Burst synchronization of slotted random access with preamble power ramping in the reverse link of CDMA systems

Efficient random access is one of the key designs in code-division multiple-access (CDMA) cellular systems. Random access is used by user equipment for initial access, requesting dedicated channels and transmitting short packet data to a base station. In random access, a preamble part is usually devised for fast and reliable burst synchronization, which is essential in order to avoid excessive access delay and/or repeated transmissions that may reduce the overall system capacity. This paper investigates the issue of burst synchronization for the slotted random access with preamble power ramping in the reverse link of CDMA systems. A flexible burst synchronizer based on a parallel-serial code-phase detector is proposed, which can be easily configured to achieve different complexity/performance tradeoffs. A general analysis is also presented with important design parameters being taken into account, including the number of correlators, power control error, power ramping step, diversity order, frequency offset, multipath combining, and others. The analysis is verified by computer simulations.     

Robust Time and Phase Synchronization for Continuous Phase Modulation

A novel joint timing and phase-recovery technique is proposed for continuous phase modulation (CPM) systems based on Kalman filtering and an approximate representation of CPM signals with nonorthogonal exponential expansions (nOEE). Compared with existing techniques, the proposed synchronizer requires a less complex front-end processor, and can achieve reliable acquisition performance with a shorter preamble. The asymptotic stability and convergence of the proposed synchronizer is analyzed, including the effect of statistical channel-modeling errors on the convergence characteristics. The selection of suboptimal nOEEs and the design of triple-initialized Kalman filters are also discussed. Both theoretical and simulation results show that the proposed synchronizer is robust in acquiring and tracking both the time shift and the phase offset on either time-invariant or time-variant channels.     

Robust Frame Synchronization for Chinese DTTB System

Digital terrestrial multimedia/television broadcasting (DTMB), which is the recently released Chinese digital television terrestrial broadcasting (DTTB) standard, uses guard intervals padded with known pseudo-noise (PN) sequences for multi-carrier or single-carrier block transmission. Well designed synchronization algorithms are a prerequisite for achieving high-quality multimedia transmission. In this paper, a novel frame synchronization technique, which is robust to carrier frequency offset (CFO), is proposed for DTMB systems. This technique is derived through segmenting the local PN sequence into M contiguous blocks and performing multiple cross-correlations with the received signal. The metric for peak detection is defined as the non-coherent summation of the M cross-correlation magnitude outputs. Moreover, a low-complexity frame synchronizer based on segment-based full correlation for PN420 mode in DTMB system is proposed. It is shown through computer simulation that the proposed techniques generally outperform the conventional ones when CFO occurs, over both AWGN and frequency-selective fading channels. For a DTMB system using PN420 mode, the maximal allowed CFO to keep system still working normally of our proposed schemes are more than 3 times larger than that of the conventional method.     

Channel estimation and multiuser detection in long-code DS/CDMAsystems

The problems of channel estimation and multiuser detection for direct sequence code division multiple access (DS/CDMA) systems employing long spreading codes are considered. With regard to channel estimation, several procedures are proposed based on the least-squares approach, relying on the transmission of known training symbols but not requiring any timing synchronization. In particular, algorithms suited for the forward and reverse links of a single-rate DS/CDMA cellular system are developed, and the case of a multirate/multicode system, wherein high-rate users are split into multiple virtual low-rate users, is also considered. All of the proposed procedures are recursively implementable with a computational complexity that is quadratic in the processing gain, with regard to the issue of multiuser detection, an adaptive serial interference cancellation (SIC) receiver is considered, where the adaptivity stems from the fact that it is built upon the channel estimates provided by the estimation algorithm. Simulation results show that coupling the proposed estimation algorithms with a SIC receiver may yield, with a much lower computational complexity, performance levels close to those of the ideal linear minimum mean square error (MMSE) receiver, which assumes perfect knowledge of the channels for all of the users and which (in a long-code scenario) has a computational complexity per symbol interval proportional to the third power of the processing gain     

基于参差重复导言的频率同步算法

具有重复信号的导言是突发通信系统中常用的同步方法。本文设计了一种新颖的参差重复导言,并给出最小均方误差的频率同步算法。与传统算法相比,该算法不仅提高了频率捕获精度,捕获范围也有效扩大且倍数可调。虽然本文仅研究了该算法在单载波频域均衡系统中的应用,但其基本原理同样适用于多载波系统。     

基于新型前导符号的OFDM同步算法

在多径信道中,循环前缀最大似然估计盲OFDM同步算法的性能较差,循环前缀集相关同步算法增强了对抗多径的能力,获得了较好的同步性能,但同步时延非常大.为了缩短集相关同步算法的同步时延,设计了一种前导符号,基于此前导符号,提出了一种快速集相关运算同步算法.蒙特卡洛仿真结果表明,在多径信道下,该算法比循环前缀集相关同步算法具有更好的同步性能.进一步的分析还证明本文算法的同步时延也大大缩短.     

Dual-threshold sequential detection code synchronization for anoptical CDMA network in the presence of multi-user interference

The paper examines the acquisition performance of a synchronization system for an optical fiber-based code-division multiple-access (CDMA) network that employs a dual-threshold sequential detector. The noncoherent optical CDMA network operates asynchronously and optical orthogonal codes (OOCs) are used for the spreading sequences. The performance measure of the synchronizer, the mean acquisition time, is derived via the Markov flow-graph method and Monte Carlo simulations are used to obtain the statistical parameters of the synchronizer when used within the system. The model takes into account the number of active users, the multi-user interference (MUI), the receiver noise and the coupler losses within the network. The results show that by adjusting both the acceptance and rejection thresholds of the sequential detector, the mean acquisition time ran be optimized. The degradation in the synchronizer performance, when the number of active users is changed from the number the synchronizer is designed for, is also assessed     

基于PN训练序列的OFDM符号定时新算法

针对传统的基于训练序列的OFDM符号定时同步算法的缺陷,提出一种新的基于PN训练序列的符号定时算法。该算法通过重新设计训练序列,并加入PN序列,有效地克服了传统算法的缺陷。仿真结果表明,该算法在AWGN信道下能准确的实现符号定时,并且在多径信道下也具有较好的性能。     

一种基于PN序列加权前导的自适应OFDM符号同步算法

该文对传统的基于PN序列加权前导的定时度量进行了理论分析,并提出了一种自适应OFDM符号同步算法。新算法在改进PN序列加权前导的基础上,综合利用循环前缀的重复特性和基于PN序列加权前导定时度量的分布特性设计定时方案,依据一定范围内定时度量的最大值自适应地进行符号同步估计。理论分析和仿真结果表明,和传统的基于PN序列加权前导的符号同步方法相比,新提出的方法可降低符号同步估计的误检概率,有效提高系统的定时性能。     

一种新的MC-CDMA系统同步算法

多载波CDMA(MC-CDMA)技术结合了正交频分复用(Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing,OFDM)和CDMA技术的特点,在无线衰落信道中传输高速数据时具有突出的优势.整个MC-CDMA系统中同步性能起着非常重要的作用.本文在分析现有各种同步算法性能的基础上提出了一种新的MC-CDMA同步算法,理论分析和仿真表明这种新算法具有更好的同步性能且具有更低的系统复杂度.     

Joint optimization of time and frequency synchronization based on polynomial sequences for OFDM systems

In orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems, time and frequency synchronization are two critical elements for guaranteeing the orthogonality of OFDM subcarriers. Conventionally, with the employment of pseudo-noise (PN) sequences in preamble design, the preamble information is not fully utilized in both symbol timing offset acquisition and carrier frequency offset estimation. In this article, a new synchronization algorithm is proposed for jointly optimizing the time and frequency synchronization. This algorithm uses polynomial sequences as synchronization preamble instead of PN sequences. Theoretical analysis and simulation results indicate that the proposed algorithm is much more accurate and reliable than other existing methods.     

基于CAZAC序列的低复杂度抗频偏同步算法

提出了一种基于恒包络零自相关(CAZAC)序列的低复杂度抗频偏同步算法,适用于突发正交频分复用(OFDM)系统.由CAZAC序列构造一种新型前导序列,利用该序列的组合特性,推导其简化的定时度量函数,进而利用时延相关和对称相关特性实现精确稳定的定时同步.进一步地,基于所构造的前导序列,提出了一种联合循环前缀的加权频率同步...     

High data-rate packet communications for cellular networks usingCDMA: algorithms and performance

The advantages of code division multiple access (CDMA) for cellular voice have become well known, and IS-95-based systems have now been widely deployed. Attention is now focused on higher data-rate packet services for cellular systems. Although many packet multiple access schemes have been studied over the years, researchers have often studied single cell performance and ignored reuse. Moreover, direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) has been considered unsuitable for high data-rate packet multiple access since spreading limits the permitted data rates, DSSS requires large overhead (preambles) for acquisition and requires closed-loop power control. In this paper, we describe a scheme for high data-rate packet service using CDMA that addresses all of the above problems and has been standardized in Revision B of IS-95. A low rate fundamental code channel is maintained that eliminates the need for long preamble and provides closed-loop power control. Reuse is managed by the infrastructure through a “burst-level” admission control based on load and interference-level measurements at the base stations and mobiles. We report on the feasibility of such a burst-mode packet data service for cellular CDMA networks. The focus is not only on the performance of high data-rate users, but also on the impact on voice users sharing the CDMA band. We propose a multitiered performance analysis methodology consisting of a mix of static simulations, dynamic simulations at different time scales, and analytic methods to address the various feasibility issues: impact on coverage; capacity; power control; and effectiveness of burst admission algorithms. Based on the current study, we can conclude that the proposed approach is well suited for third-generation wideband CDMA systems being considered for standardization throughout the world     

MIMO-OFDM系统同步器的硬件结构设计

由于在MIMO-OFDM系统中有多个发射和接收天线,并且每个接收天线都能接收到所有发射天线的信号,当各个收发天线之问的子信道延迟不同时,在每个接收天线端的帧同步检测就会受到其他天线发射同步信号的干扰。为了解决这个问题,我们提出了一种MIMO-OFDM系统的帧同步的设计方法及相应同步器的硬件结构设计。该同步单元可以实现时域和频域的同步,其中时域的同步是通过一组ZCZ码的匹配滤波器实现的,而频域的同步是通过同步帧的训练符号实现的。并且在Altera＇s公司的FPGA开发板上实现了同步器的硬件设计。     

小扩频比的CDMA2000下行链路中Viterbi均衡算法的研究

针对CDMA2000—1X系统中存在的双小扩频比码道提出了Viterbi均衡和联合干扰抵消与Viterbi均衡两种算法，并比较了它们之间的性能差异。仿真结果表明，两种算法都能在计算复杂度增加不多的情况下，有效地克服蜂窝CDMA2000—1X系统中传输高速数据业务时所存在的多径干扰和多址干扰的影响，显著地提高了接收机的性能。     

Robust channel estimation for the OFDM-based WLAN systems with imperfect synchronization

As an effective technique for combating multipath fading and for high data rate transmission over wireless channels, orthogonal frequ- ency division multiplexing (OFDM) is extensively used in wireless local area network (WLAN) systems to support high-performance bandwidth- efficient multimedia services. In this paper, a robust channel estimation scheme is proposed for the OFDM-based WLAN systems with imperfect synchronization. The frame structure information, the preamble information, the pilot information are efficiently utilized in the proposed channel estimation scheme. Simulation results are used to illustrate the performance of the proposed scheme.     

星座组网中直扩信号快速同步改进算法

基于直扩体制的时分多址(TDMA)卫星星座组网,信号帧前导段长度越短、净荷长度越长,数据传输的效率就越高.但是,直扩体制信号帧前导段长度越短意味着接收信号捕获增益就越低,捕获概率就越低.另外,前导段长度越短要求锁相环信号跟踪收敛速度越快.星座组网整网数据传输效率受到卫星信号同步算法性能的制约.为了提高直扩信号同步算法的性能,从捕获与跟踪两个部分对同步算法进行了改进,提出了一种直扩信号快速同步改进算法.针对捕获部分,分析了前置低通滤波器带宽对扩频信号的自相关函数的影响,通过选择滤波器参数在保证相关主峰无明显恶化情况下提升1/4码片偏差相关峰能量1 dB以上.针对跟踪部分,提出了一种调整闭环控制系统的零极点分布优化锁相环时域响应的锁相环设计方法,给出了基于控制理论优化锁相环闭环系统的零极点分布的四点原则,利用该方法设计的锁相环能大大降低信号跟踪的收敛时间.仿真结果表明,所提改进算法与传统同步方法相比能有效提高信号的捕获概率,加快信号跟踪的收敛速度,明显减少信号的同步时间.     

Physical layer orthogonal frequency‐division multiplexing acquisition and timing synchronization security

Orthogonal frequency‐division multiplexing (OFDM) has become the manifest modulation choice for 4G standards. Timing acquisition and carrier frequency offset synchronization are prerequisite to OFDM demodulation and must be performed often. Most of the OFDM methods for synchronization were not designed with security in mind. In particular, we analyze the performance of a maximum likelihood synchronization estimator against highly correlated jamming attacks. We present a series of attacks against OFDM timing acquisition: preamble whitening, the false preamble attack, preamble warping, and preamble nulling.The performance of OFDM synchronization turns out to be very poor against these attacks, and a number of mitigation strategies and security improvements are discussed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Blind and training-assisted subspace code-timing estimation for CDMA with bandlimited chip waveforms

In this paper, we present a group of subspace code-timing estimation algorithms for asynchronous code-division multiple-access (CDMA) systems with bandlimited chip waveforms. The proposed schemes are frequency-domain based techniques that exploit a unique structure of the received signal in the frequency domain. They can be implemented either blindly or in a training-assisted manner. The proposed blind code-timing estimators require only the spreading code of the desired user, whereas the training-assisted schemes assume the additional knowledge of the transmitted symbols of the desired user. Through a design parameter of user choice, the proposed schemes offer flexible tradeoffs between performance, user capacity, and complexity. They can deal with both time- and frequency-selective fading channels. Numerical simulations show that the proposed schemes are near-far resistant, and compare favorably to an earlier subspace code-timing estimation scheme that is implemented in the time domain.     

Optimal decorrelating receivers for DS-CDMA systems: a signalprocessing framework

Code division multiple access (CDMA) schemes allow a number of asynchronous users to share a transmission medium with minimum cooperation among them. However, sophisticated signal processing algorithms are needed at the receiver to combat interference from other users and multipath effects. A discrete-time multirate formulation is introduced for asynchronous CDMA systems, which can incorporate multipath effects. This formulation reveals interesting links between CDMA receivers and array processing problems. In this framework, linear receivers are derived that can completely suppress multiuser interference (decorrelating receivers). A criterion is introduced, which guarantees the decorrelating property, while providing optimal solutions in the presence of noise. Parametric FIR designs as well as nonparametric solutions are delineated, and their performance is analyzed. The proposed receivers are resistant to near-far effects and do not require the estimation of the users' and noise powers