在2008年年会上的讲话

今天下午的会议时间比较紧凑，计划的内容都进行完了，最后，我就当前不锈钢面临的几个问题再做一个分析。前面楼会长、吴部长、吴理事长实际都已经讲到了，中国的不锈钢已经走入了一个新的发展阶段，这有值得高兴的一面，但大家也应该客观地看到，我们出现的问题确实也和世界并轨了，这就是一直困扰不锈钢世界的两大问题，第一是市场问题，第二是原料问题，     

浅析我国有以金属产业组织结构

本文通过对我国有以金属产业组织结构现状的典型分析，揭示了目前存在的主要问题，分析了造成这些问题的原因，提出了解决这些问题的理论主张和政策措施。     

本钢链板运输机故障分析与改进

通过对本钢炼铁厂冷烧链板运输机存在问题的分析与判断，找出了问题的所在，提出改进措施，实现了设备稳定运行，减少停机率，达到了增长经济效益的目的。     

1750mm热连轧带钢划伤分析及改造

阐述了热连轧设备造成带钢划伤的原因。针对卷取机上导板造成的带钢划伤缺陷进行了分析，找出了由于上导板部件的磨损，其位置低于设计位置而与带钢接触，造成带钢表面划伤的问题。对相应的问题进行设备改造，解决了带钢上表面划伤的问题，提高了产品质量和成材率。     

节约能源—古老而又年轻的热工课题

像对待能源问题一样，研究我国的能源节约问题时，必须把它放到国际能源经济的大环境中去分析，必须把节能与可持续发展问题、环境保护问题及利用国内、国际两种能源资源问题联系起来，才能拓宽我们的思路，找到有效的节能途径。为此，在本文中，作者做了探索。     

旋流沉淀池的调节容量与水量平衡

突破传统设计方式，针对目前冶金工厂各循环水处理系统普遍存在的水量不平衡问题，从建立旋流沉淀池泵房吸水井水量平衡的数学模型入手，找到了水泵启动周期公式，并通过对该公式的分析，解释了目前水量不平衡问题的现象和产生的原因，探讨了解决该问题的有效途径，并在工程实践中得到验征。     

1000m^3二手高炉设备使用中出现的问题与改进

针对二手高炉设备在使用过程中出现的一些问题，经过分析，找出原因，并采取改进措施，有效的解决了问题，取得了良好的效果。     

梅钢煤气管网腐蚀情况研究与处理措施

阐述了梅钢高炉煤气管道、混合煤气管道等存在的腐蚀问题，进行了原因分析，制定了相应措施，使得管道腐蚀问题在一定程度上得到了解决。     

分卷平整机组的改进

介绍了分卷平整机组生产中出现的问题，针对存在的问题进行了改进，取得了较好的效果。     

浅析大型国有企业的国际招标

结合大型国有企业国际招标现状，分析了招标过程中存在的一些问题，并针对这些问题，提出了相应的改进措施。     

Evaluations and expectancies of alcohol and marijuana problems among college students.

Two studies examined the associations between evaluations (good-bad) and expected likelihood (likely-unlikely) of alcohol- and marijuana-related problems and hazardous consumption and problems among college students. Participants provided data on alcohol use, alcohol-related problems, and expectancies and evaluations of alcohol problems; marijuana use indices, marijuana-related problems, marijuana effect expectancies, and likelihood and evaluations of marijuana problems. Evaluations of alcohol problems were positively related to the number of binge drinking occasions and alcohol-related problems. The interaction between evaluations and expectancies was significant in predicting the number of binge drinking occasions. Expectancies demonstrated a curvilinear relationship with binge drinking and alcohol-related problems. Marijuana users evaluated marijuana-related problems as less negative and less likely to occur than did nonusers. Expectancies, but not evaluations, of negative consequences were significantly associated with marijuana use intensity. Expectancies of problems demonstrated a curvilinear relationship with marijuana-use intensity and marijuana problems. Men evaluated alcohol and marijuana problems less negatively than did women. In summary, the expected likelihood of alcohol-marijuana problems and the evaluation of such problems represent a vulnerability factor associated with increased liability for hazardous alcohol and marijuana use. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Male and female estimates of personal problems of men and women.

100 male and 100 female undergraduates estimated the types of problems males and females would present at a counseling center. Of 75 problems on a problem checklist, 35 problems were seen as being more typically female whereas only 16 were seen as being more typically male. Sex differences in estimates were found for 13 problems; however, these differences did not affect whether the problems were seen as male or female. Of the 16 male problems, 8 were vocational-educational problems, while none of the female problems was vocational-educational. A 2nd purpose of the study was to look at sex differences in problems presented by actual clients at a university counseling center. Of the 75 problems on the checklist, sex differences were found for only 3 problems. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Adults' representations of division facts: A consequence of learning history?

In this study, division was exclusively examined to determine the strategies that are used to solve simple division problems and to identify factors relating to particular strategy use. Thirty-two participants (aged 18-43 yrs) were asked to solve two sets of 64 simple division problems (from 4÷2 to 81÷9) and error, latency, and strategy report data were collected. Fewer errors were made on easy problems, which were also solved more quickly than difficult problems. Participants used retrieval, multiplication, and other strategies to solve the problems and tended to use retrieval more on easy than difficult problems and used multiplication more on difficult problems than easy problems. Unexpected age differences in strategy use were also found. Older participants tended to rely more heavily on retrieval than younger participants. These results suggest that older participants may have stronger representations for simple division problems than younger participants. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Parent psychopathology, parenting, and child internalizing problems in substance-abusing families.

A structural model accounting for child internalizing problems in substance-abusing families was tested. Parents receiving substance abuse treatment (N = 242) completed forms about children between the ages of 6 and 18 who resided in their home. The effects of parent gender, child gender, and child age were controlled. Negative parenting was examined as a mediator between parent internalizing and externalizing problems and child anxiety and affective problems using path analysis. Negative parenting mediated relations only between parent internalizing problems and child affective problems. High-positive involvement moderated relations between parent externalizing problems and child internalizing problems. Relations between parent externalizing problems and child anxiety and affective problems were significant only among families in which high-positive involvement was present. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Compound Problem Solving: Insights from the Workplace for Engineering Education

For engineering educators who incorporate real-world problems into their teaching, it is essential to understand real-world problem solving and the nature of problems for better design of the instruction. Prior research provided evidence that real-world problems involve many stakeholders, are complex, and have multiple solutions and solution paths. The purpose of this paper is to provide additional insights particularly into the structure/class of workplace problems and associated models of expertise. This paper describes the findings of a study that employed a two-step process: (1)?a single-case study of a steel engineer generating a model of compound problem solving and (2)?a multi-case comparison of 90 problem-solving narratives of other engineers to the single case. The study is located in a U.S. context. Results indicate that real-world problems are intertwined problems (compound problems) and that transitions from one problem type to another within a compound problem are a unique class of problems themselves. These transition problems have properties that are not represented in other problem types and provide insights into expertise and expertise development in problem solving.     

Can memory requirements account for species' differences in invisible displacement tasks?

We tested the hypothesis that poor performance on the Piagetian invisible displacement task is related to increased memory requirements. Rhesus monkeys and orangutans received 3 types of problems (invisible, visible, and no transfer problems) each containing a number of steps equivalent to that of standard invisible displacements. If failure to solve invisible displacements was due to increased memory requirements, then the primates should perform at chance level on all 3 problems. However, rhesus monkeys solved visible and no transfer problems, but not invisible transfer problems. Half of the orangutans solved all 3 transfer problems, although their performance on invisible transfer problems was lower than that on the other problems. A subsequent cuing phase led to improved performance, and a few monkeys solved invisible transfer problems. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Equivalence in symbolic and nonsymbolic contexts: Benefits of solving problems with manipulatives.

Children's failure on equivalence problems (e.g., 5 + 4 = 7 + __) is believed to be the result of misunderstanding the equal sign and has been tested using symbolic problems (including "="). For Study 1 (N = 48), we designed a nonsymbolic method for presenting equivalence problems to determine whether Grade 2 children's difficulty is due to the presence of symbols or to a more fundamental misunderstanding of equivalence. Children's superior performance on nonsymbolic versus symbolic problems suggests that children fail to map their understanding of equivalence onto problems presented with the symbols of arithmetic. For Study 2 (N = 32), we implemented a within-subject design to assess whether experience with nonsymbolic problems would facilitate performance on symbolic problems. This hypothesis was confirmed. Exposure to nonsymbolic problems may have enabled children to map their successful concepts and strategies to symbolic equivalence problems. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Effects of noise level and difficulty of task in performing division.

Ss worked division problems for 20 min. in the presence of 98 db.-108 db. of noise while Ss of comparable mean ability in arithmetic worked the problems under conditions of room noise. Under each condition 1 group of Ss worked "easy" problems and another group worked "difficult" problems. Intense noise produced no effect on mean number of problems correctly solved. Variability of performance was significantly greater with easy problems under intense noise conditions than under room-noise conditions, although there was no difference with difficult problems. There was no evidence of a decrement in performance within the 20-min. session attributable to noise level. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Perceived self-efficacy and everyday problem solving among young and older adults.

This research tested the hypothesis that age differences in both self-efficacy perceptions and problem-solving performance would vary as a function of the ecological relevance of problems to young and older adults. The authors developed novel everyday problem-solving stimuli that were ecologically representative of problems commonly confronted by young adults (young-adult problems), older adults (older adult problems), or both (common problems). Performance on an abstract problem solving task lacking in ecological representativeness (the Tower of Hanoi problem) also was examined. Although young persons had higher self-efficacy beliefs and performance levels on the Tower of Hanoi task problem and the young-adult problems, this pattern reversed in the domain of older adult problems, where the self-efficacy beliefs and performance of older persons exceeded those of the young. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Parent and child reports of sleep problems associated with early-onset bipolar spectrum disorders.

Despite sleep problems being part of the diagnostic criteria for mood disorders, research on sleep difficulties related to early-onset bipolar spectrum disorders (EBSDs) is sparse. The authors examined the parent and child agreement, frequency, and severity of EBSD-related manic, depressive, and comorbid sleep problems. A sample of one hundred thirty-three 8- to 11-year-olds with EBSDs was assessed with parental and self-report measures of EBSD-related sleep problems. Dimensional and categorical measures indicated low agreement and high discrepancy between parent and child reports of EBSD sleep problems. Subsequent combination of parent-child data revealed the majority (96.2%) of children had moderate-to-severe sleep problems related to manic, depressive, or comorbid symptoms, either currently or during their worst mood period. More depression-related sleep problems than mania-related sleep problems were reported, especially initial insomnia. Over half the sample had sleep problems associated with current comorbidity, particularly separation anxiety disorder. These findings, their implications, and study limitations are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)