Eigenmodes of coaxial quad-ridged waveguides. Numerical results

The results of numerical investigation of coaxial quad-ridged waveguides’ eigenmodes of two configurations (with ridges on inner or on outer perfectly conducting circular cylinder) for different cross-section dimensions are presented. In particular, dependences of cutoff wave numbers on geometrical dimensions ratios for the first three TE modes and for the first TM mode have been investigated and transversal electric field components distributions for these eigenmodes and for theTEM mode have been obtained. Besides, the optimization of coaxial quad-ridged waveguides has been carried out at antiphase excitation in order to provide maximal single-mode operation frequency band for the first TE mode. As a result two optimal configurations of coaxial quad-ridged waveguides with single-mode operation bandwidth ratios 4.6:1 have been designed. It has been defined that the waveguide with the ridges at the inner conducting circular cylinder has smaller cross-section dimensions at the fixed single-mode operation frequency band. Calculations are conducted utilizing the mathematical models obtained in [1] by the integral equations technique taking correctly into account of singular behavior of the field at ridges’ edges. Reliability of the results obtained is confirmed by the calculations based on finite difference time domain technique, which is implemented in the software package CST Microwave Studio at mesh size λ/100.     

Analysis of metallic waveguides with rectangular boundaries byusing the finite-difference method and the simultaneous iteration withthe Chebyshev acceleration

A numerical procedure based on the finite-difference method and simultaneous iteration of the power method in conjunction with the Chebyshev acceleration technique is utilized to analyze the metallic waveguides. Due to the efficiency of the present sparse matrix eigenproblem solver, lots of unknowns can be used in the domains of the waveguide cross-sections. Therefore, accurate cutoff wavenumbers or frequencies can be obtained by using the simple finite-difference method for the commonly used metallic waveguides such as the L-shaped, single-ridged, double-ridged, and rectangular coaxial waveguides. Some discrepancies with the numerical results in the recent literature are found and detailed discussions are provided to verify the correctness of the present results     

Eigenmodes of sectoral coaxial ridged waveguides

The results of numerical investigation of sectoral coaxial ridged waveguides eigenmodes of two configurations (with a ridge on inner or outer wall) for different cross-section dimensions are presented. In particular, dependences of cutoff wave numbers on geometrical dimensions ratios for first four modes are investigated, electric field components distributions for these modes have been obtained and the optimization of sectoral coaxial ridged waveguides has been carried out to provide maximal single-mode operation frequency band. Two optimal configurations of waveguides with single-mode operation bandwidth ratio 5.6:1 are obtained. It is shown that smaller cross-section dimensions at the fixed single-mode operation frequency band has the waveguide with the ridge at the inner round wall. The size of the gap between the ridge and the round wall of optimal waveguide is identical for both configurations and is determined by the required ratio of cutoff frequencies of two lower TE modes. Calculations are conducted utilizing the mathematical model obtained in [1] by the integral equation technique with the correct account of singular behavior of the field at the ridge.     

Electrodynamics boundary problem solution for sectoral coaxial ridged waveguides by integral equation technique

The electrodynamics eigenmodes boundary problem for sectoral coaxial single-ridged waveguides is solved by the integral equation technique utilizing the introduced system of orthogonal basis functions, which correctly take into account the singular field behavior at the ridge. The formulas obtained allow to compute cutoff wave numbers and electric and magnetic fields distributions of TE and TM modes in the presence of the ridge either on the outer or on the inner wall of the waveguide. The analysis of the dependence of cutoff wave numbers convergence on the type and the amount of basis functions and partial modes has been carried out. It is shown that for obtaining 0.1% residual error it is necessary to utilize in two times more unorthogonal basis functions, which correctly take into account singularity at the ridge, than introduced orthogonal basis functions, which correctly take into account singularity at the ridge, and in five times more orthogonal trigonometric basis functions, which don??t take into account singularity at the ridge. Besides the computing time increases in 4 and in 20 times, respectively.     

A Single-Ridged Coaxial Hybrid TE011 Coupler with High Mode Purity

We design a single-ridged coaxial hybrid coupler which excites a TE₀₁₁ mode of high mode content in a cylindrical cavity, resonating at 28.2GHz. The coupler consists of a WR-28 rectangular waveguide, a coaxial TE_n11 cavity, and a cylindrical TE₀₁₁ cavity. Both TE₃₁₁ coaxial cavity and TE₄₁₁ single-ridged coaxial cavity are analyzed to examine the TE₀₁₁ mode purity in the central cavity. Mode purity analysis is performed by a field expansion method using Fourier-Bessel orthonormal basis functions. Numerical calculations predict that the TE₄₁₁ single-ridged coaxial cavity excites the TE₀₁₁ mode with mode purity of 98.6%, which is improved by 3% higher compared with the TE₃₁₁ coaxial cavity. Measurements on the single-ridged coaxial coupler show a resonant frequency at 28.078GHz and ohmic and external Qs of 1560, 473 respectively, which are in good agreement with the simulated results of a 3-D finite element electromagnetic code.     

Some characteristics of ridge-trough waveguide

A single-ridged waveguide with a symmetrical longitudinal trough below the ridge, designated as a ridge-trough waveguide (RTW) has been recently proposed as a wafer probe. The authors have theoretically calculated the cutoff, bandwidth, and impedance characteristics of this modified single-ridged waveguide in two different configurations using the Ritz-Galerkin technique and different domain decompositions. The results indicate that a RTW can be a low impedance broad-band structure     

Attenuation and Power-Handling Capability of T-Septum Waveguides

In this paper, the attenuation characteristics and power-handling capabilities of single T-septum waveguides are presented.The analysis is based upon numerical solutions employing the Ritz- Galerkin technique [1]. The analysis was verified by applying it to the known results obtained for the ridged waveguide, which is treated as a special case of the T-septum guide. A good agreement has been achieved compared with the results from Hopfer [2]. It is found that the single T-septum guide can handle less power, but has lower attenuation than the single-ridged guide with identical gap parameters. Equations and charts are presented to facilitate the design of T-septum waveguides.     

Four-way radial waveguide power divider with high power-handling capacity

In this paper,a novel four-way radial waveguide power divider with low insertion loss and high power-handling capacity is proposed.This power divider consists of an input coaxial waveguide,a central probe,a radial waveguide,four equispaced identical coupling probes,four equispaced identical adjusting posts and four output coaxial waveguides.The novel coupling probes and the adjusting posts are used to realize favorable uniform power division.A power divider with the center frequency of 4.1 GHz is designed,fabricated and measured.Good agreement between simulation and experiment is noted.The measured 15 dB return-loss bandwidth of the power divider is about 600 MHz.The measured 0.5 dB insertion loss bandwidth is wider than 700 MHz.The differences and isolations between the output ports are also discussed.The power-handling capacity of the power divider is analyzed through simulation,and the result proves its usability in high power applications.     

The Propagation Constants of Higher-Order Modes in Coaxial Waveguides With Finite Conductivity

Overmoded coaxial waveguides have been used in coaxial gyrotrons as a key interaction structure. To achieve the required mode selectivity, the resistivity of the center conductor is properly chosen to damp unwanted modes. Considering attenuation due to conductor loss, this study employs the perturbational method to determine the propagation constants of higher-order modes in the coaxial waveguide. The validity of the theoretical model is confirmed by comparison with results obtained using the high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS). Moreover, the method proposed herein is applied to analyze the ohmic mode selection of the coaxial waveguide.     

Microwave waveguides in EBG structures formed from coaxial cylinders

Infinite 2D periodic EBG structures from coaxial metal cylinders placed in a planar waveguide are investigated. Short-circuited and open-circuited metal cylinders forming, respectively, short-circuited and open-circuited sections of coaxial transmission lines are considered. It is shown that, by varying the lengths of these coaxial lines, it is possible to create defects in EBG structures that form regular waveguides. The eigenmodes of such waveguides are studied. It is shown that the EBG structures formed from coaxial metal cylinders can be used as the base for the development of multifunction microwave devices.     

太赫兹波导发展现状与展望

太赫兹波具有良好的穿透性、低能性和宽带性,在高速空间通信、环境监测、外差探测、医学探测、无损检测和国防安全等领域具有重要的应用前景。波导传输技术和功能器件是太赫兹系统不可或缺的重要组成部分,太赫兹波导的性能决定了太赫兹系统的信号传输效率和集成度,引起人们的研究兴趣。近年来,太赫兹波导的发展取得了长足的进步,从普通的金属空心波导到金属线波导、介质光纤,再到最近的人工表面等离激元波导、石墨烯、铌酸锂等新型波导,它们展现出了各自的优势,令人振奋。该综述全面介绍了太赫兹波导领域的发展及研究近况,并对其未来应用进行了展望。     

Rectangular Waveguides with Impedance Walls

The propagation of guided waves in a rectangular geometry having impedance boundary conditions is investigated. An impedance compatibility relation is derived that must be satisfied in order that a separable modal solution exists for a given impedance configuration. Several new rectangular waveguides are developed; among them are 1) a tall rectangular waveguide operating in a dominant H/sub 10/ mode with no H/sub 0N/ modes; 2) a rectangular waveguide with two parallel anisotropic impedance surfaces; 3) a rectangular waveguide with two parallel walls having isotropic impedance surfaces, the other two walls being anisotropic; 4) a rectangular waveguide supporting only E modes; and 5) rectangular coaxial systems containing impedance surfaces. The modal structure of rectangular waveguides with impedance boundary conditions offers advantages over the conventional waveguide. The potential of oversizing for low-loss and high-power applications is enhanced because of the additional modal control provided by the impedance surfaces. Other applications are suggested.     

Some Results for Thin-Iris Loaded Periodic Waveguides

The planar waveguide holding planar obstacles is a prototype structure--its fields correspond to some sets of lowest modes in circular and coaxial line waveguides that use coaxial iris loading and in inductive iris loaded rectangular guides. An analysis of a periodically thin-iris loaded planar waveguide is offered, the procedure for which can also be applied to the other waveguides mentioned. A particular example for small iris separation is considered. Among the results of this study are adjustments to some formulas of Brillouin so as to allow consideration of large phase shifts per cell of periodic guide. The procedure, which can be recommended as a formula deriving technique, can find use with such other planar obstacles as the thick periodic iris, the interdigitally placed irises, or the single iris in a multimode guide. Some consideration is given to interdigital loading.     

Investigation of a method for numerical solution of nonstationary waveguide equations

Results of numerical time-domain calculation of propagation and transformation of ultrawideband electromagnetic pulses in irregular metal waveguides with a variable section are presented for the example of a coaxial corrugated structure. The calculation is performed with the use of a system of nonstationary waveguide equations. A method for estimation of the computation error is described. The method involves the following components (below, referred to as features): monitoring the energy balance, integral estimation of the error in the calculated field, and estimation of the accuracy of the computational realization of the boundary condition on the boundary of the perfect conductor. With the use of a coaxial corrugated structure as an example, it is shown that, for each of the above features, the application of the proposed polynomial basis in the calculations guarantees an accuracy that substantially exceeds the accuracy of measurements. It is shown that the basis of comparison waveguides provides for highly accurate computations in the rms approximation, in spite of the fact that the application of the third feature is impeded because, for a waveguide with a variable section, the boundary conditions cannot be satisfied on perfectly conducting boundary Γ.     

QPSK信号下富碳化硅双slot波导的相位敏感放大特性研究

相位敏感放大可以改善光通信传输链路的传输性能,是全光信号处理领域中的重要组成部分。本文通过结合一种碳硅原子比为1.28的富碳化硅,构建了水平双slot结构的硅基波导模型。该模型的色散平坦部分覆盖500 nm左右的波段且具有多个零色散点,非线性系数最高可达20000 W^-1·m^-1。通过采用有限元法分析计算其在通信波段的模场分布、色散特性及非线性特性。同时结合结构尺寸优化后的波导模型,建立了在硅基波导中基于四波混频效应的光传输模型,并求解分析了该波导在QPSK信号下的相位敏感特性。仿真结果表明该波导可以实现34 dB相敏增益,在片上信号处理领域具有潜在的应用前景。     

毫米波车地通信的小型化波导螺旋阵列天线设计

高速磁浮列车毫米波车地通信系统要求其车载天线具有小型化、宽频带、圆极化和辐射扇形波束等特点。为更好地满足这些要求,设计一种中心馈电的小型化波导螺旋阵列天线。该天线馈电系统采用同轴波导中心馈电、4路矩形波导并馈的形式,通过改变馈电波导尺寸、耦合探针长度以及末端采用波导同轴转换器等形式,实现了所有单元的等幅馈电;天线单元由低剖面螺旋天线构成,采用顺序旋转技术改善天线的圆极化性能。利用全波电磁仿真软件设计了一款中心频率为38 GHz的28单元波导螺旋阵列天线,并进行了实验测试。测试结果表明：在37~39 GHz频带范围内,天线驻波比小于1.41,增益大于21.7 dB,轴比小于3.6 dB,俯仰面波瓣宽度为4.5°~4.7°,方位面波瓣宽度为29°~29.7°,满足毫米波车地通信系统车载天线的设计需求。     

Propagation of short pulses in irregular electromagnetic waveguides with a variable topology of the cross section

A method for real-time electrodynamic calculation of the dynamics of propagation and transformation of short ultrawideband electromagnetic pulses (UWB EMP) in irregular waveguides with discontinuous junctions is presented. The results of numerical simulation of a pulse passing through a junction of a coaxial waveguide having doubly connected cross sections and a waveguide horn with singly connected cross sections and through a discontinuity of the inner conductor in an irregular coaxial waveguide are presented.     

基于曲折网格表面的二维通信技术

二维通信系统(Two-dimensional Communication System, 2DCS)是一种以物体表面为通信介质的新型 通信技术,可以提供无线供电以及安全、高速的数据传输服务。为了改善二维通信中的供电性能,文中提出了一种 增强功率传输性能的二维通信导波板,该导波板包含三层:导电层、介质层和具有曲折网格的表面层。微波通过同 轴导波耦合器馈入二维通信导波板,可以在呈电感性的曲折网格表面任何一点耦合出表面层。经电磁仿真和实际 测试验证,与以前的二维通信导波板相比,曲折网格结构和阻抗匹配的同轴导波馈电器改善了二维通信导波板的传 输性能和电磁场分布的空间均匀性。     

Analysis of hollow conducting waveguides using superquadricfunctions-A unified representation

Waveguides of various geometries have found many applications. The analysis of the wave modes inside these waveguides are usually subject to cross sections of the waveguides and specific, but convenient, coordinate systems have to be chosen in the analysis. In this paper, the boundary geometries of waveguides (which include rectangular, circular, elliptical, triangular, coaxial, etc.) are represented in a unified manner by a superquadric function. In this paper, with the Rayleigh-Ritz method, the wave propagation characteristics in a hollow conducting waveguide of the superquadric cross section are analyzed in a unified manner. From the analysis, it is realized that the superquadric function can be utilized to accurately model the boundary of various waveguide structures through variation of the shape parameters. The comparisons between the analytical and computational results show this method is accurate and efficient     

A new six-port microwave network; six-port magic junction

A six-port junction is proposed that consists of an H-plane symmetrical waveguide Y-junction with a coaxial line on one side of its axis and a circular waveguide on its other. The scattering matrix of the junction in an ideal case is derived using the symmetry properties of the structure. If both the coaxial and the circular waveguide arm are matched without destroying the symmetry, the arms of the junction are automatically matched and isolated as well, similar to the side arms of a conventional magic T. Therefore, the proposed device is called a six-port magic junction. These properties are confirmed experimentally in X-band. Some interesting applications based on the properties of the six-port junction are discussed