折线形胶凝砂砾石坝三维静力有限元分析

以贵州地区某中型水库工程胶凝砂砾坝方案为案例,建立折线形胶凝砂砾石坝及地基的三维有限元计算模型,模型中考虑地基和坝体材料的非线性特性、坝段间接触特性、地应力平衡等。基于ABAQUS三维有限元计算,研究该方案蓄水工况和施工期工况下建坝引起的地基应力变化及各坝段的变形情况,为该项目方案决策提供理论依据。经计算分析,断层破碎带和影响带附近的地基应力及坝体变形均较大,不能满足地基承载力要求和坝段变形控制要求,需提出工程处理措施或其他技术方案进行优化。该有限元计算结果对类似工程如折线形刚性坝、胶凝砂砾石坝以及宽断层破碎带筑坝具有一定的借鉴意义。     

用无穷元模拟拱坝地基

本文用无穷无与有限元耦合系统模拟拱坝地基,满足了在地基的无穷远处位移衰减至零的边界条件.通过对三维半空间问题以及对拱坝实例的分析表明:这一耦合系统与有限元地基模型相比较,提高了应力计算精度,节省了近一半的CPU时间,其经济性与精确性是明显的.结果还表明:拱坝地基的弹性变形显著地改变了坝体上游坝踵与下游坝趾的应力状态,说明地基与坝体的相互作用是重要的.     

某拱坝持久工况下坝体应力变形特性计算分析

为研究某拱坝在规范给出的持久工况下坝体应力变形规律特点,利用ANSYS软件建立坝与地基相互作用的三维有限元模型,对拱坝在持久工况规定荷载作用下坝体应力变形规律进行了分析,结果表明坝体的应力变形分布符合一般规律,位移及应力峰值均小于规范规定值,该拱坝设计方案合理,安全可靠。     

基于分级加载的高面板堆石坝应力变形分析

依据非线性弹性K-G模型理论对天池上水库面板堆石坝进行了应力变形分析。首先采用CAD图形和程序控制相结合方法建立坝体与地基模型,考虑了断层构造和岸坡变化,得到了较为精细的三维有限元模型。然后在模型计算中采用了施工逐级加载的方法对坝体进行了模拟,应用修正后的分级加载位移变形公式,对竣工期和正常水位蓄水期的应力变形进行三维有限元分析,得出了两种工况下断层对该高面板坝应力变形影响一般规律。     

龙羊峡重力拱坝运行期变形与应力反演分析

基于龙羊峡重力拱坝实测数据,建立拱坝-地基有限元模型,进行了反演分析,确定了合理的温度分布函数的参数,以及坝体与基岩材料弹性模量。采用反演得到的有限元模型计算了龙羊峡重力拱坝运行期温度场分布及坝体变形与应力分布。结果表明,龙羊峡重力拱坝坝体中心温度常年几乎没有变化,坝面区域温度变化受外界影响较大;坝体混凝土弹性模量相比于设计试验值大,提升约25%;应力状态方面,坝体整体受压,冬季由于气温较低,坝面区域存在小范围拉应力区,拉应力水平较小,不影响工程安全运行。     

重力坝坝踵应力控制标准的研究

重力坝坝踵应力控制标准问题一直是个难于解决的问题,为了研究这个问题,采用有限元线弹性模型对4种不同高度的重力坝、3种坝体下游边坡、3种地基和坝体弹模比、28组不同网格尺寸进行了计算分析,得出了不同高度、下游边坡、地基与坝体弹模比、网格尺寸情况下重力坝坝踵应力的分布规律,并且得出重力坝采用有限元计算分析的情况下,主拉应力...     

碎石桩加固地基对风化料坝应力变形影响研究

近年来振冲碎石桩逐渐应用到土石坝坝基处理中,为研究碎石桩加固地基对大坝应力变形的影响,以覆盖层地基上的某混凝土防渗墙风化料坝为背景,利用碎石桩对地基进行加固处理。在考虑坝料流变特性的基础上,采用非线性有限元方法,计算分析在碎石桩加固地基与未加固地基下,大坝在蓄水期和运行期的应力变形。通过对比计算结果,系统总结了碎石桩加固地基对坝体与防渗墙应力变形的影响规律。结果表明:在碎石桩加固地基下,大坝在蓄水期、正常运行1 a、正常运行5 a、正常运行10 a后,坝体和防渗墙的应力和变形相比未加固地基下都有所减小,相对而言,变形减小的幅度更大一些。可见利用碎石桩加固地基,可以有效地改善坝体和防渗墙的应力和变形,利于大坝保持稳定运行状态。     

毛藏寺电站混凝面板堆石坝三维有限元分析

依托毛藏寺水电站工程,建立三维有限元模型,采用Duncan E-B非线性本构模型对毛藏寺蓄能电站混凝土面板堆石坝设计方案进行了三维静力有限元应力、变形计算分析。结果表明:坝体的应力和变形基本上处于合理的范围之中,尽管坝体整体变形量级不大,但坝体的变形分布受局部地形影响较大。顺坝轴线和顺坝坡方向最大应力均出现在面板中部。受岸坡地形和趾板的约束作用,面板周边存在局部拉应力区,拉应力数值不高。总体而言,蓄水期面板应力状态正常。     

施工期坝面过水面板堆石坝非线性有限元分析

以某已建工程为例,基于非线性邓肯E-B本构模型,建立了施工期坝面过水面板堆石坝的有限元模型,探讨了施工期坝面过水面板堆石坝的应力变形的分布与变化规律。计算结果表明：坝体应力变形主要是由自重引起的,汛期坝面过水引起的坝体附加应力变形较小,其结果都在合理的范围之内,面板堆石坝汛期采用坝面过水度汛是安全可靠的。     

丰乐双曲拱坝加固方案三维有限元仿真分析

丰乐双曲拱坝运行多年后出现了严重裂缝,本文对该坝加固方案坝体的变形和应力进行了三维全过程有限元仿真分析。分时段模拟了地基应力、坝体自重应力、水沙荷载的分级加载,考虑了裂缝的影响、加固钢纤维混凝土及保温材料效果。计算方案能真实模拟加固方案中坝体的实际应力状态。通过加固前后坝体应力对比分析,论证了加固方案的可行性和合理性,并提出了加固方案施工时的一些建议。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.     

浅谈天湖水电站水轮机运行故障及处理措施

简述天湖水电站投运以来各种故障的表现形式，分析其原因，提出了相应的处理方法及措施，并对合理利用国内外设备提出建议。