(TDR)sensor and thermal pulse technology(TPT)to measure the thermal properties of soil during phase transition.With this method,the extent of phase transition(freezing/thawing)was measured with the TDR module;and the corresponding thermal properties were measured with the TPT module.Therefore,the variation of thermal properties with the extent of freezing/thawing can be obtained.Wet soils were used to demonstrate the performance of this measurement method.The performance of individual modules was fi rst validated with designed experiments.The new sensor was then used to monitor the properties of soils during freezing e thawing process,from which the freezing/thawing degree and thermal properties were simultaneously measured.The results are consistent with documented trends of thermal properties variations.     

重塑及原状饱和黄土结构性参数研究

从土力学途径出发,在三轴试验的基础上,提出了反映重塑黄土和原状饱和黄土结构性的定量化参数。开展了对重塑、原状饱和黄土的结构性定量化研究。对重塑、原状饱和及重塑饱和黄土进行了大量常规三轴试验。较为详细地研究了重塑黄土和原状饱和黄土的结构性变化特征,论证了所建议的重塑黄土及原状饱和黄土的结构性参数具有很好的适用性。完善了黄土结构性定量化参数。     

路基填土单轴受压细观结构CT监测分析

利用可同步进行CT扫描的三轴仪 ,对路基填土进行了单轴压缩实验。从CT数和CT图像两方面分析了不同受力过程中 ,路基填土细观结构变化。结果表明 ,随着压力增大 ,土体的结构性逐渐减弱 ;在密度较低的区域 ,首先形成微裂缝 ,微裂缝逐渐扩展而造成试件破坏。     

制样方法对非饱和土力学特性的影响

以一种非膨胀性黏土为试验材料,对孔隙比相近的非饱和压实试样和预固结试样进行一系列等吸力控制下的等向压缩试验和三轴剪切试验,研究了制样方法对非饱和土的压缩特性和剪切特性的影响。由等吸力等向压缩试验结果表明:初始孔隙比相近的预固结样和压实样在等向净应力20 k Pa条件下进行等吸力平衡,平衡过程中预固结试样的孔隙比明显减小而压实样的变化不大;其原因是两种试样的初始吸力和土结构存在差异。此外,预固结样和压实样在吸力150 k Pa条件下,预固结样的含水率随着等向净应力的增大而减小,而压实样的含水率几乎不变。上述变形特性可用SFG弹塑性模型说明。在净围压和吸力相同条件下对剪切前孔隙比相同的两种试样进行了三轴剪切试验,试验结果表明:在剪切前的密度、剪切时的吸力和净围压相同条件下,预固结样的偏应力–应变曲线和强度明显高于压实试样的曲线和强度。其原因可用两种试样的孔隙尺寸分布不同来解释。     

原状黄土硬化屈服的损伤试验研究

进行了原状黄土三轴剪切试验过程中的CT扫描,结合CT数据与应力-应变曲线,利用损伤理论方法解释了土硬化屈服破坏过程。提出了损伤应力和应变门槛值的确定方法,并定义了六种损伤变量(横观各向同性有效弹性模量损伤变量、简单有效弹性模量损伤变量、密度损伤变量、体积损伤变量、体积密度损伤变量、面积密度损伤变量),在此基础上得出了硬化屈服损伤过程中的损伤演化曲线和演化方程。     

应力路径对饱和黄土孔压的影响研究

利用SLB-1型应力应变控制式三轴剪切渗透试验仪,对陕西杨凌Q3饱和黄土进行了常规三轴压缩、减压三轴压缩和等p应力路径的各向等压固结不排水三轴试验,探讨和分析了应力路径对饱和黄土孔隙压力的影响,试验结果表明:不同应力路径作用下,饱和黄土的孔隙压力随着轴向应变的增大而不断增大;当土体的轴向应变较小时,孔隙压力基本上不受初始固结围压的影响,而当轴向应变超过5%之后,饱和黄土所受的初始固结围压越大,主应力差越大,其孔隙压力也会越大。     

一种新型真三轴仪的研制与开发

真三轴仪是一种真实模拟主应力状态,且在任意应力路径下测试土力学特性的试验仪器。介绍了研制的一种新型真三轴仪,它具有轴向刚性板加载、侧向双轴液压柔性囊加载的三向加载方式;侧向双轴相邻液压囊之间采用径向弹性伸缩、平面弹性转动的薄壁钢板有效隔离技术;伺服步进电机驱动滚珠丝杆推进活塞产生压力的液压/体变控制器独立施加三向主应力的自动控制系统。真正实现了三向独立加载、互不干扰。经测试分析,仪器系统性能稳定。新型真三轴仪具有结构简单,操作方便,应力状态真实,应变测试准确,试验过程易于控制的特点。     

浸水对击实黄土的压缩变形影响的试验研究

回填地基或路基在施工运营后产生沉降变形往往与浸水有关。通过对轻型和重型击实黄土的试验研究,分析比较了浸水和不浸水条件下击实黄土的压缩变形随压力变化的规律,定义了浸水压缩变形影响系数,通过该系数反映击实黄土的水稳定性,结果表明,重型击实土的水稳定性优于轻型击实土,当击实土的含水量为相应击实能对应的最优含水量时,无论是轻型击实土或是重型击实土均表现良好的水稳定性;含水量低于最优含水量时,压实黄土遇水膨胀软化,水稳定性差;含水量高于最优含水量时,压实黄土遇水不膨胀,但浸水压缩变形影响系数仍较最优含水量试样的值要大些。     

Displacement in sand under triaxial compression by tracking soil particles on X-ray CT data

The objective of this paper is to obtain displacements in sand in three dimensions under triaxial compression using the results of X-ray CT. A triaxial compression test was conducted on soil called “Yamazuna sand”, which has a wide grain size distribution, and the specimens were subject to CT scanning during the loading process. A large number of CT images, both 2D cross sectional images and also 3D reconstruction images, were obtained from CT scanning. The first objective in this study was to develop a method of tracking soil particles using CT images and then to calculate their movement using this proposed method. The total number of soil particles depended on the relationship between the size of the soil particles and the resolution of the CT apparatus. Finally, the displacement vectors from these movements were calculated in three dimensions under the loading process and the distribution of the localized displacement in the sand was measured. It was confirmed that the combination of the tracking technique with CT images is effective for quantitative discussion on the results of X-ray CT.     

原状Q2黄土CT-三轴浸水试验研究

利用后勤工程学院研制的CT-多功能土工三轴仪,研究非饱和原状Q2黄土三轴浸水变形特性,并在浸水过程中利用CT技术对内部结构的变化进行无损的量测,得到内部结构演化的CT图像和相应的CT数据,从细观上解释了三轴浸水过程。基于CT数据定义结构性参数和结构演化变量;分析浸水过程中结构演化变量与净围压、偏应力和吸力的关系,浸水前的固结净围压、偏应力和吸力越大,浸水过程中结构演化越快。建立非饱和原状Q2黄土三轴浸水过程的结构演化方程,该方程为结构演化变量与偏应变、体应变和饱和度增量的关系,能同时反映净围压、偏应力和吸力等对结构演化的影响。利用提出的结构演化方程对试验数据进行拟合,拟合结果较理想。CT技术使土的细观结构研究达到定量阶段,为建立土的结构演化方程和结构性本构模型提供了试验基础。     

A new method of studying collapsibility of loess

A new triaxial testing system that could control suction in wetting-induced collapsible tests was successfully developed to study the suction effects on wettinginduced collapsible deformation. The pedestal of the triaxial cell was made up of two parts, and the equipment not only could control suction but also could make water accessible to soil. A pressure/volume-controlled equipment was combined with the triaxial system to measure the water volume absorbed by samples accurately and to add pressure on water to filtrate into the sample. The apparatus could measure volume change precisely and keep the deviator stress unvaried, as well as measure the volume of water filtrating into the samples exactly. A triaxial collapsible testing procedure was described using the new apparatus for undisturbed collapsible loess with controlled suction. Furthermore, a series of double triaxial collapsible tests were conducted under different suctions and the same net cell pressure, and tests under different net cell pressures and the same suction were also done. It was indicated that the collapsible deformation increased with the increasing suction, and the effect of the net cell pressure on collapsible deformation was remarkable. The new triaxial apparatus was a useful facility to study the collapsible behavior of loess. __________ Translated from Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 2008, 30(4): 524-528 [译自: 岩土工程学报]