化工中间体及相关重要文章导读

次氯酸钠生产工艺的改进与体会 原文节录:次氯酸钠是一种多用途、多功能的化工产品,可用于消菌、杀菌以及纺织和造纸工业的漂白剂,有机化工生产中作为氯化剂氧化合成水合肼、偶氮二甲酰胺、氯代异氰尿酸的生产。近年来,随着卫生消毒纸的大力发展,作为廉价的漂白剂,次氯酸钠得到了长足的发展。笔者应用户的要求,先后为5～6家企业设计了次氯酸钠的生产装置。在生产实践中,次氯酸钠生产常因操作不当,发生多起事故,笔者认为有必要对其生产工艺进行     

高效消毒剂优氯净的生产和应用

先把氢氧化钠与氯气反应生成次氯酸钠,取一部分次氯酸钠加入氰脲酸中,并加氯气使反应完全。优氯净是一种高效消毒剂、漂白剂和羊毛防缩整理剂等。     

食盐电解工业的新进展(续)

二、次氯酸盐生产 1.工业意义从十八世纪末起,次氯酸盐水溶液就作为漂白剂而首先应用于造纸和纺织工业中。制取次氯酸盐历来存在两种不同方法的相互竞争。一种是电解法,即在无隔膜槽中电解食盐水溶液直接得到次氯酸钠溶液。一     

定时反应可破坏使用后的漂白剂

在预定的时间内能迅速破坏漂白剂—次氯酸钠的定时反应已获得美国专利权。这项专利是由马萨诸塞州沃尔瑟姆市布兰代斯大学高级生物研究科学家丹尼尔。珀尔曼发明的。次氯酸钠与硫代硫酸盐的反应产生无毒的硫酸盐和氯化物,因此可用于对食品及药物生产设备和表面进行消毒的喷淋或洗涤中,而且这种喷淋还可以杀死霉菌或漂白房屋墙面板上的斑渍而又不会因漂白剂     

荧光增白剂ER的合成

荧光增白剂ＥＲ的合成荧光增白剂ＥＲ在大多数有机溶剂中有很好的溶解度,对阳离子柔软剂稳定,可与次氯酸钠、双氧水及还原性漂白剂同浴使用。它可用于涤纶、醋酸纤维、锦纶等的增白,耐晒牢度５级,耐洗牢度极好。在涤沦纤维的应用中,无论是浸染还是轧染,都可得到较高...     

市售次氯酸钠溶液中三氯甲烷的分解

1.前言次氯酸钠(NaClO)溶液除做为一般用工业药品外,也用于游泳池用水,上水道等的杀菌剂,另外也作为造纸、化纤工业的漂白剂使用,次氯酸钠溶液和漂液相比,具有漂白能力大,不产生沉淀物、不损伤被处理物等优良性质.     

浅析次氯酸钠水溶液的稳定性

次氯酸钠作为一种低廉、高效、广谱消毒剂、杀菌剂、漂白剂被广泛用于各个领域,市场巨大。但因其本身易分解、不稳定,大大限制了其应用和发展。本文论述了次氯酸钠的性质和生产工艺,分析了温度、光照、溶液pH值、溶液浓度、金属离子等因素对次氯酸钠稳定性的影响。实验表明,低温、适当降低次氯酸钠的浓度、控制溶液中金属离子含量、保持pH值在12.0以上和添加稳定剂是提高次氯酸钠溶液稳定性的有效途径。溶液中添加0.6%的NaCl或1%的Na2SiO3可使次氯酸钠的稳定性显著提高。     

电解法制取次氯酸盐概况

次氯酸盐最早曾用电解食盐溶液法制取,主要产品是次氯酸钠,应用于工业漂白方面作为漂白剂。后来由于氯碱工业的迅速发展,氯气产量不断增加可以用烧碱吸收制次氯酸钠。因此次氯酸钠的生产多为化学法,即在低温下,氯气与烧碱反应,生成次氯酸钠。 Cl_2+2NaOH→NaOcl+NaCl+H_2O 近来电化法合成次氯酸钠又开始引起人们的注意,在某些场合下,电解法生产次氯酸盐比化学法来得合理:具有投资省,设备     

次氯酸(钾、钠)盐溶液稳定剂的研究

一、前言早在1789年,法国人就首次用氢氧化钠溶液吸收氯气制得了次氯酸钠溶液。这种溶液中活性氯含量常为8～10％,它不仅具有杀菌谱广、作用快、效果好的优点,是一种优良的杀菌剂和漂白剂,而且原料易得、产品价格低廉,所以这种产品早已被广泛用在造纸、纺织工业中作为漂白剂、医疗卫生中作为饮水和污水的消毒剂和在乙炔,某些石     

次氯酸盐的稳定方法

常见的次氯酸盐有漂白粉、漂粉精及次氯酸钠溶液等。它们含有不同数量的活性氯,例如:市售的漂白粉中含活性氯35～40％,漂粉精中含活性氯60～75％,次氯酸钠溶液中含活性氯8～10％。次氯酸盐具有杀菌消毒、漂白等作用,目前已被广泛用在造纸、纺织工业中作为漂白剂,医疗卫生中     

次氯酸钠水溶液稳定性及增稠体系研究

研究了温度、pH值、金属离子和表面活性剂对次氯酸钠水溶液稳定性的影响。在 2 5℃以下 ,pH >12 4时次氯酸钠溶液较稳定 ;金属离子的存在促进其分解。并找到了能够在次氯酸钠中稳定存在的表面活性剂WC 2A1(十二烷基二苯醚二磺酸钠 )。同时对有效氯含量、非离子表面活性剂 (GMY)及阴离子表面活性剂 (L - 30 )、pH值对次氯酸钠水溶液黏度的影响作了研究 ,得出了所需黏度的配方 :w(GMY) =7%～ 8% ,w(L - 30 ) =2 %～ 3%。     

Alcohol-free diphenyl oxide disulfonate middle-phase microemulsion systems

Diphenyl oxide disulfonate (DPDS) surfactants were successfully used to formulate Winsor Type III middlephase microemulsion systems with tetrachloroethylene (PCE) and decane. To our knowledge this is the first time that monochain DPDS surfactant phenyloxide monohexadecyl disulfonate surfactant (C16MADS) and commercially available DOWFAX 8390 were found to form middle-phase microemulsion systems with oils. Hydrophobic dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate (Aerosol OT) was also used as a cosurfactant to lower the systems' hydropholic-liphophilic balance. Two organic acids (hydrophobic octanoic acid and hydrophilic l-tartaric acid) were used in place of the alcohol to formulate middle-phase microemulsion. The middle-phase microemulsion systems dramatically increased organic solubility when compared to micellar DPDS surfactant systems. Winsor Type I systems near the Type I–III boundary produced “super” solubilization for hydrophobic oils. Findings from this study enable us to improve DPDS solubilization enhancement of hydrophobic compounds.     

A Simple and Convenient Method for Epoxidation of Olefins without Metal Catalysts

An easy method for epoxidation of olefins using bleach (sodium hypochlorite) and either a stoichiometric or catalytic amount of bromide ion has been developed. Without any transition metal catalyst a variety of non‐activated olefins give epoxides in high yields and good selectivity at ambient conditions.     

Bleaching with sodium hypochlorite: Interactions of temperature,time, pH and concentration with stain removal and fabric strength

In response to recent concern for energy conservation while launder-ing at lowered temperatures, this study investigated stain removal and fabric degradation effects of sodium hypochlorite bleach on stained cotton fabrics. Blue and green reflectance readings were used to calculate both whiteness values and percentage of stain removal values, while tensile strength measurements were used to determine fabric degradation. An “acceptable bleach treatment” category was established, having a minimum of 75% whiteness and 90% of origi-nal breaking strength. Temperature, bleach concentration, time and pH were investigated, with each factor except pH being significant. Low bleach concentration was more satisfactory than high concen-tration, while cold and warm temperatures were more acceptable than very cold and hot temperatures. An overnight bleach soak treatment of up to 16 hr was not damaging if a cold temperature of 25 C was chosen. Selecting cold (room) temperatures for chlorine bleaching could provide energy savings for the consumer, textile mill or commercial laundry, while providing acceptable whiteness and fabric strength retention.     

On-site formation of hypochlorite for indigo oxidation – Scale-up and full scale operation of an electrolyser for denim bleach processes

On-site production of hypochlorite for denim bleach was investigated using undivided unipolar electrolysers. The current efficiency of the electrolysis process was studied at laboratory scale with up to 20 A cell current and at the technical scale using a 1200 A electrolyser. NaCl solutions in the concentration range 0.236–0.944 M NaCl (13.8–55.2 g l⁻¹) were used. Anodic current densities up to 400 A m⁻² were used. Hypochlorite solutions with active chlorine concentration c(Cl)=0.10–0.12 M were obtained with current efficiency of 58–70%. For denim bleach processes a concentration of active chlorine up to c(Cl)=0.12 M is required. This corresponds to approximately 30 ml l⁻¹ of commercial hypochlorite solution. Electrical energy consumption calculated per kg of active chlorine formed ranges from 5.7 to 8.6 kWh kg⁻¹. By coupling the electrolyser to a commercial 30 kg capacity drum washing machine the electrochemically prepared oxidant was successfully used in bleach processes. The technique overcomes problems of insufficient reproducibility of bleach, chemical costs and released wasted water due to the use of commercial NaOCl solution.     

磺酸盐表面活性剂研究进展

综述了磺酸盐表面活性剂的研究现状和正在开发的新品种,并对其合成技术路线和方法进行了概述,尤其是对链烃磺酸盐、脂肪酸酯磺酸盐、双芳环醚磺酸盐、二聚磺酸盐表面活性剂的合成和性质进行了重点介绍。我国应大力开发原料易得、活性高的脂肪酸磺酸盐、脂肪醇醚磺酸盐表面活性剂,注重结构新颖、性能独特的Gem in i表面活性剂的基础研究以适应各行业的需求。引用文献41篇。     

新型阴离子孪连表面活性剂的合成

系列长链环氧烷与不同短链二醇在75~80℃、NaH作用下合成了系列中间体孪连长链二醇,此中间体再与1,3-丙烷磺酸内酯在THF、NaH中反应得到了疏水链长度和连接基长度不同的7种磺酸盐孪连表面活性剂。核磁共振氢谱及红外光谱的结构分析证实了它们的结构。它们的表面张力为26.5~34 mN/m,临界胶束浓度为0.001~0.01 mmol/L,结果表明,它们的表面活性比相应碳链的常规表面活性剂强很多。疏水链长度和连接基长度的增长,有助于表面活性的提高。     

N-酰基乙二胺三乙酸类表面活性剂的结构特点与物化性能

重点介绍了螯合性表面活性剂-N-酰基乙二胺三乙酸钠的制备与性能，该类表面活性剂同时具备表面活性和螯合性，对人体和环境温和，与其他表面活性剂的配伍性好，与酶，漂白剂的相容性好，对金属具有防腐和钝化作用。具有广泛的应用领域。     

Effect of sterilization techniques on the physicochemical properties of polysulfone hollow fibers

Sterilized hollow‐fiber membranes are used in hemodialysis, ultrafiltration, bioprocessing, and tissue engineering applications that require a stable and biocompatible surface. In this study, we demonstrated significant changes in the fiber physicochemical properties with different methods of sterilization. Commercial polysulfone (PS) hollow fibers containing poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) were subjected to standard ethylene oxide (ETO), sodium hypochlorite (bleach), and electron‐beam (e‐beam) sterilization techniques followed by analysis of the surface hydrophilicity, morphology, and water‐retention ability. E‐beam sterilization rendered more hydrophilic fibers with water contact angles near 47° compared to the ETO‐ and bleach‐treated fibers, which were each near 56°. Atomic force microscopy revealed lumen root mean square (rms) roughness values near 19 nm for all three sterilization methods; however, e‐beam‐sterilized and bleach‐treated fibers had significantly higher (～ 106 nm) rms values for the outer wall compared to the ETO‐sterilized fibers (～ 39 nm). The increased hydrophilicity and surface area of the e‐beam‐sterilized fiber were reflected by a greater water evaporation rate than that of the ETO‐treated fiber. These results demonstrate that common sterilization methods may significantly and distinctly alter the polymer membrane physicochemical properties, which may, in turn, impact the performance and, in particular, surface fouling. For tissue engineering and bioprocessing applications, these changes may be leveraged to promote cell adhesion and spreading. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011     

烷基二苯醚二磺酸盐的制备与性能表征

制备了一类由刚性基团联接的特殊双亲水基型阴离子表面活性剂———十二烷基二苯醚二磺酸钠(C12-MADS)、双十二烷基二苯醚二磺酸钠(C12-DADS)及十六烷基二苯醚二磺酸钠(C16-MADS),并对其性能进行了研究。25℃时3种烷基二苯醚二磺酸钠的CMC分别为1 16×10-3、1 10×10-5和4 51×10-4mol/L,γCMC分别为44 9、43 5和46 8mN/m,C12-MADS和C16-MADS在浓度分别为2 21×10-2和3 80×10-2mol/L时的胶束聚集数(Nm)分别为24和29。合成的烷基二苯醚二磺酸钠在质量分数高达0 1的无机酸、碱和盐溶液中保持稳定,发泡性低于烷基苯磺酸钠(LAS),但乳化性能优于LAS。C12-MADS在650mg/L硬水中去污比值为14 05%,明显高于LAS(7 18%)。C12-MADS和C12-DADS在4d后的生物降解度≥90%。该类表面活性剂具有优良的应用性能。