基于前向纠错的自适应网络传输机制

针对无线网络中的传输控制协议（TCP）因为丢包触发丢包重传机制而导致传输性能大幅下降的问题,提出了一种基于前向纠错的自适应传输机制（AdaptiveFEC）。该机制通过前向纠错来减少数据段的丢失,以避免触发TCP的丢包重传机制,从而达到提升TCP传输性能的目的。首先,根据当前的网络状况以及当前连接的数据传输特征确定当前时间段中的最优冗余段比例;然后,利用TCP数据段中的数据段序号信息实时进行网络状况的估计,从而根据网络波动来动态更新冗余段比例。大量实验结果说明,在20 ms的往返时延以及5%丢包率的传输环境中,相较于静态的前向纠错机制,AdaptiveFEC能够使得TCP连接的传输速率平均提升42%,当运用在文件下载的应用中时,所提机制能够使得下载速度提升至原来的两倍。     

基于TCP NewReno的稳态吞吐量分析模型

最近的研究表明,在当前网络未启用SACK选项的TCP流中,有超过一半的数据流采用TCP New Reno的快速恢复算法.而Padhye提出的基于TCP Reno的TCP吞吐量分析模型,不能准确反映TCP New Reno数据流的吞吐量.Padhye模型在建立过程中采用猝发性丢包模型,同时忽略了快速恢复阶段和超时后的慢启动阶段,影响了预测的准确性.基于此,提出了一种基于TCP New Reno的吞吐量分析模型.在分析过程中,采用了更符合真实网络丢包特征的丢包模型,并且充分考虑了快速恢复阶段和超时后的慢启动阶段对吞吐量的影响.仿真实验表明,该模型可以准确地预测TCP New Reno数据流的吞吐量.     

基于无线TCP的簇生丢失重传协议

为提高TCP在无线网络中的传输性能,提出一种局部数据链路层重传协议,簇生丢失重传协议CLRP(Clustered-Loss Retransmission Protoc01)．针对无线链路上突发丢失性强、分组丢失率高的特点,CLRP协议与移动主机端TCP相结合,一方面为重发提供明确的分组丢失种类和高效的无线多分组丢失信息;另一方面提出了更为完善的无线丢失重发控制机制．此外,本协议无需对固定主机端TCP做任何改动．     

Interleaved Traffic Splitting: A promising technique to solve False Timeout

In this paper, we analyze the False Timeout (FTO) problem that TCP flows suffered in OBS networks and propose Interleaved Traffic Splitting (ITS) to solve the problem. We show that the collision loss of ACK bursts may also cause FTO, which has been neglected by previous researchers. As TCP Sack is designed to recover from multiple packet losses, we find that a Sack flow can recover its data transmission without triggering retransmission timeout if packet loss is not too severe. This suggests limiting the number of packets carried by a single burst. In ITS, this is achieved by carrying out a parallel, interleaved burst assembly process at each ingress OBS edge router. We show that ITS tackles the FTO problem caused by the loss of both data and ACK bursts. Unlike other existing approaches, the ITS scheme requires only modification to the assembly/de-assembly mechanisms implemented at the edge routers. It does not add complexities to the network management or the router design. In this paper, both analytical and simulation results are presented to demonstrate the performance improvement of ITS. Our analysis further shows that the use of two parallel bursts is optimum for ITS.     

基于仿真的TCP拥塞控制算法研究

从数据包级研究了几种不同的TCP拥塞控制算法:Tahoe、Reno、Newreno、SACK,探讨了TCP增加选择性确认(SACK)和选择性重传的优点.通过对TCP协议版本的实验仿真,比较它们在相同的网络环境下算法的性能差异.当窗口中多个报文丢失,没有选择性确认机制的TCP Reno表现很差的性能.而在TCP Reno基础上做一个保守的扩展,将选择性确认机制加入到TCP中,TCP SACK表现出优异的性能:TCP SACK增强了TCP的鲁棒性,解决了报文失序的问题,提高了重发效率和信道的利用率.     

无线网络下TCP重传定时器研究

鉴于无线网络的固有特性,传统TCP重传定时器在无线网络下易出现过早超时,致使TCP启用拥塞控制机制,降低了TCP吞吐量。该文改进了传统TCP重传定时器RTO设置算法,使之自适应于网络状况的变化。仿真结果表明,在链路误码率较高时,此方案较好地避免了过早超时,有效改善了无线环境下TCP性能。     

LIAD: Adaptive bandwidth prediction based Logarithmic Increase Adaptive Decrease for TCP congestion control in heterogeneous wireless networks

For accessing plentiful resources in the Internet through wireless mobile hosts, diverse wireless network standards and technologies have been developed and progressed significantly. The most successful examples include IEEE 802.11 WiFi for wireless networks and 3G/HSDPA/HSUPA for cellular communications. All IP-based applications are the primary motivations to make these networks successful. In TCP/IP transmissions, the TCP congestion control operates well in the wired network, but it is difficult to determine an accurate congestion window in a heterogeneous wireless network that consists of the wired Internet and various types of wireless networks. The primary reason is that TCP connections are impacted by not only networks congestion but also error wireless links. This paper thus proposes a novel adaptive window congestion control (namely Logarithmic Increase Adaptive Decrease, LIAD) for TCP connections in heterogeneous wireless networks. The proposed RTT-based LIAD has the capability to increase throughput while achieving competitive fairness among connections with the same TCP congestion mechanism and supporting friendliness among connections with different TCP congestion control mechanisms. In the Congestion Avoidance (CA) phase, an optimal shrink factor is first proposed for Adaptive Decreasing cwnd rather than a static decreasing mechanism used by most approaches. Second, we adopt a Logarithmic Increase algorithm to increase cwnd while receiving each ACK after causing three duplicate ACKs. The analyses of congestion window and throughput under different packet loss rate are analyzed. Furthermore, the state transition diagram of LIAD is detailed. Numerical results demonstrate that the proposed LIAD outperforms other approaches in goodput, fairness, and friendliness under diverse heterogeneous wireless topologies. Especially, in the case of 10% packet loss rate in wireless links, the proposed approach increases goodput up to 156% and 1136% as compared with LogWestwood+ and NewReno, respectively.     

一种适用于流媒体传输的无线TCP友好速率控制机制

综合无线错误丢包以及拥塞丢包事件的统计特征,基于丢包区分,本文提出一种适用于流媒体传输的无线TCP友好速率控制(Wireless TCP-Friendly Rate Control,WTFRC)方程并建立实用的速率控制机制.该机制包括服务器或者代理发送端和用户接收端两部分,分别负责往返传输时间(Round-Trip Time,RTT)估计、发送速率估计调整和丢包区分、丢包率(Pack-et Loss Ratio,PLR)统计、接收速率估计.仿真结果验证了该机制能够获得较高的吞吐量和较平缓的发送速率,并具备较好的TCP友好特征.     

Symbol-level reliable broadcasting of sensitive data in error-prone wireless networks

Reliable packet transmission over error-prone wireless networks has received a lot of attention from the research community. In this paper, instead of using simple packet retransmissions to provide reliability, we consider a novel retransmission approach, which is based on the importance of bits (symbols). We study the problem of maximizing the total gain in the case of partial data delivery in error-prone wireless networks, in which each set of bits (called symbols) has a different weight. We first address the case of one-hop single packet transmission, and prove that the optimal solution that maximizes the total gain has a round-robin symbol transmission pattern. Then, we extend our solution to the case of multiple packets. We also enhance the expected gain using random linear network coding. Our simulation results show that our proposed multiple packets transmission mechanism can increase the gain up to 60%, compared to that of a simple retransmission. Moreover, our network coding scheme enhances the expected total gain up to 15%, compared to our non-coding mechanism.     

无线网络丢包检测技术的研究

相较于有线网络,无线网络具有误码率高、时延大、带宽低等特性.因此,考虑到TCP直接应用于无线环境的局限性,这方面的研究者们提出了多种TCP拥塞控制的改进机制,这些方案一般没有考虑误码丢包对数据发送速率的影响.本文详细的讨论了有关无线网络丢包检测的各种实施策略,并介绍了若干丢包检测技术的实现原理.     

一种CDMA2000链路层自适应重传算法

TCP协议应用在3G无线网络中时，其传输性能受到了无线网络物理层帧差错率的严重影响。链路层重传技术可以大大改善TCP数据传输性能因无线信道误码率大而下降的情况。主要研究了CDMA2000中链路层重传技术对无线TCP数据传输的影响，并结合TCP层重传超时机制，提出了一种新的自适应链路层重传算法，提高了TCP在无线链路的数据传输性能。最后对该算法进行仿真，验证了此算法可以显著提高TCP吞吐率。     

Improving Throughput of Transmission Control Protocol Using Cross Layer Approach

Most of the internet users connect through wireless networks. Major part of internet traffic is carried by Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). It has some design constraints while operated across wireless networks. TCP is the traditional predominant protocol designed for wired networks. To control congestion in the network, TCP used acknowledgment to delivery of packets by the end host. In wired network, packet loss signals congestion in the network. But rather in wireless networks, loss is mainly because of the wireless characteristics such as fading, signal strength etc. When a packet travels across wired and wireless networks, TCP congestion control theory faces problem during handshake between them. This paper focuses on finding this misinterpretation of the losses using cross layer approach. This paper focuses on increasing bandwidth usage by improving TCP throughput in wireless environments using cross layer approach and hence named the proposed system as CRLTCP. TCP misinterprets wireless loss as congestion loss and unnecessarily reduces congestion window size. Using the signal strength and frame error rate, the type of loss is identified and accordingly the response of TCP is modified. The results show that there is a significant improvement in the throughput of proposed TCP upon which bandwidth usage is increased.     

基于往返延迟抖动区分丢包的TCPW改进

针对TCP Westwood(TCPW)在高误码率无线网络环境下不能区分无线丢包和拥塞丢包的问题,提出了一种基于往返延迟抖动区分丢包的TCPW改进协议,称之为TCPWBJ。它根据测得的往返延迟抖动划分拥塞等级,区分无线丢包和拥塞丢包,并根据拥塞等级进行相应的拥塞控制。仿真结果表明,TCPW BJ算法在高误码率无线网络中,显著提高了带宽利用率和吞吐量,并保持良好的公平性与友好性。     

基于误码丢包率监测的无线TCP改进

针对无线环境下TCP错误调用拥塞控制算法致使性能下降的情况,提出一种基于误码丢包率监测的无线TCP改进方法。利用显式拥塞通知的路由器配合区分分组丢失性质,在数据发送端采用实时误码丢包率监测,并根据监测结果调整TCP段尺寸。仿真结果表明,改进后的TCP吞吐量在误码率为1E-4时超过TCP_SACK和TCP_Reno近1倍。     

Retransmission steganography and its detection

The paper presents a new steganographic method called RSTEG (retransmission steganography), which is intended for a broad class of protocols that utilises retransmission mechanisms. The main innovation of RSTEG is to not acknowledge a successfully received packet in order to intentionally invoke retransmission. The retransmitted packet carries a steganogram instead of user data in the payload field. RSTEG is presented in the broad context of network steganography, and the utilisation of RSTEG for TCP (transmission control protocol) retransmission mechanisms is described in detail. Simulation results are also presented with the main aim of measuring and comparing the steganographic bandwidth of the proposed method for different TCP retransmission mechanisms, as well as to determine the influence of RSTEG on the network retransmission level.     

Real-time video streaming over multipath in multi-hop wireless networks

Given the limited wireless link throughput, high loss rate, and varying end-to-end delay, supporting video applications in multi-hop wireless networks becomes a challenging task. Path diversity exploits multiple routes for each session simultaneously, which achieves higher aggregated bandwidth and potentially decreases delay and packet loss. Unfortunately, for TCP-based video streaming, naive load splitting often results in inaccurate estimation of round trip time (RTT) and packet reordering. As a result, it can suffer from significant instability or even throughput reduction, which is also validated by our analysis and simulation in multi-hop wireless networks. To make real-time TCP-based streaming viable over multi-hop wireless networks, we propose a novel cross-layer design with a smart traffic split scheme, namely, multiple path retransmission (MPR). MPR differentiates the original data packets and the retransmitted packets and works with a novel QoS-aware multi-path routing protocol, QAOMDV, to distribute them separately. MPR does not suffer from the RTT underestimation and extra packet reordering, which ensures stable throughput improvement over single-path routing. Through extensive simulations, we further demonstrate that, as compared with state-of-the-art multi-path protocols, our MPR with QAOMDV noticeably enhances the TCP streaming throughput and reduces bandwidth fluctuation, with no obvious impact to fairness.     

无线网络中基于网络编码的重传机制

鉴于目前网络编码在单跳无线网络重传中的应用研究都是基于单发-多收场景的局限性,提出一种应用于多发-多收无线网络中的重传机制NCWRM。该重传机制中,网络节点既可以是发送方也可以是接收方,节点发送的数据包在直传和第一次重传中都失败后,第二次重传时广播发送由多个丢失数据包编码组合得到的编码包。多个接收方通过解码编码包得到丢失的数据包,从而实现一次重传获得多个丢失的数据包,可以有效提高重传效率。理论分析和仿真结果表明,NCWRM算法能够明显提高系统的饱和吞吐量,同时减小开销及丢包率。     

Multiple TFRC Connections Based Rate Control for Wireless Networks

Rate control is an important issue in video streaming applications for both wired and wireless networks. A widely accepted rate control method in wired networks is equation based rate control , in which the TCP friendly rate is determined as a function of packet loss rate, round trip time and packet size. This approach, also known as TCP friendly rate control (TFRC), assumes that packet loss in wired networks is primarily due to congestion, and as such is not applicable to wireless networks in which the bulk of packet loss is due to error at the physical layer. In this paper, we propose multiple TFRC connections as an end-to-end rate control solution for wireless video streaming. We show that this approach not only avoids modifications to the network infrastructure or network protocol, but also results in full utilization of the wireless channel. NS-2 simulations, actual experiments over 1$times$RTT CDMA wireless data network, and and video streaming simulations using traces from the actual experiments, are carried out to validate, and characterize the performance of our proposed approach.     

基于SACKTCP的提高异构网络性能的模型

随着卫星网络、无线网络等异构网络的发展和互联,在具有长时延特性和高误码率的网络环境下,当前广泛使用的传输控制协议（TCP）的性能受到极大的影响。该文利用在异构网络的边界处设置具有传输控制功能的性能增强代理（PEP）的理论模型,对TCP选择性确认（SACK）协议下PEP的拥塞控制及拥塞恢复策略进行研究,提出PEPSACK的拥塞控制算法,对具有长时延、高误码率的网络环境下TCP性能的改善具有良好的作用。     

无线自组网络中TCP流公平性的分析与改进

研究了TCP(transmission control protocol)流在多跳无线自组网络中的公平性问题,发现IEEE802.11DCF协议在此环境下会导致严重的不公平性,即部分节点垄断了网络带宽而其他节点被饿死.首先,通过仿真分析了产生TCP流不公平性的原因,指出其根源在于MAC(media access and control)协议的不公平性,同时,TCP的超时机制加剧了不公平性的产生;然后,利用概率模型定量分析了TCP不公平性与MAC协议参数之间的关系,发现TCP流的公平性与TCP报文长度直接相关,并且增加MAC协议初始竞争窗口的大小能够有效提高公平性.据此,提出了一种根据TCP报文长度动态调节初始回退窗口大小的自适应回退MAC协议改进算法.理论分析和仿真表明,该算法在很大程度上可以有效缓解不公平性问题的产生,并且不会引起网络吞吐量的严重降低.