单曲率板材激光弯曲成形过程的有限元模拟

利用有限元软件MSC.Marc建立了单曲率板激光弯曲成形过程的热力耦合有限元模型。计算并分析了激光弯曲成形过程中板材内部的温度场、应力场和位移场。此外,还研究了扫描线的长度和单曲率板的初始形状对激光弯曲成形的影响。结果表明:随着扫描线长度的增加,板材的弯曲变形量增大;随着单曲率板曲率的增加,板材的弯曲变形量减小。实验结果验证了模型的可靠性。     

Simulation and prediction in laser bending of silicon sheet

The laser bending of single-crystal silicon sheet (0.2 mm in thickness) was investigated with JK701 Nd:YAG laser. The models were developed to describe the beam characteristics of pulsed laser. In order to simulate the process of laser bending, the FEM software ANSYS was used to predict the heat temperature and stress-strain fields. The periodic transformation of temperature field and stress-strain distribution was analyzed during pulsed laser scanning silicon sheet. The results indicate that the mechanism of pulsed laser bending silicon is a hybrid mechanism in silicon bending, rather than a simple mechanism of TGM or BM. This work also gets silicon sheet bent after scanning 6 times with pulsed laser, and its bending angle is up to 6.5°. The simulation and prediction results reach well agreement with the verifying experiments.     

扫描路径规划对激光弯曲成形影响的实验研究

在三维激光成形中,扫描步距、扫描的先后次序、扫描线距自由端的距离等扫描路径规划参数对最终变形量都有影响。实验表明：当扫描线距自由端的距离L′增加时,弯曲角度随之增大,但当L′继续增加时,板料的弯曲角度却减小,最后逐渐趋于平缓。当扫描步距太小,板料的总体弯曲效果并不好,而且由于重叠加热,使板料硬度降低。随着扫描步距的继续增大,板料的最终弯曲效果只是每次扫描的弯曲变形量的简单迭加。而且实验发现,先采用大的步距对板料进行扫描,然后在两条扫描线之间再插入扫描线,此时的弯曲效果比顺次加热的弯曲效果要好。     

Approach for bidirectional laser bending of sheet metal with one-sided accessibility

Laser bending by means of the temperature gradient mechanism (TGM) has so far been limited to bending the free end of a sheet metal strip toward the irradiating laser beam. This investigation aims to present a new approach which, despite one-sided accessibility, allows targeted incremental laser bending in both directions by the TGM and the upsetting deformation mechanism (UM). The method is based on blind holes along the bending line, whereby the bend direction can be determined by irradiating either the blind hole bottoms or the bridges between the holes. The possibility of bidirectional and alternating laser bending is demonstrated.     

Experimental and numerical modeling of buckling instability of laser sheet forming

New experimental results show that laser bending can be extended to generate a bending angle not only towards but also away from the laser beam, giving more flexibility to the process. In order to explain this buckling instability, a series of experiments have been carried out with real-time measurement of the bending angle for different materials, thicknesses, scanning speeds, laser beam diameters and laser powers, pre-bending conditions, and cooling conditions. Furthermore, a 3-D FEM simulation has been performed that includes a non-linear, transient, indirect coupled, thermal–structural analysis accounting for the nonlinear geometric and material properties. The buckling deformation, bending angle and distribution of stress–strain and temperature, as well as residual stresses, have been obtained from the simulations. The bending angle is affected by the temperature distribution and gradient, the mechanical and thermal properties of the sheet metal material, and the process parameters, such as the laser power, the laser beam diameter, the scanning speed, the material, the sample geometry, and other bending conditions. The buckling mechanism can be illustrated by the simulation results.     

Research on the mechanisms of laser forming for the metal plate

Laser forming is a complex thermal–mechanical process. To reveal the mechanisms dominating the forming process is essential to control accurately the deformation of metal plate. Numerous efforts had been made to understand the mechanisms of laser forming. Proposed mechanisms mainly included temperature gradient mechanism, buckling mechanism and upsetting mechanism. However, in the investigation of laser forming, it is found that the above three mechanisms cannot depict fully the process of deformation. Based on the study of thermal transfer and elastic–plastic deformation, the above three mechanisms are further explained. In addition, a new mechanism, coupling mechanism, is proposed. To verify the validity of the mechanisms proposed, numerical simulations are carried out, and simulation results are consistent with analyses of mechanisms. Further analyses of forming mechanisms provide a theoretical basis for the scanning path and heating conditions as well as high-precision forming.     

Characterization of the residual strains in iterative laser forming

In laser forming, thermally induced strains transverse to the laser scan line vary with depth in the material and contribute most significantly to the desired deformation. The through-thickness transverse residual strain distribution was measured by neutron diffraction in laser-formed low carbon steel and aluminium alloy specimens. The specimens were formed with a wide range of laser line energies covering the temperature gradient mechanism (TGM) and shortening or upsetting mechanism (SM), and for single and multi-pass forming (up to 3 laser passes). Below the saturation line energy where the TGM dominates, the gradient of the through-thickness strain distribution was found to increase with increasing line energy and number of laser passes; the gradient decreased again at line energies above the saturation line energy where the efficiency of the TGM decreases. Iterative laser forming can be applied to reduce weld-induced distortions. The peak longitudinal strain measured in the weld seam of a specimen that had been straightened by iterative laser forming was also significantly reduced.     

船舶钢板激光弯曲成形的实验研究

在对船舶钢板激光弯曲成形过程进行实验研究中，采用CO2激光器研究了激光功率、扫描速度、扫描次数以及钢板厚度对船舶钢板激光弯曲成形的影响规律。实验中实时测量了船舶钢板激光弯曲成形过程钢板弯曲角度和温度的变化。结果表明：钢板弯曲角度随激光功率的增加而增加，随激光束扫描速度的增加而减小，而且随着钢板厚度的增加，弯曲角度减小；激光工艺参数和钢板厚度都对钢板激光多次扫描成形产生影响，钢板的弯曲角度随着激光扫描次数的增加而增加。对于较薄的船舶钢板，钢板弯曲角度随扫描次数增加近似呈线性增加，而较厚的钢板，随扫描次数的增加，钢板弯曲角度的增加逐渐减小。     

Numerical investigation on the laser bending of stainless steel foil with pre-stresses

In this paper, a new laser bending process of stainless steel foils with applied pre-stresses is presented. Three different loading models are analyzed. The desired pre-stress distribution in the heated zone of the stainless steel foil is obtained. Using the thermal elastic–plastic finite element method (FEM), the 3D thermal–mechanical FEM models of laser bending process with various pre-stresses are developed and the forming mechanism is analyzed. The simulation results show that under buckling mechanism, the deformation of the stainless steel foil depends on the integration of the thermal stress and the pre-stress when the laser beam irradiates the foil. The forming performance can be improved significantly under pre-stress, and the deformation direction can also be controlled easily by changing the direction and value of the pre-loading. The bending angles of the stainless foils increase remarkably with the increase of the pre-loading, and both are almost in linear relationship.     

激光正余弦扫描过程中板材的变形行为

板材激光热应力成形是一种利用激光成形工件的柔性成形技术.对于不同的激光扫描轨迹,板材所产生的变形行为是不同的.研究激光成形过程中板材变形与扫描轨迹之间的关系对该技术的应用尤为重要.直线、正弦线和余弦线是三种典型的扫描轨迹规划.本文以板材激光单次扫描成形过程为研究对象,对激光三种扫描轨迹下板材的变形行为进行了有限元模拟,并对模拟结果进行了分析.     

四辊连续滚弯侧辊位移计算与数值模拟

在四辊卷板过程中,卷制工件的曲率主要取决于侧辊的位移量。以塑性弯曲理论为基础,对四辊连续滚弯过程中板材各阶段的变形情况进行了理论分析。根据卸载定理推导出双线性硬化模型板材的回弹曲率计算公式,建立了四辊连续滚弯侧辊位移的数学模型。利用ABAQUS有限元软件对四辊连续滚弯过程进行三维动态模拟,对仿真值和理论值进行了比较,分析了不同板厚下侧辊进给量、相对弯曲半径与成形曲率半径之间的关系。结果表明:有限元仿真误差较小,可以用来指导实践;随着侧辊进给量的增加,板厚对成形曲率半径的影响逐渐减小;成形曲率半径随着相对弯曲半径的增加基本呈线性关系变化。     

Thin-sheet-metal bending by laser peen forming with femtosecond laser

A femtosecond laser is a type of ultrashort-pulse laser. Femtosecond laser irradiation induces high-pressure plasma and shock waves at the surface of a target. Under some irradiation conditions, such shock waves are enough to deform the target plastically. Laser peen forming is a type of sheet metal forming using this deformation by shock waves. The author adopted laser peen forming using femtosecond laser for thin-sheet-metal bending. Generally, shock waves induced in air are much smaller than those induced in water, and thus; are unfavorable for plastic deformation. However, the shock waves induced by a femtosecond laser were enough to bend a thin sheet metal even in air. Elastic pre-bending was adopted during the process. Bending angle was increased by applying pre-bending. The effects of laser irradiation conditions on bending efficiency were investigated. The large spot diameter and high fluence improved bending efficiency.     

Determination of optimal motion of tools in metal forming processes by controlled FEM simulation

A method for determining optimal motion of tools in metal forming processes from the finite element simulation is proposed. In this method, the calculated results such as the deforming shape and the stress and strain distributions are monitored in each deformation step of the finite element simulation, and the forming motion of tools is iteratively optimized on the basis of a feedback control referring to the monitored results. The present method is applied to determination of the motion of rolls for forming plates into desired curvatures in plane-strain three-roll bending. Fuzzy reasoning is used to obtain the movement of the top roll in each deformation step, and the effects of the plate thickness and the difference between the desired and the calculated curvatures are taken into consideration. To avoid the delay of the control, the effect of the curvature distribution during bending is included in the fuzzy reasoning. It is shown that decrease in the curvature near both ends of the bent plate in three-roll bending is prevented by the use of the present method.     

Effect of prestressed ultrasonic peen forming parameters on bending curvature and spherical deformation of plate

The elastic prestressed ultrasonic peen forming (UPF) was adopted in order to solve problems of insufficient bending deformation and large spherical deformation of plate during free UPF. The theoretical analysis of prestressed UPF and the influence of elastic prebending moment on deformation were analyzed. Spherical deformation coefficient was defined to quantificationally describe the spherical deformation. Experiments were conducted to compare the differences between free UPF and prestressed UPF processes and the effects of processing parameters on bending curvature and spherical deformation coefficient were studied. The results show that peening trajectory in chordwise direction is beneficial to enlarging spanwise bending deformation and decreasing spherical deformation coefficient. Large prebending curvature is helpful to increase spanwise bending deformation and decrease chordwise deformation, thereby obviously decreasing spherical deformation coefficient. Large spanwise deformation can be obtained under large firing pin velocity, small plate thickness and small offset distance. Large firing pin velocity plays a positive role in decreasing spherical deformation, while plate thickness and offset distance have little effect on it. Above all, prebending curvature and peening trajectory are the most important factors during prestressed UPF process. This study provides guidance for parameters optimization of prestressed UPF for wing plate with large thickness.     

Ti-6Al-4V钛合金的激光弯曲成形特性

以Ti-6Al-4V薄板材料为研究对象,研究了激光弯曲成形技术在钛合金上的应用特征.通过实验描述了不同扫描参数对弯曲角的影响规律,并对多次扫描下的板材弯曲动态特性进行了研究.结果表明:弯曲角随扫描次数呈近似的线性增加关系;在扫描次数一定的情况下,存在一个最优的累积线能量使弯曲角达到最大;不同的材料状态在加热和冷却过程呈现出不同的弯曲动态特性.此外,对激光弯曲后的材料微观组织、力学性能进行了测量和分析.结果表明:扫描参数的选择对发生相变的区域形状与相变区组织有较大影响;多次扫描后,加热区材料的强度与硬度均增加,塑性降低.     

Computer simulation and experimental investigation of sheet metal bending using laser beam scanning

Computer simulation and experimental investigation of the sheet metal bending into a V-shape by the laser beam scanning without an external force exerted onto it have been performed. A 3-D FEM simulation has been carried out, which includes a non-linear transient indirect coupled thermal-structural analysis accounting for the temperature dependency of the thermal and mechanical properties of the materials. The bending angle, distribution of stress–strain, temperature and residual stresses have been obtained from the simulations. The sheet metal bending had been performed for different materials, thicknesses, scanning speeds and laser powers. The measurement of real-time temperature and bending angle was carried out. The bending angle is affected by the mechanical and thermal properties of the sheet metal material, the process parameters, and the output of laser energy. The bending angle is increased with the number of laser beam scanning passes and is the function of the laser power and the laser beam scanning speed. The simulation results are in agreement with the experimental results.     

激光冲击悬臂薄板变形的理论分析和实验研究

目的激光喷丸技术是一种利用激光诱导等离子体冲击波产生的力学效应来改善材料的机械性能的表面强化技术,但是在激光喷丸过程中,由于高压冲击波的作用会使薄壁件发生宏观变形,造成零件失效,为了控制激光冲击板料宏观变形过程,因此有必要对激光冲击下板料的力学变形特性进行研究。方法通过对激光冲击载荷作用下悬臂板变形过程的理论分析,建立了板料在激光冲击下的受力变形模型,对激光作用下板料的变形量公式进行了理论推导计算,研究了板料变形量与板料厚度、激光能量等之间的相互关系,并通过单点冲击与多点搭接冲击实验和有限元分析相结合的方式验证了理论公式的准确性。结果依据所建立的板料变形理论计算得到的理论值、实验值和有限元分析结果都较为接近,其中板料变形量对厚度的变化十分敏感,在设定条件下,当板材厚度大于3 mm时,板材变形很小,几乎不产生明显的变形。结论板料变形量随着激光能量和光斑数量的增大而增大,板材的厚度对变形量的影响很大,是设计激光喷丸参数时必须考虑的要素。     

铜合金薄板的脉冲激光弯曲成形数值分析与实验

借助有限元方法研究C194铜合金薄板的脉冲激光弯曲成形。建立脉冲激光弯曲成形的热力耦合分析模型,解决了激光热源加载、求解稳定性和精度控制等关键技术;对多点脉冲激光弯曲成形进行有限元模拟,通过对模型的温度场、应力/应变场和位移场的动态变化和稳态分布的分析,揭示了其成形机理和规律,薄板的整体弯曲成形是所有脉冲变形效应的叠加结果,且变形量与脉冲次数有着明显的线性关系。实验结果表明,数值分析结果与实验结果有较好的一致性。     

95W-5Ta激光粉末床熔融应力场演变及变形控制

以95W-5Ta混合粉末研究对象,针对95W-5Ta激光粉末床熔融工艺成形过程中存在的热应力较大和变形严重的问题,基于有限元方法对成形中应力场演变过程进行数值模拟. 模拟结果表明,应力变化是一个多重循环过程,增大激光功率和降低扫描速度都会导致热应力增大,分区扫描策略能使热应力均匀分布,避免在零件的敏感区域出现应力集中. 通过开展工艺实验分析影响变形量的因素,发现变形程度对激光功率更加敏感,同时与扫描线长度、层间交错角和扫描策略有关. 试验表明,采用较短的扫描线、67°层间交错角和较小的分区扫描能获得较小的变形量.     

激光增材制造钛合金微观组织和力学性能研究进展

激光选区熔化(SLM)技术与激光熔化沉积(LMD)技术在航空航天、生物医疗等领域的应用具有巨大潜力,但由于成形的Ti6Al4V合金构件存在较差的表面质量、较大的残余应力以及内部孔洞等问题,影响了构件的力学性能,从而制约了其大规模的应用。针对这一现状,首先概述了激光选区熔化技术与激光熔化沉积技术的制造原理,比较了2种增材制造技术的成形参数及其特点,并分析了2种不同成形技术的自身优势以及适用场合。其次,从2种增材制造技术成形钛合金的工艺参数入手,综述了激光功率、扫描速度、激光扫描间距、铺粉厚度、粉床温度等参数对SLM工艺成形钛合金的影响,以及激光功率、扫描速度、送粉速率等参数对LMD工艺成形钛合金的影响。发现成形工艺参数直接影响了粉末熔化程度、熔合质量和成形显微结构,从而影响成形件的组织与力学性能。此外,综述了不同的扫描策略对两种增材制造技术成形钛合金的表面质量与力学性能的影响,可以发现在不同扫描策略下同一试样表面的不同区域表面质量、残余应力以及抗拉强度存在较大差异,同一扫描策略下试样的不同表面之间也存在各向异性。最后,探讨了不同热处理工艺对钛合金微观组织和力学性能的影响,通过合适的热处理能够降低成形构件应力,并调控组织相变和性能。