高能球磨制备纳米WC-Co复合粉末及其SPS烧结

本文采用高能球磨法制备纳米结构WC-Co粉末,并采用放电等离子体烧结方法(SPS)对该纳米粉末进行致密化。使用X射线衍射、SEM等手段分析了高能球磨对WC-Co复合粉末中WC晶粒尺寸和粒度的影响。发现经过90h左右的高能球磨,WC-Co的粉末粒度可以达到300nm左右,而WC的晶粒尺寸可以细化到8nm左右。经过SPS烧结后,合金中的WC相的晶粒尺寸可以保持在300nm左右,而Co多以fcc结构出现。     

高能球磨制备纳米级WC/Cu复合粉末的研究

利用XRD、SEM等分析研究了高能球磨时间对WC／Cu复合粉末结构、形貌及相的影响。结果表明,随球磨时间的延长复合粉末发生细化达到纳米级粒度,球磨24h可获得稳定晶粒尺寸,最小晶粒尺寸为21．5nm。其中WC粉末晶粒细化速率较Cu的慢;球磨过程中,有少量的WC固溶于Cu中,形成Cu(WC)固溶体。     

低温球磨制备纳米晶Al-Zn-Mg-Cu合金粉末的热稳定性研究

利用液氮球磨技术制备了纳米晶Al-10Zn-3Mg-1．8Cu（wt％）合金粉体材料。采用X射线衍射（XRD）、透射电镜（TEM）和差热分析仪（DSC）对材料在制备过程中的固态相变、晶粒尺寸和热稳定性进行了分析。结果表明，液氮球磨10h后Al—10Zn-3Mg-1．8Cu粉末晶粒达到45nm，微观应变随着球磨的进行逐渐增大。球磨过程中MgZn2和CuAl2相逐渐消失，合金元素超饱和固溶于α—Al之中。球磨粉末热处理过程中发生了回复和再结晶。球磨产生的大量微观应变和热处理时第二相的脱溶都降低了回复激活能，使回复温度下降。包括晶粒的长大、聚集位错的减少、孪晶、点缺陷和非平衡晶界等因素导致回复放热量增加。粉末晶粒的细化、细小Al2O3粒子的生成和第二相的脱溶析出则抑制了再结晶过程，使再结晶温度升高。纳米晶粒在436℃（0．77Tm）发生异常长大，合金粉末经过球磨后具备了较高的热稳定性。     

高能球磨法制备纳米晶Ni粉的研究

采用高能球磨法制备出了纳米晶镍粉,并利用X射线衍射仪（XRD）、扫描电镜（SEM）、透射电镜（TEM）等分析检测手段,研究了该纳米晶镍粉末的结构、形貌和相的变化。结果表明,镍粉末平均粒度和晶粒度随球磨时间增加不断减小,而应变随球磨时间增加不断增大;当高能球磨54h后,球磨产物为FCC结构的鳞片状多晶体,晶粒度为17nm左右,应变为0.48%,颗粒尺寸为150～200nm;球磨时间增加至98h,产物中出现非晶相,但仍以多晶为主,晶粒尺寸为7nm,应变为1.24%,粉末团聚严重。     

MA法制备Fe83Nb7B9Cu1纳米晶粉末及其热稳定性

利用高能球磨法在Fe Nb B Cu体系中获得纳米晶粉末 ,研究了机械球磨过程中产物的组织结构、α Fe相平均晶粒尺寸及其热稳定性。结果表明 :采用Fe 2 0B中间合金粉末代替B粉并未明显影响机械合金化动力学过程 ;球磨至 5h时 ,即可获得平均晶粒尺寸约 18nm的α Fe单相过饱和固溶体 ,其后延长球磨时间 ,晶粒尺寸缓慢减小 ,至 45h后 ,平均晶粒尺寸减小到 9nm。退火处理后的XRD分析表明 ,α Fe过饱和固溶体从 10 0℃开始发生结构弛豫现象 ,738.8℃后则发生了相转变 :α Fe过饱和固溶体→α Fe固溶体 Fe3 B FeB ,在 5 5 0℃以内退火 ,纳米晶粒长大不明显 ,在 770～ 95 0℃范围内退火 ,晶粒开始明显长大 ,但晶粒尺寸仍处于纳米级范围。     

机械合金化法制备Cu-Nb合金过程中的形变孪生特性

采用机械合金化法制备纳米Cu-10%Nb合金,通过显微硬度测量以及高分辨透射电镜观察,对该合金粉末在室温球磨过程中的微观结构演变和形变孪生特性进行研究;利用局部应力集中模型分析形变孪晶的形核机制。结果表明:随着球磨时间的增加,该合金硬度(HV)不断升高,球磨120 h后可达4.8 GPa;该合金在球磨初期以位错胞结构为主;球磨50 h后,Cu平均晶粒尺寸减小至约50 nm,部分区域出现纳米形变孪晶;继续增加球磨时间,孪晶数量增加,孪晶界强化效果显著;由于孪生将促进纳米晶粒的进一步细化,球磨120 h后,纳米晶尺寸减小到20 nm以下。     

具备Al2O3原位合成特性的WC复合粉末设计与涂层

利用球磨法将Al粉添加到亚微米结构WC-12Co粉末中,设计并制备了具有Al2O3原位合成特性的纳米结构WC-Co-Al粉末。XRD分析显示球磨10h、30h和50h后的粉末中WC平均晶粒尺寸为93.1nm、39.0nm和44.8nm。超音速火焰（HVOF）喷涂时,WC-Co-Al粉末比球磨前WC-12Co粉末扁平化更好,涂层孔隙率为0.57%,比WC-12Co涂层（1.62%）更低。粉末中的Al元素与氧气反应原位生成了Al2O3硬质陶瓷颗粒,有效抑制了WC的氧化脱碳。WC-Co-Al涂层显微硬度为1298?3HV0.1,比WC-12Co涂层高出约36%,这得益于Al2O3颗粒的增强效应,WC晶粒纳米化和孔隙率降低。     

原始WC粉末粒度组成对超细硬质合金组织及性能的影响

分别采用两种工艺制备的Fsss粒度相近的WC粉末为原料,在不同球磨时间下制备WC-10%Co-0.3%Cr_3C_2-0.5%TaC试样于1 450℃下烧结,对比两种合金的微观结构和常规性能。结果表明:采用粒度分布较窄、不含WC团聚颗粒的WC粉末为原料,经10 h球磨就能得到微观组织结构均匀的超细硬质合金;采用粒度分布较宽、含有大量WC团聚颗粒的WC粉末为原料,需要50 h球磨才能得到微观结构较为均匀的超细硬质合金,球磨时未被破碎的WC团聚颗粒烧结时会长大为WC晶粒团聚体,或者是粗大WC晶粒,会降低合金的抗弯强度值;原始粉末粒度组成对超细硬质合金的矫顽磁力、密度和硬度影响较小。     

机械合金化法制备Al—Cu—Fe纳米非晶合金

采用行星式高能球磨机制备了Al80-xCuxFe20(x=20-40）三元非晶纳米合金粉末,分析了不同球磨时间及热处理工艺对粉末结构、颗粒大小等的影响。结果表明：成分为Al40Cu40Fe20的粉末球磨时逐步非晶化,球磨33h后,非晶化程度最大,最小颗粒尺寸达到5．6nm;进一步球磨,非晶晶化,颗粒尺寸增大;成分为Al80-xCuxFe20(x=20,25,30)的粉末球磨90h后,得到非晶,最小颗粒尺寸为3．4nm。球磨制备的Al-Cu-Fe非晶粉末具有铁磁性。用DSC测量了其晶化温度（Tc),Tc≈873℃。     

球磨时间对WC-6％Ni硬质合金微观结构及性能的影响

以WC-6％Ni硬质合金为研究对象,采用不同球磨时间制备了5组合金试样,通过对烧结后合金磁、力学性能的检测及显微结构观察,分析研究了球磨时间对WC-6％Ni硬质合金的微观结构及其性能的影响.结果表明:球磨时间对WC-6％Ni硬质合金的微观结构和性能影响明显,过短的球磨时间导致合金中存在粗大WC晶粒,适当延长球磨时间可使WC晶粒得到细化并获得微观结构均匀的合金,但过长的球磨时间则会导致合金中粗WC晶粒的再次出现.随着球磨时间的增加,抗弯强度、硬度、矫顽磁力均随之经历先上升到峰值后下降的过程;而球磨时间对WC-6％Ni合金的密度影响很小.当球磨时间为36 h时,WC-6％Ni硬质合金具有最小的WC平均晶粒度和相对均匀的微观结构,合金抗弯强度、硬度及矫顽磁力出现峰值,分别为2 250 MPa、89.4 HRA、4.9 kA/m.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。