偶联剂协同低温等离子体的复合材料氧化铝填料表面改性

环氧树脂广泛应用在电机绝缘领域,向树脂中添加微米氧化铝可以减缓绝缘老化的侵蚀,为了进一步提升氧化铝/环氧树脂复合材料电气性能,本文引入偶联剂协同低温等离子体复合改性方法对氧化铝填料进行表面处理。将偶联剂包覆改性后的微米氧化铝置于重复脉冲低温等离子体中分别进行0~9min表面改性处理,其次将氧化铝掺杂进环氧树脂中制备复合材料。观测氧化铝填料外表的形貌、官能团及结构变化,对复合材料局部放电起始电压进行测试分析。结果表明,偶联剂和低温等离子体复合改性能有效提升氧化铝填料表面活性官能团的含量,为氧化铝与树脂基体的紧密键合提供了基础,进而提升了氧化铝/环氧树脂复合材料的电气性能。在复合改性中等离子体处理时间为3min时,氧化铝填料表面含氧基团的含量相对于单一偶联剂改性增长了3.32%,表面偶联剂的接枝率提升了24.5%,复合材料的电气性能提升了7.9%。     

芳纶纤维表面状态对环氧树脂复合材料力学性能的影响

采用偶联剂对芳纶纤维表面状态进行改性,表征了芳纶纤维表面状态的变化;制备了不同表面状态的芳纶纤维与环氧树脂的复合材料,研究了芳纶纤维表面状态对环氧树脂复合材料力学性能的影响及其内在机理。结果表明:芳纶纤维经过偶联剂处理后表面引入了附着层,使得表面粗糙度增加;芳纶纤维表面O元素与C元素比例上升88.9%,使得表面活性增强。同时,经偶联剂处理后的芳纶纤维与环氧树脂基体间的界面状态得到明显改善,复合材料的力学性能进一步提升,其中拉伸强度提升27.8%、断裂伸长率提升35.3%、弯曲强度提升4.7%、断裂弯曲应变提升7.7%。     

水电极空气等离子体改性聚丙烯表面的研究

采用水电极介质阻挡放电产生的等离子体对聚丙烯进行表面改性,通过接触角测量仪、原子力显微镜、全反射傅里叶红外光谱仪和X射线光电子能谱仪对改性前后聚丙烯表面的各种特性进行表征和分析。结果表明:聚丙烯经过水电极空气等离子体处理后,其表面粗糙度明显增加,处理过程中在聚丙烯表面引入了C-O、C=O和O-C=O等含氧官能团,使其表面接触角下降,表面润湿性提高。     

等离子体射流快速改性促进表面电荷衰减

随着高压直流输电迅猛发展,绝缘材料在直流电压下表面电荷积聚现象严重威胁直流输电系统的安全可靠运行。为加快绝缘材料表面电荷的消散,采用大气压等离子体射流,以TEOS为前驱物,在环氧树脂表面沉积SiO_x薄膜。对改性前后材料表面化学组成、表面电导率、表面电荷特性、表面陷阱分布以及耐压特性进行多参数测量,研究等离子体射流改性前后环氧树脂表面特性。实验结果表明:等离子体处理在环氧树脂表面引入大量以Si-O-Si及Si-OH基团为主的无机基团,且表面电导率提高2个数量级。随着改性时间的延长,表面电荷的初始积聚量减少,消散速度加快,陷阱能级深度变浅;沿面闪络电压呈现先增后降的趋势,在改性180s时闪络电压提高到最高值9.0k V。研究结果表明:通过大气压等离子体射流在聚合物表面沉积薄膜能够提高环氧树脂绝缘性能,为其工程应用提供了有效的改性方法。     

等离子体表面氟化处理环氧树脂及其沿面闪络特性研究

为加快绝缘子表面电荷消散,提升绝缘子沿面闪络电压,本研究提出了等离子体氟化改性技术,选用与绝缘子配方一致的环氧树脂试样,改变材料表面的处理时间,测试处理前、后试样的表面物理、化学及介电特性.结果表明:等离子体处理作为一种兼具表面物理改性及化学改性的方法,可以在试样表面引入亲水性基团,改变试样表面的浸润性,试样表面粗糙度随处理时间的增加呈先提高后降低的趋势,同时等离子处理可以在材料表面引入F元素,浅化表面陷阱,提升材料的表面电导率,减少表面电荷积聚;在选定参数下,处理9 min后,沿面闪络电压提升至最大值,威布尔分布计算表明提升了约37.17％;过长时间的等离子体表面处理会破坏材料结构,深化表面陷阱,降低表面电导率,降低沿面闪络电压.     

环氧树脂/氧化铝导热复合材料的结构设计和制备

采用浇注成型制备环氧树脂/氧化铝(EP/Al2O3)导热复合材料。研究了Al2O3用量和偶联剂处理对复合材料导热性能和力学性能影响。结果表明,复合材料的导热系数随Al2O3用量的增加而增加,当Al2O3质量分数为50%时,复合材料的导热系数达到0.68 W/(m.K);弯曲强度和冲击强度则随Al2O3用量的增加先增加后降低,当Al2O3质量分数为5%时,复合材料力学性能达到最佳,表面改性使复合材料导热性能和力学性能得到进一步提高。复合材料导热率的实验结果与Maxwell_Eucken模型较吻合,但Maxwell_Eucken模型只适用于低填充情况。     

介质阻挡电晕放电用于聚丙烯薄膜的表面改性

聚丙烯薄膜浸渍特性是电力电容器的关键问题之一。为了改善聚丙烯薄膜的浸渍特性,采用低温等离子体技术对薄膜表面进行了改性研究。首先基于介质阻挡电晕放电原理制作了低温等离子体发生装置,研究了其放电的电学特性。然后利用该装置产生低温等离子体,应用于聚丙烯薄膜的材料表面改性处理。通过测量材料表面处理前后的表面化学元素、微观形貌和表面静态水接触角的变化,分析了等离子体处理对材料表面改性的影响。结果表明:聚丙烯薄膜经过等离子体改性处理后,表面的极性含氧基团数量增加到10%,静态接触角降低了30%,材料表面粗糙度和浸渍特性都有较大提高;其电学特性也发生了变化,处理之后聚丙烯薄膜的交流击穿电压提高了约12%。     

低温等离子体处理对聚酰亚胺纳米复合薄膜表面特性的影响

本文利用介质阻挡放电(DBD)试验平台产生低温等离子体,用低温等离子体改性聚酰亚胺(PI)纳米复合薄膜,对低温等离子体改性前后的纳米复合薄膜进行表面形貌、化学键结构、表面电导及耐电晕性能测试,研究薄膜表面特性的变化规律.结果表明:表面改性后,纳米复合薄膜表面逐渐变粗糙,并出现微孔、不连续凸起物.合理的等离子体改性时间可以在薄膜表面引入极性基团.随着改性时间的增加,接触角逐渐减小,表面能和表面电导率逐渐加大,耐电晕寿命增加到一定程度随后逐渐减小.当等离子体改性时间为10 s时,改性后的纳米复合薄膜的耐电晕寿命比未改性的纳米复合薄膜提高了15.7％.经过低温等离子体改性后,纳米复合薄膜表面相比纯PI薄膜表面更加均匀,改性后的纳米复合薄膜具有表面能小、表面电导率大的特性.较大的表面电导率会加快纳米复合薄膜表面电荷消散的速度,避免局部场强的集中产生表面放电,从而提高了薄膜的耐电晕寿命.要获得相同的改性效果,纳米复合薄膜需要的低温等离子体处理时间比纯PI薄膜稍长.     

功能化碳纳米管/环氧树脂复合材料性能研究

采用羧基功能化碳纳米管(C–MWNTs)和环氧基功能化碳纳米管(E–MWNTs)改性环氧树脂。利用扫描电子显微镜观察碳纳米管功能化前后的形貌变化,分析碳纳米管/环氧树脂纳米复合材料的冲击断面形貌,测试了复合材料的力学性能和介电性能。结果表明:环氧基功能化碳纳米管与环氧树脂基体作用力更强,当E–MWNTs和C–MWNTs在复合材料中的掺杂量分别达到1.0wt%和0.7wt%时,E–MWNTs/EP复合材料和C–MWNTs/EP复合材料的冲击强度较未掺杂环氧树脂分别提高了52.2%和39.9%,当碳纳米管掺杂量为0.7wt%时,两体系的弯曲强度与未掺杂环氧相比分别提高了35%和26%。探讨了碳纳米管增韧环氧树脂的机理。不同方法处理的碳纳米管对环氧树脂复合材料的介电常数和介电损耗影响程度不同。     

可分散性纳米二氧化硅改性高压绝缘用环氧树脂的研究

选用CCl4作分散介质将DNS-2型可分散性SiO2纳米微粒充分分散在环氧树脂中改性环氧树脂,并与平高电气的具体生产工艺相结合制得具有高力学性能的高压绝缘复合材料。对复合材料的冲击性能、拉伸性能、弯曲性能和耐压性能进行了测试研究;利用透射电镜(TEM)和扫描电镜(SEM)考察了SiO2纳米微粒在环氧树脂中的分散性和复合材料冲击断面形貌。结果表明,SiO2纳米微粒在环氧树脂里得到了较好的分散,在不影响绝缘复合材料电性能的前提下使冲击性能、拉伸性能、弯曲性能得到了明显的改善。     

E玻璃纤维增强环氧树脂基复合材料力学性能试验研究

要：通过对6 组48 个试件进行力学性能试验,研究了E玻璃纤维增强环氧树脂基复合材料顺纤维方向和垂直纤维方向的抗拉强度、弹性模量、泊松比,并与输电杆塔结构中常用钢材进行了力学性能和成本对比分析。结果表明,E玻璃纤维增强环氧树脂基复合材料力学性能优异、绝缘性能良好、成本合理,适宜在输电杆塔结构中应用。     

高速电机转子用F-12芳纶/环氧复合材料护环的研究

介绍了F-12、Kevlar-49两种芳纶纤维的物理及力学性能,并对两种芳纶/环氧复合材料的力学性能进行了测试.结果表明,用F-12芳纶/环氧复合材料制成的高速发电机转子护环具有优良的纵向拉伸强度,满足了高速发电机对转子护环的高强度指标要求.     

膨胀型阻燃剂聚丙烯阻燃复合材料的研究

采用乳液共混法制备了三聚氰胺/多聚磷酸铵/季戊四醇磷酸酯改性膨胀型阻燃剂(Mo_IFR),用双螺杆挤出机将Mo_IFR和未改性的三聚氰胺/多聚磷酸铵/季戊四醇磷酸酯膨胀型阻燃剂(Un_IFR)分别与聚丙烯(PP)共混制备了PP/Mo_IFR和PP/Un_IFR阻燃复合材料,研究了PP/Un_IFR与PP/Mo_IFR的力学性能、结晶性能和断面形貌。结果表明,随着阻燃剂用量的增加,PP/Mo_IFR与PP/Un_IFR的缺口冲击强度和拉伸强度下降,弯曲强度提高;但是,PP/Mo_IFR缺口冲击强度和拉伸强度的下降幅度比PP/Un_IFR的缺口冲击强度和拉伸强度的下降幅度要小得多,而PP/Mo_IFR的弯曲强度提高的幅度比PP/Un_IFR的弯曲强度提高的幅度大。PP/Un_IFR的冲击断面显示是脆性断裂,而PP/Mo_IFR的冲击断面显示是韧性断裂。X射线衍射显示Mo_IFR加入PP中,对PP的结晶性能没有显著的影响,IFR与PP的相容性良好。     

塑性混凝土弯拉性能

本文基于塑性混凝土弯拉试验,系统研究纤维类型和掺量、硅灰和粉煤灰掺量等对塑性混凝土弯拉强度、峰值挠度和韧性的影响。研究结果表明,掺入塑性混凝土中的纤维、粉煤灰和硅灰起到了增强和增韧作用,使塑性混凝土弯拉强度、峰值挠度和弯拉荷载-挠度曲线的下包面积均有不同程度的增加。随纤维掺量的增加,塑性混凝土弯拉强度、峰值挠度和弯拉荷载-挠度曲线的下包面积均呈现以纤维掺量为0.9 kg/m3时达到最大的先增加后减小的趋势,峰值割线模量有不同程度降低,纤维掺量0.9 kg/m3时峰值割线模量的降幅最大;随粉煤灰掺量在一定范围内的增大,塑性混凝土弯拉强度、峰值挠度和弯拉荷载-挠度曲线的下包面积均有不同程度提高,峰值割线模量有所降低;随硅灰掺量的增加,塑性混凝土弯拉强度显著增大,峰值挠度、弯拉荷载-挠度曲线的下包面积以及峰值割线模量均有不同程度的增加,但荷载-挠度曲线的捏缩现象明显。在此基础上,建立了塑性混凝土弯拉荷载-挠度曲线和韧性的计算公式。     

Low‐temperature direct bonding of poly(methyl methacrylate) for polymer microchips

A low‐temperature, direct bonding method for poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) plates has been developed by employing surface treatment by atmospheric pressure oxygen plasma, vacuum oxygen plasma, ultraviolet (UV)/ozone or vacuum ultraviolet (VUV)/ozone. Reasonable bonding strength, as evaluated by a tensile test, was achieved below the glass transition temperature (T_g). The highest bonding strength among the achieved results is 1.43 MPa (about three times the value for conventional direct bonding) at an annealing temperature of 50 °C and an applied pressure of 2.5 MPa for 10 min. Low‐temperature bonding prevents deformation of the PMMA microstructure. A prototype PMMA microchip that has fine channels of 5 µm depth was fabricated by hot‐embossing using a Si mold. After atmospheric pressure oxygen plasma activation, direct bonding was carried out at an annealing temperature of 75 °C and an applied pressure of 3 MPa for 3 min. The method gives good bonding characteristics without deformation and leakage. This low‐temperature bonding technology can be applied to polymer micro/nano structures. Copyright © 2007 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan© 2007 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Can water cause brittle fracture failures of composite non-ceramic insulators in the absence of electric fields?

It was postulated by J. Montesinos et al. (see ibid., vol.9, p.236-43, 2002), based on experimental evidence, that brittle fracture failures of composite (non-ceramic) HV insulators could be caused by water and mechanical stresses. It was also claimed therein that the brittle fracture process was more likely to happen with water than acids. This postulation could be of major importance as its ramifications might affect the entire composite insulator technology and, in particular, the usage of glass fiber polymer matrix composites in HV applications. Such an important statement should not be left without an independent verification. Therefore, attempts have been made in this research to initiate this process in unidirectional E-glass/modified polyester and E-glass/vinyl ester composites, used in non-ceramic insulators, by subjecting them to water under four-point bending conditions. This was done to independently verify the main conclusion of J. Montesinos et al. that water may be more damaging to unidirectional E-glass/polymer composites than acids. It has been clearly shown in this work that water, in the absence of electrical field, cannot cause stress corrosion cracking of unidirectional E-glass/polymer composites and thus brittle fracture of composite non-ceramic insulators. Thus the main results of J. Montesinos et al. could not be independently reproduced.     

Water diffusion into and electrical testing of composite insulator GRP rods

This paper describes water diffusion into and electrical testing of unidirectional glass reinforced polymer (GRP) composite rods used as load bearing components in high voltage composite (non-ceramic) insulators. The tests were performed following ANSI standard C29.11 Section 7.4.2 that can be used to evaluate electrical properties of composites. The unidirectional composite rod materials based on either E-glass or ECR-glass fibers with modified polyester, epoxy and vinyl ester resins were investigated. Two types of ECR-glass fibers were considered, namely high and low seed (voids). The effects of composite surface sandblasting, mechanical pre-loading and nitric acid exposure on the electrical properties of the composites were studied. In addition to the required data of the ANSI standard, the specimen mass gain was also measured after boiling for 100 h. Most importantly, there was no correlation found between the mass gain and the leakage current for different composites. The materials with high seed ECR-glass fibers had much higher leakage currents and they absorbed less moisture than the composites based on either the low seed ECR-glass fibers or E-glass fibers. It was shown in this work that different types of sandblasting, as well as mechanical preloading with and without acid exposure had a negligible effect on the leakage currents and water mass gain of the composite specimens.     

Modification of surface energy, dry etching, and organic filmremoval using atmospheric-pressure pulsed-corona plasma

A laboratory-scale atmospheric-pressure plasma reactor, using a nanosecond pulsed corona, was constructed to demonstrate potential applications ranging from modification of surface energy to removal of surface organic films. For surface modification studies, three different substrates were selected to evaluate the surface energies: bare aluminum, polyurethane, and silicon coated with photoresist. The critical surface energy for all materials studied significantly increased after the plasma treatment. The effects of gas composition and plasma treatment time were also investigated. Photoresist, ethylene glycol, and Micro surfactant were used as test organic films. The etching rate of a photoresist coating on silicon was 9 nm/min. Organic film removal using atmospheric pressure plasma technology was shown to be feasible     

Poly(Butylene Terephthalate) Filled with Sb2O3 Nanoparticles: Effects of Particle Surface Treatment,Particle Size,Particle Morphology and Particle Loading on Mechanical Properties of Composites

Abstract

Poor dispersion of nanoparticles in polymer matrix would limit the development and application of particulate-filled polymer composites. Therefore, the Sb₂O₃ nanoparticles were functionalized by a combination of cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) and silane coupling agent KH-560 via water bath modification method so as to improve the dispersion of Sb₂O₃ nanoparticles in poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) matrix and enhance the interfacial adhesion between nanoparticles and polymer matrix. Besides, the coating efficiency of compound modifiers on the surface of Sb₂O₃ nanoparticles was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The Sb₂O₃ nanoparticles with different morphologies were systemically measured using transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering measurement. The effects of particle surface treatment, particle size, particle morphology and particle loading on mechanical properties of composites were studied by the X-ray diffraction (XRD), tensile test machine and impact strength machine. The tensile strength of nanocomposites gradually increases with decreasing the particle size at the same amount of Sb₂O₃ nanoparticle fillers, which is attributed to improvement of interfacial contact area and stronger interfacial adhesion between Sb₂O₃ nanoparticles and PBT matrix. And the compound modified Sb₂O₃ nanoparticles are homogeneously dispersed in PBT matrix and play an important role in the properties enhancement. Moreover, taking consideration of the tensile and impact strengths, the optimal loading is 3?wt%.     

钛酸铜钙-氮化硼掺杂EPDM复合介质的电学和力学性能研究

非线性电导材料的应用是解决高压直流电缆附件内部电场集中问题的一种有效方案。因此,通过掺杂钛酸铜钙(calcium copper titanate,CCTO)纳米填料对三元乙丙橡胶(ethylene-propylene-diene monomer,EPDM)进行改性,在较低的掺杂体积分数(2%CCTO)下,复合介质展现出较好的非线性电导率;当掺杂10%CCTO时,非线性系数可达到5.40。但同时发现,高掺杂含量复合介质的击穿场强劣化严重。基于此,选择具有良好绝缘及导热特性的六方氮化硼(boronnitride,BN)与CCTO共同掺杂至EPDM中,研究发现,共掺杂复合介质的击穿场强有明显改善,φ=10%CCTO/ω=9%BN/EPDM的特征击穿场强为90.1 kV/mm(φ为体积分数,ω为质量分数),相比10%CCTO/EPDM(66.3 kV/mm)提高了35.9%,此时,共掺杂复合介质仍然表现出明显的非线性电导特征。此外,探讨了温度对复合介质非线性电导和击穿特性的影响,并对掺杂复合介质的力学性能进行测试分析,研究发现,2种无机填料的掺杂对EPDM力学性能的改善效果较为显著,随着CCTO掺杂含量增加,复合介质的拉伸强度以及断裂伸长率逐渐增加。