Determination of friction coefficients in deep drawing by modification of Siebel’s formula for calculation of ideal drawing force

The numerical simulation of deep drawing processes is state of the art. Beside flow curves and yield locus, friction coefficients for blank-die contact are the most important, but often not exactly known, input parameters. This paper deals with the topic to calculate friction coefficients from Siebel’s formula for calculation of ideal maximum drawing force. Different modifications for special cases e.g. displaced blankholder or big die clearances are taken into account. The modified Siebel formula is used to determine friction coefficients for elevated temperatures up to 600 °C and different dry lubes. The calculated values for the friction coefficients are compared to values identified in numerical simulation.     

Development of incremental deep drawing process

This paper deals with development of an incremental deep drawing process. On a newly developed incremental deep drawing set-up, the aluminium sheets are formed; the forming is carried out by deep-drawing the blank as in the conventional method but incrementally. Fractures at the punch or die corner in the blank may or may not occur depending on the conditions; the process parameters involved are punch size, punch corner radius, increment in punch displacement, blank holding force or pressure, etc. It is thus shown that different shapes are formed by one set of common tools. It is thereby confirmed that incremental deep drawing is possible without using a particular tool set for a particular shape.     

工艺参数对TA0半球件冷拉深成形的影响规律

以TA0薄壁半球形零件冷拉深成形为研究对象,采用数值模拟与试验研究相结合的手段,在研究该拉伸成形过程中零件的应变及壁厚分布规律及组织演变规律的基础上,对破裂、起皱缺陷位置进行了预测。同时,采用正交试验分析方法,研究了单位压边力、摩擦系数、凹模圆角半径和凸凹模间隙等工艺参数,对该拉深成形过程的影响规律。结果表明,单位压边力、摩擦系数、凹模圆角半径对拉深过程均有显著影响,其中贡献率分别为凹模圆角半径41.04%,摩擦系数30.27%,压边力24.68%。     

铝锂合金的温热拉深成形性能

在数值模拟研究压边力、毛料直径、凸凹模圆角半径、变形温度等对5A90铝锂合金板材拉深成形影响的基础上,采用正交试验设计方法对拉深成形工艺参数进行优化设计,并进行相应的拉深成形试验。研究表明,变形温度对拉深成形影响最显著,其次是毛料大小的影响,而变形速度和压边力的大小对拉深成形影响较小。通过对试验结果的计算、分析和总结,获得了5A90铝锂合金板材拉深成形的最佳工艺参数组合,在最佳工艺参数条件下,铝锂合金的极限拉深系数达到了0.45。     

A theoretical,numerical, and experimental investigation of plastic wrinkling of circular two-layer sheet metal in the deep drawing

In this paper, the wrinkling of two-layer (aluminum-stainless steel) sheets in the deep drawing process, is investigated through an analytical method, numerical simulations, and experiments. In a deep drawing process, wrinkling can always be eliminated with an increase in the blank holder force (BHF). Thus, the aim of this study is to obtain the minimum required BHF to prevent wrinkling. In the analytical model, energy method is used to predict the wrinkling. Also, FE simulations were performed to study the effect of forming parameters on wrinkling. Experiments have been conducted to verify the analytical model and FE simulations. The effects of parameters such as the material properties of aluminum layer and lay-up on BHF and forming force are investigated. Results demonstrate that the optimum BHF is dependent on the blank geometry, material properties and lay-up. It is shown that BHF is greater when aluminum is in contact with the punch. Results show a good agreement between analytical, FE, and experimental results.     

汽车前围板冲压数值模拟及工艺参数优化

针对汽车覆盖件冲压过程变形复杂的特点,对某型号汽车前围板零件拉深过程进行数值模拟,分析压边力及拉延筋的变化对该零件成形效果的影响。通过成形极限图优化压边力及拉延筋,最终获取该零件拉深工序合适的工艺参数,为汽车覆盖件冲压工艺提供快速、有效的设计方法。     

Analysis of punch velocity dependent process window in micro deep drawing

Micro forming is an appropriate technology to manufacture very small metal parts, in particular for bulk production, as they are required in many industrial products resulting from micro technology. Deep drawing provides a great application potential for the manufacturing of parts with complex shapes, even in very small dimensions. Concerning the so called size effects micro deep drawing is widely investigated. However, this process is carried out usually under laboratory conditions with a relatively low punch velocity, for example 1 mm/s. At the same time, the light weight of the forming tools for micro deep drawing makes it possible to vary the punch velocity in a relatively large range. Furthermore, raising the punch velocity is very meaningful for mass production in industry. Thus micro deep drawing with the punch diameter of 1 mm was performed with different punch velocities (1, 10 and 100 mm/s) in this work, whereby the process behaviour, especially the experimentally acquired process window changes with variation of punch velocities. The analysis in this work shows that the velocity dependent friction coefficients are responsible for the difference in process windows under different punch velocities.     

汽车座椅外侧板单动拉延成形工艺分析及优化

以某型号汽车座椅外侧板为例,采用Auto Form软件对座椅外侧板拉延成形过程进行模拟分析,并根据分析结果预测出拉延过程中的拉裂风险。通过调整零件的圆角半径和修改局部结构,消除了开裂风险,降低了最大减薄率。为取得更好的成形效果,选取压边力、摩擦系数、冲压速度、凸凹模间隙4个重要成形工艺参数进行正交试验及参数优化,得出最优工艺方案为:压边力250 k N、摩擦系数0.13、冲压速度1000 mm·s-1和凸凹模间隙2.42 mm,最终零件的最大减薄率为24.33%,最大增厚率为6.54%。采用优化后方案进行实际拉深试模,得出零件的成形性能与有限元模拟结果一致,工件质量完全符合设计要求。     

基于正交试验的座椅撑板冲压成形回弹研究及优化

以某汽车座椅撑板为研究对象,采用Autoform有限元软件建立拉延过程有限元模型,对其成形和回弹进行分析。针对拉延成形过程中回弹量过大的缺陷,设计正交试验,选取压边力、摩擦系数、冲压速度和凸凹模间隙4个重要工艺参数作为因素,研究工艺参数对回弹量的影响规律,得到最优的工艺参数组合为:压边力250 k N,摩擦系数0.08,凸凹模间隙1.2 mm,冲压速度4000 mm·s~(-1)。采用优化参数组合进行试模,试验结果与数值模拟结果吻合较好,工件成形效果完全符合设计要求。     

基于AutoForm的阶梯盒形件冲压工艺模拟及优化

阶梯盒形件是汽车制造业中的典型零件,但是由于其拉伸成形困难,废品率较高.针对某阶梯盒形件进行了工艺性分析,规划了冲压生产工艺,并利用AutoForm软件对拉伸成形过程进行了仿真模拟,选取板料尺寸、摩擦系数及压边力为研究对象,对比分析了3个参数对拉伸质量的影响规律,最后给出了优化成形质量的建议,对指导实际生产有一定的意义...     

轴对称拉深成形多点压边常压边力拉深模设计

对轴对称拉深成形 ,为提高压边效果 ,提出了在径向多个位置施加压边力的方法 ,且根据常力压边原理 ,用弹簧和橡胶作弹性元件 ,使在不同压边位置所产生的压边力 ,在拉深过程中保持定值。以此设计的模具所提供的压边力 ,更符合拉深工艺对压边力的要求。     

Finite element simulation on the deep drawing of titanium thin-walled surface part

The deep drawing of titanium thin-walled surface part was simulated based on a self-developed three-dimensional finite element model. After an investigation on forming rules, a virtual orthogonal experimental design was adopted to determine the significance of processing parameters, such as die radius, blank holder force, and friction coefficient, on the forming process. The distributions of thickness and equivalent plastic strain of the drawn part were evaluated. The results show that die radius has a relative major influence on the deep drawing process, followed by friction coefficient and blank holder force.     

板料拉深变压边力系统

结合型号为HHP28-120双动薄板拉深液压机的现状，对原有下顶出缸的液压油路控制系统进行一系列改进，采用高精度比例溢流阀控制下顶出缸的压力和高精度传感器采集顶出缸油压。使原有下顶出缸在工控机控制下能够提供可控变化的压边力大小，进一步结合可实时测量真实压边力大小和摩擦系数的探针式传感器，以不同的变化率变化该处的压边力大小，最后通过分析研究变压边力对不同拉深成形性能评估参数的影响显著性，来判断最优变压边力的加载模式。     

新型液压—机械拉深模与工艺过程数值模拟

介绍一种新型液压—机械拉深模装置,液压力能在拉深过程中形成径向推力、摩擦保持及流体润滑效应,建立与新型液压—机械拉深模相应的数值模拟模型,通过添加节点力和单元力来实现径向推力和凹模腔压力建模。用建立的模型,设置与实际试验相一致的工艺参数,对08Al拉深钢板进行数值模拟计算,将模拟计算结果与实际实验结果进行对比,说明径向推力和凹模腔液压力建模的正确性,为进一步进行液压—机械拉深工艺研究奠定基础。     

Influences of material parameters on deep drawing of thin-walled hemispheric surface part

During deep drawing process, the material parameters of blank have a significant effect on the quality of the drawn part and the determination of process parameters. Here, a 3D finite element model is developed for the deep drawing process of a thin-walled hemispheric surface part. Then the influences of material parameters including hardening exponent n, yield stress σs and elastic modulus E on the process are investigated by simulation. The results show that the effects of n and σs on punch force, thickness variation and equivalent strain are more notable. The maximum equivalent plastic strain occurs outside the die corner. However, when the value of n is 0.03 or σs is smaller than 120 MPa, higher equivalent plastic strain occurs at ball top.     

变压边力拉深的原理及实验系统

板料拉深过程中,压边力是一种重要的工艺参数。由于其在冲压拉深过程中的重要作用及在生产中易于调节、控制,近年来一些汽车工业较为发达的国家,正在进行着变压边力拉深新工艺方法的研究。本文从板料冲压拉深过程对压边力需求的分析中,提出了变压边力控制方法的原理,建立了变压边力拉深实验系统,并以圆锥形件为研究对象对拉深过程中合理的变压边力控制问题进行了探索性研究,取得了阶段性成果。     

轴对称曲面件智能化拉深成形过程的解析定量描述

成形过程的定量描述是板材成形智能化控制中在线识别材料参数和工况参数以及预测最佳工艺参数的理论依据，识别和预测精度取决于定量描述的准确程度。为了实现轴对称曲面件拉深过程的智能化控制，分析了轴对称曲面拉深件的共性特征，建立了完整的力学模型，在直线假设、面积不变假设和似直梁弯曲假设条件下，给出了拉深过程中拉深力－行程曲线的解析定量描述。用三种板材以锥形件拉深为例进行了实验验证。     

板材拉深成形过程中摩擦条件与压边力设定关系研究

利用“板料拉深成形摩擦系数测试系统”,研究不同种类的润滑剂在不同压边力值设定条件下,拉深过程中的摩擦系数与压边力、拉深力与压边力之间的关系。从两种实验用坯料物理模拟的结果得知：实验用的油基润滑剂其粘度值越大,拉深性能越好,受压边力数值设定的影响也越小;坯料尺寸的增加使拉深成形变得困难,但对摩擦系数的影响很小。该研究结果有助于生产现场中润滑剂的选用和最佳压边力数值的确定。     

不等高盒形件曲面重构及变压边力成形过程模拟

冲压生产中形状较复杂的不等深盒形件的拉深工艺和模具设计,一般比较复杂.本文以汽车装饰托盘为例,阐述该类型盒形件反求中的曲面重构技术.应用塑性成形有限元技术对其拉深过程进行数值模拟;模拟中采用按一定规律变化的压边力作为成形条件之一.模拟结果表明,不等高盒形件采用锯齿形变压边力可以有效地防止起皱和拉裂等拉深缺陷.     

新型液压-机械拉深工艺试验研究

利用改进后的新型液压-机械拉深模具进行拉深试验研究.设计适合于改进后的新型液压-机械拉深模具的拉深工艺过程,对不同直径的板料进行拉深试验,每次试验没置不同的工艺参数,获得了拉深比达2.63的制件.试验表明,引入液压作用后,可以大幅度地提高板料的极限拉深比,随着板料直径的增加,使拉深成功进行的液压力区间逐渐减小.