第二届国际软土工程会议模型专题综述

模型试验方法是探讨和解决岩土工程问题的一条重要途径，特别是土工离心模型，它借助于离心力场的作用，使模型土体中各点的应力与原型相等，从而满足模型相似律，在模型中能再现原型性状。更具有实用意义的是，软土层完成固结在原型中往往需花多年甚至几十年，而在模型中由于排水路径的缩短，仅需很短的时间。近年来国际上围绕软土工程开展了一系列的土工离心模型试验，重点探讨研究软土的特性和改良加固处理方法。第二届国际软土工程会议模型专题方面的论文充分体现了该领域的最新研究动态和发展趋势，在研究内容、试验模拟手段和分析处理方法等方面都有新的突破     

离心模型试验与试验技术研究

离心模拟是利用离心力场模拟地球重力场，用缩尺模型研究物体受重力加速度后的的各种物理现象。1869年法国科学院E．Phillips首先提出用离心力场代替重力场。1932年苏联莫斯科水力设计院建成了世界上第一台土工离心机。1935年美国哥仑比     

土工离心模型试验大流量供水系统设计研究

当前的土工离心模型试验的几种供水方式存在流量小、不稳定、测不准、造价高等问题,针对这些问题,研发了一套离心机大流量供水及控制系统。系统主要包括：上层供水系统、下层储水和供水系统、排水系统以及流量量测控制系统。系统采用环形水箱作为二级储水、供水箱,利用离心机旋转产生的巨大离心力驱动水流向模型试验箱内供水,同时采用离心实验专用孔隙水压力传感器来辅助监测流量,通过计算机控制布置在重力场与低离心力侧的电控阀门来实现流量的分级控制。该系统当前管路在50g离心力场下持续供水最大流量可达8 L/s, 100g离心力场下理论最大供水流量可达100 L/s,结合不同的模型试验箱布置,系统可开展降雨、库水位变动导致的滑坡、溃坝、枢纽泄洪消能等需水离心模型试验研究。     

土工离心模型试验技术的一些进展

对近年来在土工离心模型试验技术方面取得的一些进展加以概括和总结,包括模型材料的选择，离心模型试验误差分析，数据采集系统的研制，动态模型技术，动力土工离心模型试验等方面，另外，还就其应用方面的一些进展作卫简单的评述。     

土工离心模型试验数据采集系统

一、前言土工离心模型试验是将模型置于高重力场中,观测土工结构模型的性态。其用途通常为:(1)了解拟建或已建工程在各种载荷条件作用下的性态。即利用离心模型试验的结果通过模型律来预测原型相应的反应;(2)验证土工数学模型。土工离心模型试验是将土体和工程结构模型置于仿真的原体应力场的作用下进行观测,类似于原型观测,故可验证相应的数值计算结果;(3)了解工程体系的未知性态或破坏机理。这是某种     

土工离心模型试验研究的进展与思考

本文简要介绍了土工离心模型试验从提出概念到今天在试验设备、模型制作、量测仪器、相似比研究、数据采集、应用领域等几个方面的发展历程,并结合笔者参加离心模型试验的亲身体会,对离心模型试验今后的研究工作和方向,提出了自己的看法。     

无纺土工织物加固堤坝的离心模型试验

无纺土工织物加固堤坝的离心模型试验中,采用倾斜模型和对模型施加垂直荷载.试验结果表明:增加无纺土工织物的加筋长度能够加强堤坝的稳定.假设圆弧滑动面的稳定分析说明了与离心模型试验很好的一致性.     

土工离心模型试验技术的一些进展

对近年来在土工离心模型试验技术方面取得的一些进展加以概括和总结 ,包括模型材料的选择、离心模型试验误差分析、数据采集系统的研制、动态模拟技术、动力土工离心模型试验等方面。另外 ,还就其应用方面的一些进展作了简单的评述     

刚性桩复合地基离心试验插桩制模研究

土工离心模型试验是研究复合地基关键问题的前沿手段，饱和黏土工况下的刚性桩复合地基离心模型制作复杂，影响因素较多。基于多组刚性桩复合地基离心模型的制备过程分析，探讨了1g下插桩制模对离心模型地基抗剪强度的影响。试验结果表明：离心模型地基制样扰动与插桩方式相关，先引孔、后插桩有益于减少制样扰动。1g制模过程中，黏土模型地基的不排水抗剪强度有所损失，插桩制作扰动与1g下模型静置是导致饱和模型地基强度损失的主要原因，且复合地基上层软土抗剪强度的降低程度大于下部持力层。离心模型对比试验应充分考虑模型土样应力历史的相似性。研究提出了理想的刚性桩复合地基离心模型试验步骤，可为提升土工离心模型试验的精细化水平提供参考。     

离心场中陡倾顺层岩质边坡振动试验关键技术研究

为解决离心场中陡倾顺层岩质边坡振动试验的关键技术问题,设计了陡倾顺层斜坡的离心振动台模型,通过试验探讨了试验仪器设备的关键技术参数、动力相似关系、相似材料比选以及传感器的安装布置等内容,并确定了地震波的加载方案。同时为了得到可靠的试验结果,分析了离心力场中的误差、传感器的安装与误差问题和边界效应问题,结合以往经验对误差方法进行比选,并提出了相应的减小误差的方法。研究结果表明离心振动台模型试验要进行合理的设计;离心力场中的系统误差可通过设计模型尺寸大小和选择模拟模型和原型应力保持一致的高度来减小;传感器测量误差可采用在传感器周围填充满砂土来减小;多层剪切层铝合金框架模型箱能够最大程度减小边界效应的影响。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

浅谈天湖水电站水轮机运行故障及处理措施

简述天湖水电站投运以来各种故障的表现形式，分析其原因，提出了相应的处理方法及措施，并对合理利用国内外设备提出建议。