低毒金属配合物催化丙交酯开环聚合研究进展

可生物降解材料聚丙交酯主要通过丙交酯开环聚合反应制备,金属配合物催化剂由于具有结构易调变、催化活性高和立体选择性等优点,成为丙交酯开环聚合反应中应用最多的催化剂。近年来,低毒金属配合物催化剂引起了人们的极大关注。本文详细评述了低毒锂、钠、钾、钙、镁和锌配合物催化剂的最新研究进展,重点阐述了配体类型、配体上不同取代基的结构、电子效应对催化剂催化性能的影响,分析了溶剂对配合物在溶液中的状态以及对单体的配位、插入和聚合反应的影响。本文还对该领域发展趋势进行了展望,随着对低毒金属配合物催化丙交酯开环聚合机理研究的深入,未来将从配体结构设计出发,开发催化活性更高、性能更好的配合物催化剂,进而制得高质量的聚丙交酯。     

镁配合物催化丙交酯开环聚合研究进展

金属配合物催化丙交酯开环聚合是目前研究较多的合成聚丙交酯的方法,其中镁配合物由于无毒、良好的生物相容性、高催化活性而备受关注。文章综述了镁配合物催化丙交酯开环聚合研究进展,重点介绍了配合物及结构设计,讨论催化剂结构对聚合反应活性剂、立体选择性的影响,并对相应的催化体系优缺点进行分析,对未来研究方向及重点提出建议及展望。结果表明：异配位镁配合物通常具有较高的催化活性,能够对聚合物进行可控聚合。但异配位镁配合物活性稳定性较低,对聚合单体的纯度要求较高。均配位镁配合物的化学稳定性较异配位镁配合物稳定,但除个别配合物具有高催化活性外,其他配合物催化活性较低,立体选择性较差。     

冠醚配位的钠、钾催化外消旋丙交酯聚合研究进展

冠醚配位的钠、钾催化外消旋丙交酯开环聚合具有高可控性、高活性和高选择性等特点。钠、钾离子具有自然界中含量丰富,无毒和生物相容性好等等特点。因此钠、钾离子催化剂成为近期研究催化外消旋丙交酯聚合催化剂的热点。本文主要介绍近五年内报道的冠醚配位的钠、钾催化剂。根据配体的不同分为萘酚盐类、苯酚盐类、苯磺酸胺盐类、8-羟基喹啉盐类、离子类等五类进行介绍。希望能给研究催化丙交酯聚合的研究者一定启发。     

丙交酯开环聚合催化体系的研究进展

介绍了丙交酯开环聚合的三种反应机理:阴离子型开环聚合、阳离子型开环聚合和配位-插入开环聚合。根据其反应机理,催化剂可分为:质子酸型催化体系、路易斯酸型催化体系、碱金属催化体系、金属有机化合物催化体系、氧化物催化体系、稀土化合物催化体系及其他催化体系。此文阐述了这7种催化体系的不同特点,对其催化性能进行了比较。     

环酯开环聚合催化剂及制备方法

本发明涉及一类环酯开环聚合催化剂及其制备以及应用这类催化剂聚合外消旋丙交酯的方法。本发明的催化剂是席夫碱与乙基铝或者异丙醇铝反应生成的产物。它们对外消旋丙交酯的聚合有立体选择性，可以聚合外消旋丙交酯得到结晶性聚乳酸。     

金属配合物催化制备有规立构聚丙交酯研究进展

聚丙交酯是一种生物相容可降解聚合物。立体结构是决定其物理机械性能和化学性能的重要因素,有规立构聚丙交酯聚合物链排列规整,具有更广阔的应用前景。金属配合物催化剂具有结构易调变、高效的特点,近年来被广泛应用于丙交酯开环聚合反应,并表现出良好的立构选择性。     

金属配合物催化制备有规立构聚丙交酯研究进展

聚丙交酯是一种生物相容可降解聚合物。立体结构是决定其物理机械性能和化学性能的重要因素,有规立构聚丙交酯聚合物链排列规整,具有更广阔的应用前景。金属配合物催化剂具有结构易调变、高效的特点,近年来被广泛应用于丙交酯开环聚合反应,并表现出良好的立构选择性。     

纳米氧化锌催化丙交酯开环聚合的研究

采用纳米氧化锌为催化剂进行L-丙交酯(L-LA)的开环聚合,研究了催化剂用量、反应温度和反应时间对聚合反应的影响.结果表明,纳米氧化锌在催化聚合转化率和聚合产物分子量上,均显示出较好的催化性能.采用了FTIR、DSC、WAXD等方法对聚乳酸的结构进行了表征,结果表明聚乳酸是L-丙交酯开环聚合产物.     

非手性催化剂对两种丙交酯的差异性聚合分析

以合成的非手性金属配合物乙二胺缩邻香草醛Cu(Ⅱ)(CuL)、乙二胺缩邻香草醛Ni(Ⅱ)(NiL)为催化剂,分别用于对D,L-丙交酯(D,L-LA)和L-丙交酯(L-LA)的开环聚合,二者均表现出了差异性的聚合效果。NiL催化开环聚合的产物聚左旋乳酸(PLLA)的分子量明显高于聚消旋乳酸(PDLLA),达到25.635×103g/mol,且经1HNMR表征,外消旋化不明显,对D,L-LA的开环聚合,产物PDLLA分子量分布相对较窄(PDI=1.07),表现出了活性可控聚合的特点。     

β-二酮钛、锆配合物催化丙交酯本体开环聚合

合成了β-二酮钛、锆配合物：乙酰丙酮钛(Catl)、苯甲酰丙酮钛(Cat2)、二苯甲酰甲烷钛(Cat3)、乙酰丙酮锆(Cat4),并分别成功地催化丙交酯本体开环聚合。结果表明,β-二酮钛、锆配合物催化合成聚乳酸均可达到较高的转化率(高于95%),且Cat4的活性大于Car1。着重研究了催化剂用量(即单体与催化剂物质的量比[LA]/[Cat])、聚合时间及聚合温度对Cat1催化丙交酯本体开环聚合反应的转化率及所得聚乳酸相对分子质量的影响。在以Car1为催化剂,单体与催化剂物质的量比为400,聚合温度130℃,聚合时间30h时,可得到黏均相对分子质量M_η=6．79×10~4的聚乳酸。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。