我国的SBR市场及SBR在轮胎中的应用

列述了我国到本世纪末ＳＢＲ的生产能力，产量和消耗量，以及ＳＢＲ在轮胎中的消耗量。分析了轮胎胶料配方对ＳＢＲ市场及应用的影响以及ＳＢＲ和ＢＲ在轮胎中的消耗比例和ＳＢＲ的发展方向。最后对ＳＢＲ在轮胎工业中的发展提出了建议。     

BUSS烷氧基化技术

ＢＵＳＳ烷氧基化技术ＴＯＭＳ．ＧＲＥＥＮＷＯＯＤ（瑞士ＢＵＳＳ公司·新加坡代表处）１引言瑞士ＢＵＳＳ公司为精细化工行业提供回路反应器已逾３０年，主要应用于催化加氢反应中，迄今已有１８０多套ＢＵＳＳ回路反应器在世界各大化学公司运转，其中１套在中国吉林化...     

厌氧-好氧-沉淀组合型(AOS)生物反应器处理餐厅含油废水

新型厌氧－好氧－沉淀组合型生物反应器是一种集厌氧消化ＵＡＳＢ、好氧解及物理沉降为一体的高效反应器。本文对ＡＯＳ系统处理含油餐厅废水的操作可行性作了广泛的研究。研究表明，ＡＯＳ反应器处理含油餐厅废水的效果远优于普通好氧生物膜ＣＡＢ反应器。     

生产溶聚丁苯橡胶的连续聚合技术

介绍了生产ＳＳＢＲ的聚合反应器，生产工艺，以及ｎ－ＢｕＬｉ／叔丁氧基碱金属化合物和ｎ－ＢｕｌＩ／ｔ－ＢｕＯＫ／六甲基磷酰胺催化体系。     

轮胎的性能要求与合成橡胶的发展

简介轮胎技术的发展趋势，指出高性能轮胎的性能要求，必须开发新的轮胎橡胶，从橡胶结构与性能关系，评述轮胎今后向用新开发的ＳＳＢＲ，ＳＩＢＲ，Ｎｄ－ＢＲ，乙烯基ＢＲ（ＭＶＢＲ，ＨＶＢＲ），３，４－ＩＲ，ＳＢＩＩＲ，ＳＢＢＩＩＲ，ＢｒＸＰ５０，ＥＭＤＸ９０－１０，ＸＢＩＩＲ等各种弹性体材料方向发展，并提出了我国加大力度，加快合成橡胶工业的建设步代的建议。     

稀土BR／SBR共混胶的性能

研究了４种共混比的ＬｎＢＲ／ＳＢＲ共混生胶、混炼胶及硫化胶的性能，并与ＮｉＢＲ／ＳＢＲ共混胶进行了对比。结果表明，共混生胶的ＭＬ均低于ＬｎＢＲ及ＳＢＲ；当ＬｎＢＲ／ＳＢＲ共混混炼胶的ＭＬ、剪切应力、出口膨胀及硫化速度均低于ＮｉＢＲ／ＳＢＲ共混胶，挤出物外观优于后者；共混硫化胶的拉伸强度、热空气老化、拉伸疲劳、湿滑、耐磨等性能均明显优于后者，生热和透气率高于后者。     

膜生物反应器在废水处理中的应用

根据膜组件在膜生物反应器中所起作用的不同可将ＭＢＲ分为三组,即分离膜生物反应器,萃取膜生物反应器和无泡曝气膜生物反应器。本文对这三类反应器原理,优缺点,应用范围,进展和前景等进行了论述。     

PVC／MBS共混复合体系的研究

文中简要介绍了聚氯乙烯的性能、用途及改性产品的工业发展历史，预测了其掺混业的发展前景，主要研究了ＳＢＲ、ＮＢＲ和ＣＰＥ对ＰＶＣ／ＭＢＳ体系性能的影响，其中ＳＢＲ对复合体系冲击强度的贡献较大，而ＮＢＲ则大大改善了体系的拉伸强度和弯曲强度，ＣＰＥ的加入可以减缓体系弯曲强度的下降趋势。     

我国SR供需不平衡

我国ＳＲ供需不平衡随着我国石化工业的迅速发展，ＳＲ的生产有较快发展，产品质量也不断提高。目前，国内ＳＲ生产企业有１０余家，生产的品种有：ＳＢＲ，ＢＲ，ＣＲ，ＮＢＲ和ＳＢＳ热塑性弹性体。ＥＰＲ和ＩＩＲ目前国内还没有形成生产规模；ＩＲ等国内尚属空白，要依...     

己内酰胺水解聚合过程数学模型化与优化研究进展

综述了己内酰胺水解聚合反应动力学模型，并系统论述了ＰＡ６工业聚合反应器包括高压间歇釜反应器（ＢＳＴＲ）、活塞流反应器（ＰＦＲ）、连续搅拌釜反应器（ＣＳＴＲ）和ＣＳＴＲ与ＰＦＲ组合反应器模型化与优化研究，对数值计算方法也作了简要评价，同时就ＰＡ６聚合过程有待进一步研究的问题提出了几点建议。     

Experimental study and simulation of a three-phase flow stirred bioreactor

In order to obtain the reasonable operating conditions and minimize the power consumption in the stirred bioreactor, the hydrodynamic experiments in the stirred bioreactor have been taken to obtain the basic data. Subsequently, an Eulerian model for the gas–liquid–solid three phase flow in the stirred bioreactor has been proposed and the CFD simulation has been conducted. By comparing the results of experiment and simulation, it can be concluded that the simulation results were consistent with the experimental data. The inner relationship between operating variables and indicators could be obtained by comparing the results of just suspension speed, gas holdup, power consumption and operational maps, further the reasonable operating conditions could be also determined under the minimum power consumption. The operational maps could provide the theoretical foundation for industrial application of the gas–liquid–solid stirred bioreactors under the low solid concentration(no more than 20 wt%).     

Initial power measurements for a family of novel vertical-wheel bioreactors

The purpose of this investigation was to develop an initial set of Power number versus Reynolds number results for a family of vertical-wheel bioreactors. These bioreactors are increasingly being used for the manufacture of cells for cell therapy but have not been characterized according to this approach. A novel gravimetric method to measure power was used, and the validity of this method was assessed by measuring power for a standard stirred tank bioreactor with a Rushton impeller. The results of the gravimetric method were found to closely match those derived from traditional methods. The validated method was then used to measure the power draw and develop an initial set of Power number versus Reynolds number results for a family of vertical-wheel bioreactors.     

基于介尺度PBM模型的生物反应器放大模拟及实验研究

对于通气搅拌式工业生物反应器的放大设计而言,精确预测气泡尺寸和体积传质系数非常重要,因此需要建立合适的气泡聚并和破碎模型,以保证反应器的高效操作。以5 L通气搅拌式生物反应器为对象,以气泡尺寸和体积传质系数的实验数据为基准,模拟并考察了两种聚并模型和四种破碎模型对生物反应器内流体流动行为以及传质能力的影响。结果表明,基于介尺度理论的修正聚并模型与考虑黏流剪切的破碎模型组合,所得模拟结果与实验数据吻合最好,这为大型生物反应器的桨型优化提供了模型基础。因为工业化生物发酵通常是在大型生物反应器中进行,搅拌桨型对生物反应器效能至关重要,故本研究在选定最优气泡聚并破碎模型的基础上,通过叶轮末端剪切力相等的放大原则将5 L通气搅拌式工业生物反应器放大到400 m³,同时考察了六斜叶圆盘搅拌桨、非对称式抛物线搅拌桨、布鲁马金式搅拌桨以及六直叶圆盘搅拌桨等桨型组合对气泡破碎能力和气体分散效果的影响,并通过综合对比气含率、体积传质系数等参数,得到400 m³通气搅拌式生物反应器的最优桨型组合。     

Fluid mixing in shaken bioreactors: Implications for scale-up predictions from microlitre-scale microbial and mammalian cell cultures

Pressures on pharmaceutical companies to speed bioprocess development have led to significant interest in small scale, parallel experimentation. A particular focus is cell cultivation and the optimisation of protein synthesis because of the number of biological and engineering variables involved. In this work, we briefly review the current understanding of mixing and mass transfer phenomena in shaken bioreactors with a view to defining criteria for the scale-up of results obtained in shaken microwell systems to conventional laboratory scale. Scale-up approaches are illustrated for two different cell cultures. The first involves an automated microscale process for the aerobic fermentation of E. coli JM107:pQR706 overexpressing transketolase (TK) which is subsequently used for asymmetric carbon-carbon bond formation. The kinetics of both the fermentation and bioconversion stages are first quantified as a function of fermentation medium composition (LB or LB-glycerol) and shaking frequency with oxygen transfer rates being identified as rate limiting in certain cases. Successful scale-up of the microwell process (in terms of maximum cell growth rate, biomass yield and specific TK activity) to a 1.4 l scale mechanically stirred bioreactor is then demonstrated based on experiments performed at constant k_La values. The second process investigated involved antibody production in suspension cultures of VPM8 hybridoma cells. Initial results suggest that experiments performed at constant mean energy dissipation rates provide a satisfactory basis for scale translation from shaken microwells to conical flasks (100 ml) and are indicative of results obtained in a mechanically stirred bioreactor (3.5 l). Overall this work provides an initial insight into the engineering characterisation of shaken bioreactors and how key parameters may be used to define suitable scale-up criteria for different cell cultures.     

Assessment of Relevant Factors Influencing Lipolytic Enzyme Production by Thermus thermophilus HB27 in Laboratory‐Scale Bioreactors

Nowadays, there is not much information on the large‐scale production of thermostable lipolytic enzymes by thermophilic organisms. Therefore, in this study the lipolytic enzyme production by Thermus thermophilus HB27 in laboratory‐scale bioreactors was undertaken. In order to determine the most suitable bioreactor, two configurations were investigated: stirred‐tank and airlift bioreactor. It was demonstrated that the stirred‐tank configuration led to the highest lipolytic extracellular activities, about 2.3‐fold higher than those found in the corresponding cultivation in the airlift bioreactor. On the other hand, the influence of several factors such as culture nutrients concentration, aeration, and agitation rate on the production of thermophilic lipolytic enzymes in a 5‐L stirred‐tank bioreactor was assayed. At reduced nutrients concentration (50 % with respect to the basal medium), a higher product/biomass yield was attained, without any operational problems. From the relationship between mass transfer coefficient (K_La), aeration, and agitation rates it was concluded that there is a lesser dependence on the aeration than the agitation rate. In addition, the mechanical stirring of the bioreactor could tear the membranes that contain the rotund bodies often found in cultures of thermophilic microorganisms, thus increasing the extracellular enzyme production.     

The Proliferation of Pre-Pubertal Porcine Spermatogonia in Stirred Suspension Bioreactors Is Partially Mediated by the Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway

Male survivors of childhood cancer are at risk of suffering from infertility in adulthood because of gonadotoxic chemotherapies. For adult men, sperm collection and preservation are routine procedures prior to treatment; however, this is not an option for pre-pubertal children. From young boys, a small biopsy may be taken before chemotherapy, and spermatogonia may be propagated in vitro for future transplantation to restore fertility. A robust system that allows for scalable expansion of spermatogonia within a controlled environment is therefore required. Stirred suspension culture has been applied to different types of stem cells but has so far not been explored for spermatogonia. Here, we report that pre-pubertal porcine spermatogonia proliferate more in bioreactor suspension culture, compared with static culture. Interestingly, oxygen tension provides an avenue to modulate spermatogonia status, with culture under 10% oxygen retaining a more undifferentiated state and reducing proliferation in comparison with the conventional approach of culturing under ambient oxygen levels. Spermatogonia grown in bioreactors upregulate the Wnt/ β-catenin pathway, which, along with enhanced gas and nutrient exchange observed in bioreactor culture, may synergistically account for higher spermatogonia proliferation. Therefore, stirred suspension bioreactors provide novel platforms to culture spermatogonia in a scalable manner and with minimal handling.     

生物过程工程研究在创新生物医药开发中应用的驱动力——生物反应器

近年创新生物医药在生物产业中的比重逐渐增大,也给生物产业带来了巨大的经济效益,靶点筛选及分子构建等上游技术的进步是促进生物医药进步的主要原因.随着目前细胞培养技术在生物医药生产中的广泛应用,对细胞培养技术的要求也不断提高,同时细胞培养技术的实现载体——生物反应器的技术改进和创新也越发凸显其重要性.本文介绍了生物反应器在创新生物医药产业中的应用种类、发展趋势及发展驱动力,回顾了全球范围内新型生物反应器的发展成果,包括新型反应器技术及过程分析技术在生物医药中的应用,最后,分析了中国生物反应器的发展现状与问题,指出了生物反应器的发展与进步应以提高生物培养过程的稳定性最终提高产品的质量而不是以提高产量为主要目标.本文详细阐述现代生物反应器技术及基于"质量源于设计"的质量控制理念在其中所起到的关键作用,以及生物反应器的技术发展的现状和未来走向.     

Insight into the large-scale upstream fermentation environment using scaled-down models

Scaled-down models are small-scale bioreactors, used to mimic the chemical (pH, nutrient and dissolved oxygen) and physical (pressure, viscosity and temperature) gradients known to occur in the large-scale fermenter. Conventionally, before scaling up any bioprocess, small-scale bioreactors are used for strain selection, characterisation and optimisation. The typical small-scale environment is homogenous, hence all the cells held within the small-scale bioreactor can be assumed to experience the same condition at any point in time. However, for the large-scale bioreactor, this is not the case, due to its inhomogeneous environment. Three different scaled-down models are reviewed here, and the results suggest that a bacterium responds to changes in its environment rapidly and the magnitude of response to environmental oscillations is organism-specific. The reaction and adaption of a bacterium to an inhomogeneous environment in most cases result in productivity and quality losses. This review concludes that consideration of fermentation gradients should be paramount when researchers screen for high yielding mutants in bioprocess development and doing this would help mitigate performance loss on scale-up. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry     

三桨叶搅拌釜相同混合时间条件下的CFD模拟及放大研究

搅拌釜的放大主要依靠实验或经验进行,目前已有的各种放大规律由于相似理论的出发点不同,缺乏统一的评价标准.采用CFD技术为统一的放大理论基础,针对4个几何相似的三桨叶搅拌釜,以完全混合所需要的时间T99相同为放大基准,对搅拌釜内的湍流场以及搅拌转速、单位容积消耗功率等随搅拌釜几何放大后的变化规律进行了研究.结果表明,采用CFD技术作为统一的放大理论基础,准确、可靠.     

Empirical and scale-up modeling in stirred ball mills

Stirred ball mills are frequently used for ultrafine- and nanogrinding in food, pharmaceutical and chemical industry, but only few investigations have been published on empirical or scale-up modeling of stirred ball mills. Experiments have been carried out with a laboratory scale stirred ball mill. During the experiments the main technical parameters such as stirrer speed, grinding media, filling ratio, grinding time and the solid mass concentration have been systematically adjusted. The particle size distribution of mill products can be well estimated by empirical functions, so an empirical model has been prepared for the laboratory mill. The relation between the grinding fineness, grinding time and specific grinding work was represented for several materials such as pumice, andesite, limestone and tailings of ore mining industry. The power consumption of the stirred ball mill for scale-up was determined by a method based on the dimensional analysis. A new scale-up model has been presented as well by with industrial size stirred ball mills can be designed on the basis of the laboratory measurements.