A general approach for error modeling of machine tools

This paper presents a general and systematic approach for geometric error modeling of machine tools due to the geometric errors arising from manufacturing and assembly. The approach can be implemented in three steps: (1) development of a linear map between the pose error twist and source errors within machine tool kinematic chains using homogeneous transformation matrix method; (2) formulation of a linear map between the pose error twist and the error intensities of a machine tool; (3) combination of these two models for error separation. The merit of this approach lies in that it enables the source errors affecting the compensatable and uncompensatable pose accuracy of the machine tool to be explicitly separated, thereby providing designers and/or field engineers with an informative guideline for the accuracy improvement by suitable measures, i.e. component tolerancing in design, manufacturing and assembly processes, and error compensation. Two typical multi-axis machine tools are taken as examples to illustrate the generality and effectiveness of this approach.     

质心测试平台的运动学及其误差模型研究

为了探讨质心测试平台的结构参数误差引起质心测试结果的偏差,在对质心测试平台进行运动学分析的基础上,依据矩阵全微分理论,建立了结构参数误差与运动平台姿态误差模型。最后,通过计算机仿真对误差模型进行了验证,结果表明,该误差模型能够反映实际姿态误差的变化。     

Error map construction for rotary axes on five-axis machine tools by on-the-machine measurement using a touch-trigger probe

Position-dependent geometric errors, or “error map,” of a rotary axis represent how position and orientation of the axis of rotation change with its rotation. This paper proposes a scheme to calibrate the error map of rotary axes by on-the-machine measurement of test pieces by using a contact-type touch-trigger probe installed on the machine's spindle. The present scheme enables more efficient and automated error calibration, which is crucial to implement periodic check of rotary axes error map or periodic update of its numerical compensation for five-axis machine tools. The uncertainty analysis of the error calibration is also presented with a particular interest in the influence of error motions of linear axes. The experimental demonstration is presented.     

厚壁压力容器声发射技术声源定位误差分析

声发射技术（AE）已经被广泛应用到压力容器、压力管道等检验中。声源定位在整个声发射检验与评定结果过程中起重要作用,目前这方面的研究热点是如何提高定位精度。声发射技术通常采用时差定位法来检测压力容器和压力管道的缺陷,通过检测声波到达不同传感器的时间来确定声源位置。对于厚壁压力容器来说,若声源位于容器的内表面或内部,显然容器壁厚会对声源的精确定位产生一定的影响。针对此问题,详细推导并得出厚壁压力容器中声发射检测的定位误差的解析解,分析和讨论了声源定位误差的变化规律。分析结果表明,定位误差的试验值和理论分析符合良好,计算数据与试验值之间的最大误差为7．12％。当容器壁厚小于600mm的情况下,建议实际声发射检测中对声源位置200nm以内区域采用其他常规无损检测方法进行复验以确定实际声源位置。     

数字控制焊接系统中的误差分析

为了提高焊接系统中的焊接质量,对采集信号的误差处理进行了详细的分析。通过分析焊接系统中电压、电流和电机速度控制可知:要实现焊接系统的智能控制,必须对控制信号焊接电压、焊接电流和电机转速进行采样并反馈控制,而这些采样信号与真实值之间都存在误差。分析了误差的来源,整个系统中误差的分析处理,以及随机干扰信号处理的几种方法。对误差信号的分析和处理方法对焊接控制系统的误差处理和干扰信号的抑制将起到一定的参考作用。     

基于全微分模型的打磨机械臂静态误差分析

针对打磨机械臂系统的精度设计问题的解决,基于DH模型建立了机械臂的运动学参数模型,并基于全微分法建立了运动学参数误差与末端误差的数学关系。对机械臂可能出现的误差源进行分析,归纳误差源的类型,代入误差模型分别进行仿真,并对结构误差与传动误差对机械臂末端位置的影响进行比较。结果表明:传动误差对X、Y向的位置影响较大,而结构误差对Z轴的影响较大,这些信息可用于对实际机械臂参数误差的回归分析,为在机械臂设计及制造阶段、机械臂的制造及装配误差预计及优化提供数据参考。     

一种三坐标并联动力头——Sprint Z3的误差建模与灵敏度分析

研究一种三坐标并联动力头——Sprint Z3的精度建模及几何误差源灵敏度分析问题。在建立该机构运动学逆解模型的基础上,利用摄动法建立其末端位置及姿态误差与几何误差源之间的映射模型。在此基础上,对影响末端位姿误差的几何误差源进行灵敏度分析,从而为机械设计中零部件的公差分配提供了理论依据。     

Modeling and analysis of nonlinear guideway for double-ball bar (DBB) measurement and diagnosis

The purpose of this paper is to study nonlinear geometric errors in multi-axis machine tools. A general mathematical model for guideway systems that can be applied to high-precision machine tools such as CNC lathes is introduced. Using this model, most nonlinear error sources in the guideway systems can be diagnosed by measuring the contouring error using a double-ball bar (DBB). Diagnostic software has been developed to identify system parameters based on the least-squares estimation method. Inputting two or three contouring errors pattern data into this software enables parameters to be identified quickly, based on the nonlinear model.     

Error analysis and in-process compensation on cup wheel grinding of hard sphere

Grinding using cup wheel has been widely used in hard sphere machining process. In conventional sphere grinding (CSG), the linear velocity of the point with the same latitude on the sphere varies, which causes the sphericity error. The misalignment of the machine tool is another source of sphericity error. In this paper, these two types of sphericity errors are analyzed, and an adjustable depth of cut sphere grinding (ADCSG) is proposed to reduce the sphericity error. CSG and ADCSG were carried out on a home-made MD6050 NC precision sphere grinding machine, and the effectiveness of ADCSG is demonstrated with grinding tests. The results showed that ADCSG can reduce the sphericity error effectively compared with CSG. The sphericity error can reach less than 5 μm.     

基于正交实验设计的并联机构误差分析

介绍了一种新型含恰约束支链3-SPS/S并联机器人机构,为提高终端平台的定位精度,对该并联机构进行误差分析。首先在运动学逆解基础上,对驱动支链的运动方程进行微分,建立该机构位姿输出误差正解数学模型。并在给定机构误差的条件下,考虑末端执行器在工作过程中位姿输出误差的变化情况。利用正交实验设计的思想均衡排布参数的误差水平,对该机构进行精度分析,并绘制某姿态下的误差分布直方图及许用精度范围内的可靠度。结果表明:利用正交实验法能够快速计算误差值,为并联机构的精度设计和运动学参数的标定建立了理论基础。     

六自由度机械臂位姿误差及可靠性研究

随着工业机械臂的发展应用,工业机械臂的末端定位精度和末端位姿可靠性越来越被重视。以六自由度机械臂为研究对象,分析机械臂连杆参数误差对机械臂末端位姿偏差量和末端位姿可靠性的影响,采用矩阵法求出机械臂末端位置偏差量模型,采用误差建模摄动法求出末端姿态偏差量模型。文中的创新点在于利用Monte-Carlo法求出连杆各参数误差对机械臂末端位姿造成的偏差量和末端位姿对各个参数误差的可靠性灵敏度。     

基于熵不确定性概念的机器人位姿精度理论(六)——位姿精度分析的计算机仿真系统

基于熵不确定性概念的机器人位姿 精度评价指标的大小同机器人各参数误差的大小及其概率分布有密切的关系。本文将建立机器人位姿精度分析的计算机仿真系统，利用统计模拟方法，通过改变由机器人机构误差源误差引起的各参数的大小及概率分布，考察评价指标的相应变化，找出影响评价指标的因素。     

Error compensation in flexible end milling of tubular geometries

There are many machining situations where slender tools are used to machine thin walled tubular workpieces. Such instances are more common in machining of aircraft structural parts. In these cases, cutting force induced tool as well as workpiece deflections are quite common which result into surface error on machined components. This paper presents a methodology to compensate such tool and workpiece induced surface errors in machining of thin walled geometries by modifying tool paths. The accuracy with which deflections can be predicted strongly depends on correctness of the cutting force model used. Traditionally employed mechanistic cutting force models overestimate tool and workpiece deflections in this case as the change of process geometry due to deflections is not accounted in modeling. Therefore, a cutting force model accounting for change in process geometry due to static deflections of tool and workpiece is adopted in this work. Such a force model is used in predicting tool and workpiece deflection induced surface errors on machined components and then compensating the same by modifying tool path. The paper also studies effectiveness of error compensation scheme for both synclastic and anti-clastic configurations of tubular geometries.     

Error compensation in machine tools — a review: Part II: thermal errors

Accuracy of machined components is one of the most critical considerations for any manufacturer. Many key factors like cutting tools and machining conditions, resolution of the machine tool, the type of workpiece etc., play an important role. However, once these are decided upon, the consistent performance of the machine tool depends upon its ability to accurately position the tool tip vis-à-vis the required workpiece dimension. This task is greatly constrained by errors either built into the machine or occurring on a periodic basis on account of temperature changes or variation in cutting forces. The three major types of error are geometric, thermal and cutting-force induced errors. Geometric errors make up the major part of the inaccuracy of a machine tool, the error caused by cutting forces depending on the type of tool and workpiece and the cutting conditions adopted. This part of the paper attempts to review the work done in analysing the various sources of geometric errors that are usually encountered on machine tools and the methods of elimination or compensation employed in these machines. A brief study of cutting-force induced errors and other errors is also made towards the end of this paper.     

数控机床在线检测系统的定位误差补偿实验研究

为了提高数控机床在线检测精度,研究机床各个轴的定位误差对数控机床在线检测精度的影响。针对数控机床误差补偿进行实验研究,采用激光干涉仪在数控机床上测量出各个轴的定位误差,将各个轴的定位误差依次进行补偿;并以Visual C++6. 0为工具,编写了三次样条曲线的算法程序,将测量的数据点拟合成一条曲线,达到可以预测机床任意点误差的效果;进行标准块检测实验。结果表明:在数控机床在线检测系统中实施误差补偿,效果较为明显,利用补偿软件可以实现对数控机床任意点进行补偿。     

基于多体系统理论的车铣中心空间误差模型分析

数控机床的误差建模是进行机床运动设计、精度分析和误差补偿的关键技术,也是保证机床加工精度的重要环节.本文利用多体系统理论来构建超精密数控机床的几何误差模型,该模型简便、明确,不受机床结构和运动复杂程度的限制,为计算机床误差、实现误差补偿和修正控制指令提供了理论依据.在机床实际应用中,可以利用由精密机床误差建模所推导出的几何位置误差来修正理想加工指令,控制机床的实际运动,从而实现几何误差补偿,提高机床加工精度.     

数控车床误差快速检测与精度标定

数控机床误差检测与精度标定是误差补偿的关键环节.针对中、低档数控机床大批量生产出厂的标定,设计了基于步距规与电感测微仪的数控车床误差快速检测装置.通过设计相应的夹具,保证了步距规与车床的相对位姿精度,简化了操作,提高了测量效率;通过温度误差消除,降低了装置对测量环境的要求;通过分析步距规受夹紧力后引起的变形,消除了夹紧...     

非圆仿形车削加工误差补偿系统

针对目前广泛使用的非圆零件硬靠模车削加工柔性差、加工效率低的缺点,提出了两种对工件的加工误差进行补偿的方法。该误差补偿系统能够补偿由靠模磨损引起的误差、机床主轴的回转误差、机床热误差等确定性误差、由刀架和各种随机误差引起的刀具的位移误差。该误差补偿系统可在一定程度上有效提高非圆仿形车削的加工性能。     

连杆参数误差对机器人精度可靠性的影响

采用Denavit-Hartenberg方法设定五自由度串联机器人杆件坐标系,通过齐次变换矩阵建立串联机器人正运动学和逆运动学模型。在此基础上,对由静态误差引起的串联机器人末端位姿误差做了分析。利用微小位移合成法建立了串联机器人的静态位姿误差分析模型,以机构可靠度为位姿精度评价指标,应用Monte Carlo数值仿真法分析串联机器人各连杆参数误差对串联机器人的静态位姿精度的影响程度,并分析得出对串联机器人的静态位姿精度影响最大的关节。     

Identification and compensation of geometric errors of rotary axes on five-axis machine by on-machine measurement

The geometric errors of rotary axes are the fundamental errors of a five-axis machine tool. They directly affect the machining accuracy, and require periodical measurement, identification and compensation. In this paper, a precise calibration and compensation method for the geometric errors of rotary axes on a five-axis machine tool is proposed. The automated measurement is realized by using an on-the-machine touch-trigger technology and an artifact. A calibration algorithm is proposed to calibrate geometric errors of rotary axes based on the relative displacement of the measured reference point. The geometric errors are individually separated and the coupling effect of the geometric errors of two rotary axes can be avoided. The geometry error of the artifact as well as its setup error has little influence on geometric error calibration results. Then a geometric error compensation algorithm is developed by modifying the numeric control (NC) source file. All the geometric errors of the rotary errors are compensated to improve the machining accuracy. The algorithm can be conveniently integrated into the post process. At last, an experiment on a five-axis machine tool with table A-axis and head B-axis structure validates the feasibility of the proposed method.