不同强度混凝土制造的再生骨料对高性能混凝土力学性能的影响(英文)

研究了由强度为30～100 MPa混凝土制造的再生骨料对高性能混凝土力学性能的影响。结果表明:利用30 MPa和45 MPa低强度混凝土制造的再生骨料搅拌的高性能混凝土,其力学性能明显下降;而由80MPa和100MPa的高强度混凝土制造的再生骨料搅拌的高性能混凝土,其28d抗压强度略高于由天然骨料搅拌的高性能混凝土的;再生骨料降低高性能混凝土的弹性模量,但降低量随着制造再生骨料混凝土的强度的增加而减少;28 d后再生骨料高性能混凝土的劈裂强度高于天然骨料高性能混凝土;由80 MPa和100 MPa高强度混凝土制造的再生骨料可以搅拌高性能混凝土。     

An approach to optimizing mix design for properties of high-performance concrete

Laboratory and in situ test results reveal that the densified mixture design algorithm (DMDA) can be used to produce high-performance concrete (HPC) of good durability and high workability. The water-to-solid (W/S) weight ratio is known to have significant influence on the volume stability of concrete. This paper discusses strength of f′c>56 MPa, slumps of 230-270 mm, effect of the W/S ratio on the development of strength and durability of HPC at both fresh and hardened states. In addition to the water-to-cement (W/C) ratio and water-to-binder (W/B) ratio, the W/S ratio also has a significant effect on the performance of concrete. The utilization of fly ash and slag has been proven beneficial to the rheology of HPC in enhancing its strength development and durability.     

Influence of traversing crack on chloride diffusion into concrete

This study examined the effects of traversing cracks of concrete on chloride diffusion. Three different concretes were tested: one ordinary concrete (OC) and two high performance concretes with two different mix designs (HPC and HPCSF, with silica fume) to show the influence of the water/cement ratio and silica fume addition. Cracks with average widths ranging from 30 to 250 μm, were induced using a splitting tensile test. Chloride diffusion coefficients of concrete were evaluated using a steady-state migration test. The results showed that the diffusion coefficient of uncracked HPCSF was less than HPC and OC, but the cracking changed the material behavior in terms of chloride diffusion. The diffusion coefficient increased with the increasing crack width, and this trend was present for all three concretes. The diffusion coefficient through the crack D_cr was not dependent of material parameters and becomes constant when the crack width is higher than  80 μm, where the value obtained was the diffusion coefficient in free solution.     

Ultrasonic in-situ monitoring of setting process of high-performance concrete

The present standard test for the setting times of concrete is the penetration resistance test specified by ASTM C403. This test, while good for standard concrete mixtures, may not be appropriate for high-performance concrete (HPC) because of the high viscosity of the mortar. To address this issue, the ultrasonic pulse velocities (UPV) were measured using an ultrasonic monitoring system during the first 24 h of age for mortar and concrete specimens having various water-to-cementitious materials (w/cm) ratios and with and without fly ash (FA). Various characteristics observed from the measured UPV agreed with the previous theory of cement hydration, which describes the mixture as viscous suspension transforming into saturated porous solid phase. It was also found that the development of UPV in concretes, particularly without FA, was faster than that of mortars with the same w/cm. The values of concrete UPV corresponding to the initial and final setting (ASTM C403) did not show a trend consistent with those of mortar UPV. Two alternative criteria were applied to determine the setting characteristics from the UPV evolution curves. They were found to better represent the microstructural changes than the penetration method, as suggested by the consistent trend with decreasing w/cm among various mortars and concretes. Thus, the potential use of these alternative methods is suggested by specifying, at each w/cm, general target UPVs that are valid for both mortar and concrete with or without FA. It was concluded that the methods and monitoring device used in this research were useful for the in-situ monitoring of the setting of concrete, particularly in HPC.     

桥用高性能粉煤灰混凝土性能研究

结合南京长江第二大桥建设 ,系统研究了粉煤灰掺量对高性能混凝土的物理力学性能和长期耐久性的影响。试验结果表明 ,掺 2 4%Ⅰ级粉煤灰配制的C5 0高性能粉煤灰混凝土具有良好的工作性、力学性能和长期耐久性 ,特别是具有较小的收缩和徐变变形 ,这对桥用预应力混凝土十分有利     

Spalling and pore pressure in HPC at high temperatures

High-performance concrete (HPC) are subject to spalling under certain thermal and mechanical conditions. Spalling results mainly from two processes: a “thermo-mechanical” process in which the stress originates in the gradients of thermal deformation within the material, and a thermo-hydral process where spalling is due to the build-up of gas pressure fields in the porous network. This paper deals with the thermo-hydral process. An original device was designed in order to make simultaneous measurements of pressure and temperature at various positions in a concrete specimen (30×30×12 cm³) heated on one face up to 800°C. The specimen was also continuously weighed during the tests, thus, the mass loss, resulting mainly from water transport and loss, was recorded. This campaign was carried out on an ordinary concrete (OC) and a HPC (90 MPa). As expected, the pressure peaks were much higher than in HPC (40 bars) than in OC (20 bars). In HPC, these pressures exceeded the saturated vapor pressure. It is demonstrated that the thermal expansion of liquid water and the transport of water towards the inner part of the specimen play a significant role on the build-up of gas pressure. The experimental correlation between the pressure peaks and the plateau in the temperature curves confirmed the hypothesis that the drying front is preceded by a quasi-saturated layer that acts as a moisture clog.     

Effect of high temperatures on high performance steel fibre reinforced concrete

After being subjected to different elevated heating temperatures, ranging between 105 °C and 1200 °C, the compressive strength, flexural strength, elastic modulus and porosity of concrete reinforced with 1% steel fibre (SFRC) and changes of colour to the heated concrete have been investigated.The results show a loss of concrete strength with increased maximum heating temperature and with increased initial saturation percentage before firing. For maximum exposure temperatures below 400 °C, the loss in compressive strength was relatively small. Significant further reductions in compressive strength are observed, as maximum temperature increases, for all concretes heated to temperatures exceeding 400 °C. High performance concretes (HPC) start to suffer a greater compressive strength loss than normal strength concrete (NSC) at maximum exposure temperatures of 600 °C. It is suggested that HPC suffers both chemical decomposition and pore-structure coarsening of the hardened cement paste when C-S-H starts to decompose at this high temperature. Strengths for all mixes reached minimum values at 1000 or 1100 °C. No evidence of spalling was encountered. When steel fibres are incorporated, at 1%, an improvement of fire resistance and crack [F.M. Lea, Cement research: retrospect and prospect. Proc. 4th Int. Symp. On the Chemistry of Cement, pp. 5-8 (Washington, DC, 1960).] resistance as characterized by the residual strengths were observed. Mechanical strength results indicated that SFRC performs better than non-SFRC for maximum exposure temperatures below 1000 °C, even though the residual strength was very low for all mixes at this high temperature. The variations with colour, which occured, are associated with maximum temperatures of exposure.     

氯离子在掺不同矿物质掺合料高性能混凝土中的扩散性能

采用改进型电迁移法测试了氯离子在掺不同矿物质掺合料高性能混凝土中的扩散性能．研究表明：在混凝土中分别内掺磨细矿渣、粉煤灰、硅灰、膨胀剂均可提高混凝土的抗渗透性能(Cl^-扩散系数降低),其中以单掺硅灰效果最优;在混凝土中复掺膨胀剂和磨细矿渣或膨胀剂和粉煤灰,对提高混凝土抗渗透性能的效果优于单掺二者之一,也优于单掺效果最好的硅灰混凝土．复掺膨胀剂和细掺料后混凝土内部结构进一步优化、微观结构致密、微缺陷减少,由此,开发了一种低成本配制超高抗渗性混凝土的新途径。     

粗骨料对高性能混凝土早期自收缩的影响(英文)

采用带数据采集系统的涡流位移传感器测量了砂率、针片状骨料含量和最大粒径不同的高性能混凝土的早期自收缩,同时采用热电偶测量了混凝土内部的温度变化.结果表明:骨料性能与含量的变化对高性能混凝土的早期自收缩有较大影响.高性能混凝土的早期自收缩随测试时间、砂率和针片状骨料含量的增加而增大,随骨料最大粒径的增大而减小.     

Comparison of two processes for treating rice husk ash for use in high performance concrete

Rice husk ashes (RHA) have been used as pozzolanic admixtures for high performance concrete (HPC). This study reports on a chemical treatment before burning that improves the effectiveness of the RHA. The resulting ash (ChRHA) was compared to ash produced by conventional incineration (TRHA). The digestive chemical treatment before burning produced an RHA with properties comparable to silica fume. The ChRHA was highly amorphous, white in color, presented higher specific surface area and exhibited greater pozzolanic activity. The fresh and hardened properties of HPC made with different percentages of these RHAs were compared. The hardened concrete testing included the determination of the modulus of elasticity and the compressive and flexural properties. It was shown that ChRHA and TRHA were effective supplementary cementing materials, although concrete mixes required higher dosages of superplasticizer compared to the control concrete mix.     

在盐湖环境中高强与高性能混凝土的抗冻性

用快冻法研究了高强与高性能混凝土在水中和在西藏、内蒙古、新疆和青海盐湖卤水中的冻融耐久性,探讨了其冻融破坏机理．结果表明：在水中冻融时,活性掺合料严重降低了非引气高强混凝土的抗冻性,目前的非引气高性能混凝土不具备高抗冻性的特征,并非真正意义上的“高性能”,其冻融破坏起因于单硫型水化硫铝酸钙向钙矾石转化时的膨胀压,不含活性掺合料的普通与高强混凝土的冻融破坏源于水冻胀压;在盐湖卤水中冻融时,引起混凝土冻融破坏的主导因素是盐结晶压,混凝土的抗卤水冻蚀性主要取决于盐结晶压的损伤负效应和卤水冰点降低的损伤正效应,而且与盐湖卤水的成分密切相关。高强与高性能混凝土具有很高的抗卤水冻蚀性,在盐湖地区属于高耐久性的混凝土,适用于不同类型的盐湖环境。     

Eight-year exploration of shrinkage in high-performance concrete

In this paper, an experimental and analytical exploration on the effect of water-binder ratio (w/b), silica fume and age on autogenous, carbonation, drying and total shrinkage of high-performance concrete (HPC) is outlined. Eight types of HPC were studied. Carbonation, internal relative humidity (RH) and strength were studied on specimens from the same batch of HPC that was used in the studies of shrinkage. The results indicate fairly good correlation between carbonation, shrinkage, w/b and RH. The type and amount of silica fume affected shrinkage.     

Mesoscale pore structure of a high-performance concrete by coupling focused ion beam/scanning electron microscopy and small angle X-ray scattering

This contribution couples (a) Small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) experiments of a high-performance concrete (HPC) at the millimetric scale, and (b) Focused ion beam/scanning electron microscopy (FIB/SEM) of the cement paste of the HPC, with 10-20 nm voxel size. The aim is to improve the understanding of the 3D pore network of the HPC at the mesoscale (tens of nm), which is relevant for fluid transport. The mature HPC is an industrial concrete, based on pure Portland CEMI cement, and planned for use as structural elements for deep underground nuclear waste storage. Small angle X-ray scattering patterns are computed from the 3D pore images given by FIB/SEM (volumes of 61-118 μm³). They are positively correlated with SAXS measurements (volumes of 5 mm³). Aside from correlations with FIB/SEM data, experimental SAXS allows to investigate a wider range of effects on the pore structure. These are mainly the HPC drying state, the presence of aggregates (by analyzing data on cement paste alone), and the use of Poly Methyl MethAcrylate resin impregnation.     

高性能砼--绿色砼

绿色高性能砼不仅具有良好的耐久性、工作性、力学性能及经济合理性,还具有节能、环保等特点。文章从节约资源、能源、提高砼耐久性及保护环境的角度,阐述了发展绿色高性能砼的必要性,对高性能砼存在的造价高、早期开裂等问题提出了解决办法。重点介绍了ＨＰＣ配合的设计方法。     

高性能混凝土用多元复合矿物外加剂的优化配伍研究

矿物外加剂是高性能混凝土中必不可少的组分。通过研究不同复合比例的多元复合矿物外加剂对混凝土性能的影响 ,包括混凝土的和易性、混凝土抗压强度和抗折强度、混凝土抗氯离子渗透性能等 ,分析得出多元复合矿物外加剂的优化配伍比例。     

C80高性能混凝土工作特性及工程应用

为解C80混凝土大面积浇注开裂问题,通过配比试验对C80高性能混凝土的工作特性进行了研究,取得了满足工程设计和施工工艺要求的C80混凝土配合比,并在呼图壁青年渠首改造工程中得到了应用.研究表明C80混凝土优异的工作性能是保证工闸底板混凝土施工质量的关键,优质的活性细掺合料对于优化C80 高性能混凝土的工作性能、降低水化...     

Nuclear magnetic resonance characterization of high- and ultrahigh-performance concrete: Application to the study of water leaching

In the present study, we show that high-resolution ²⁹Si and ²⁷Al magic angle spinning (MAS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) can be a powerful tool for analyzing actual concrete mixes. The influence of the amount of silica fume and of the type of cement in high-performance concrete (HPC), as well as the influence of the type of silica fume and of the granular packing in ultrahigh-performance concrete (UHPC) were investigated. Significant effects on the amount and shape of C-S-H, on the incorporation of aluminum in the C-S-H structure, and on the distribution of aluminum-containing hydrates were observed. Nuclear magnetic relaxation of protons was also performed and it showed the fractal feature of the pore size distribution in UHPC and the higher amount of larger pores in HPC. The microstructure of the surface of these same formulations leached by mineral water for up to 1 year exhibits slight modifications.     

The influence of RPCA on the strength and fracture toughness of HPC

The paper presents the study on the relationship among mechanical properties, including compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, fracture toughness, and rupture probability of coarse aggregate (RPCA) of high-performance concrete (HPC) with varied aggregate sizes. For the maximum aggregate size of 16 mm, the compressive and splitting tensile strength and the corresponding RPCA reached the maximum values. As the mechanical properties linearly increased with the increasing RPCA, RPCA has been confirmed as a useful parameter to express the mechanical behavior of HPC. Preliminary analysis also showed good relationships between the mechanical properties and RPCA.     

高性能混杂纤维增强膨胀混凝土在硫酸镁溶液中的抗腐蚀性能

采用自然浸泡和于湿循环的方法,研究了粉煤灰混凝土(FAC)、高性能混凝土(HPc)和高性能混杂纤维增强膨胀混凝土(mPHFREC)在5％硫酸镁溶液中的相对动弹性模量变化和质量损失规律.实验结果表明:硫酸镁环境对混凝土具有严重腐蚀性;干湿循环加速混凝土的表面剥落,对混凝土的抗硫酸镁腐蚀性能有劣化作用.在5％硫酸镁中自然浸泡,HPHFREC2具有优良的抗腐蚀性能,三元纤维混杂起到良好的增韧阻裂作用;在干湿循环+硫酸镁双重破坏因素作用下,HPC有较好的抗腐蚀性能,而HPHFREC的纤维增强效果不佳,表面剥落严重,抗腐蚀性能不理想.     

Internal curing of high-performance concrete with pre-soaked fine lightweight aggregate for prevention of autogenous shrinkage cracking

The effectiveness of internal curing (IC) to reduce autogenous shrinkage cracking in high-performance concrete (HPC) was investigated using different levels of internal curing on four pairs of large-size prismatic HPC specimens tested simultaneously under free and restrained shrinkage. Internal curing was supplied by pre-soaked fine lightweight aggregate (LWA) as a partial replacement to regular sand. It was found that the use of 178 kg/m³ of saturated LWA in HPC, providing 27 kg/m³ of IC water, eliminated the tensile stress due to restrained autogenous shrinkage without compromising the early-age strength and elastic modulus of HPC. It was shown that the risk of concrete cracking could be conservatively estimated from the extent of free shrinkage strain occurring after the peak expansion strain that may develop at very early ages. Autogenous expansion, observed during the first day for high levels of internal curing, can significantly reduce the risk of cracking in concrete structures, as both the elastic and creep strains develop initially in compression, enabling the tensile strength to increase further before tensile stresses start to initiate later.