氯化钠、硫酸钠溶液对混凝土抗冻性的影响及其机理

研究了混凝土在质量分数为3．5％的氯化钠溶液、5．0％的硫酸钠溶液中的抗冻性,结果表明,不同的盐溶液对混凝土抗冻性有不同的影响,在氯化钠溶液中冻融时,混凝土表面产生严重的剥落;而在硫酸钠溶液中冻融时,质量损失小,原因在于氯化钠溶液冻结以后压缩塑尾较小,而硫酸钠溶液冻结后在压缩塑性很大,在溶液中冻融时混凝土的相对动弹性模量下降比在水中略为缓慢,但水灰比0．26的混凝土在硫酸钠溶液中冻融后期相对动弹性模量下降很快,过早破坏,原因在于经过一定时间硫酸盐侵蚀发挥作用以后与冻融破坏产生交互作用。     

盐碱与冻融耦合作用下再生混凝土耐久性试验研究

通过再生混凝土在3.5%NaCl、3.5%Na2SO4、3.5%NaCl+3.5%Na2SO4和水四种溶液中的冻融循环试验,分析再生混凝土在同浓度不同种类盐碱溶液中经过不同冻融次数后(N)的质量变化(△m)和动弹性模量变化(△E) ,绘制N-△m和N-△E的曲线.同时,设置单掺10%、20%粉煤灰和2%、4%硅灰为对照组,研究粉煤灰和硅灰组分别在3.5%NaCl和3.5%Na2SO4环境下混凝土的抗冻性能规律.结果表明:氯盐环境中,随冻融次数的增加,混凝土表面剥削、开裂现象明显,质量和动弹性模量损失严重,而硫酸盐环境中,冻融前期混凝土内部生成水化产物使质量增加,表面膨胀开裂,后期质量和动弹性模量急剧下降,与浓度3.5%氯盐盐冻相比,硫酸盐盐冻动弹性模量损失更大.冻融破坏强度由强到弱排序为氯盐冻、硫酸盐冻、复合盐冻、水冻;掺入粉煤灰后,氯盐环境下的混凝土抗冻性反而下降,10%掺量优于20%掺量.掺入硅灰后,硫酸盐环境下再生混凝土抗冻性提高,破坏程度要比水冻小,4%掺量优于2%掺量;最后分析了混凝土腐蚀机理.     

A method for assessment of the freeze-thaw resistance of preformed foam cellular concrete

The growing use of cellular concrete for building materials and geotechnical fills brings forth the question of suitable durability and performance standards. Of particular importance is the performance of cellular concrete in freezing and thawing environments. Since the macrostructure of cellular concrete or cellular control low-strength material is not like that of normal-weight concrete, a modified procedure is needed to specify the required characteristics of cellular concrete that lead to freeze-thaw durability. This research investigated the freeze-thaw durability of cellular concrete and developed a modified freeze-thaw test procedure, based on ASTM C666. Physical properties related to freeze-thaw durability were measured for each mixture and compared to the initial properties. As a result of these comparisons, recommendations are made regarding the production of freeze-thaw-resistant preformed foam cellular concrete exposed to freeze-thaw environments. The results of the study show that depth of absorption was a key predictor in developing freeze-thaw-resistant concrete. Compressive strength, depth of initial penetration, absorption and absorption rate are the important variables in producing cellular concrete that is resistant to cycles of freezing and thawing. Density and permeability were shown not to be significant variables.     

Experimental study of strength and deformation of plain concrete under biaxial compression after freezing and thawing cycles

This study attempts to generate information about the strength and deformation behavior of plain concrete under biaxial compression after 0, 25, 50 and 75 cycles of freezing and thawing. Concrete cubes were tested under biaxial compressive stresses. Five principal compression stress ratios and four different cycles of freeze-thaw were the main variables. Static compressive strengths, stress-strain relationships and failure modes were examined. Failure modes of specimens are also described. The experimental results showed that the biaxial compressive strength of plain concrete decreased as the freeze-thaw cycles were repeated. The influence of freeze-thaw cycles and the stress ratio on the biaxial strength, the strain corresponding to peak stress and the elastic modulus after freeze-thaw cycles was also analyzed. The formula of the biaxial compressive strength in principal stress space is proposed.     

Properties of concrete produced from multicomponent blended cements

This paper presents a study on the behavior of concrete produced from multicomponent blended cements. These blends were prepared by blending 20–60% ASTM Type I cement with the combination of Class C fly ash and clean coal ash. Two percent to four percent sodium sulfate anhydrite was added to the blends as a chemical activator. Tests were conducted on the prepared concrete for strength development, freezing and thawing resistance, resistance to chloride ion penetration, sulfate resistance, and alkali silica reaction. Test results show that concrete produced from blended cements had equivalent or higher strength than the control mixture at all test ages. Blended cements were effective in controlling expansions due to sulfate attack or alkali silica reaction. They also reduced the deterioration of concrete due to freezing and thawing action and greatly increased the resistance to chloride ion penetration into the concrete.     

Surface and internal deterioration of concrete due to saline and non-saline freeze-thaw loads

Concrete deterioration due to frost action in non-saline and saline environments was studied statistically. The most significant variables affecting the freeze-thaw durability of concrete were calculated statistically and contours of estimated response surface were produced. Water-cement ratio and air content of the concretes were the most dominant variables affecting the internal and surface damage caused by the freezing and thawing loads. In the non-saline environment, water curing improved the R² values of the developed deterioration models in the surface scaling part of the tests. In the internal damage tests, the curing measures did not improve the statistical relevancy of the estimated response surfaces. In the saline freeze-thaw tests, high-strength concretes were studied. When water-binder ratio was below 0.42 internal deterioration was the governing freeze-thaw damage mechanism which needed larger air content compared to surface scaling.     

粉煤灰掺量对再生混凝土力学性能和抗冻性的影响研究

研究粉煤灰掺量、再生粗骨料取代率对再生混凝土抗压强度和抗折强度的影响,并对再生混凝土在不同冻融循环次数下的抗压强度和质量损失率进行了研究.结果表明:随着粉煤灰掺量的增加,再生混凝土抗压强度呈先增大后降低的趋势,当粉煤灰掺量为15%,再生粗骨料取代率为30%时,再生混凝土的抗压强度达到最大;粉煤灰掺量对抗折强度提高幅度较小;在冻融循环低于50次时,试块抗压强度下降速度较缓,此后下降速度加快,当冻融循环达到150次时,强度损失最大;再生粗骨料取代率对试块的抗冻性影响高于粉煤灰掺量.建立了考虑再生粗骨料取代率、粉煤灰掺量因素的冻融循环作用下再生混凝土抗压强度指数衰减规律预测模型.     

普通混凝土在盐湖环境中的抗卤水冻蚀性与破坏机理研究

采用快冻法测定了普通混凝土在新疆、青海、内蒙古和西藏盐湖卤水环境中的抗卤水冻蚀性,提出了混凝土在盐湖卤水的物理化学腐蚀和冻融循环双重因素作用下的冻融破坏机理,定量研究了混凝土的冻融损伤叠加效应与交互作用。结果表明,普通混凝土在不同冻融介质中的耐久性顺序是:青海盐湖卤水>新疆盐湖卤水>水>西藏盐湖卤水>内蒙古盐湖卤水;其冻融破坏特征是盐结晶压导致混凝土膨胀开裂。盐湖卤水对于混凝土冻融的损伤效应,既有降低冰点、缓解冻融的损伤正效应,也有促进盐类结晶、导致混凝土膨胀开裂的损伤负效应,两者之间的大小决定了混凝土在盐湖卤水中冻融时的损伤规律。     

Modelling of steel fiber-reinforced concrete under multi-axial loads

Fifty-four plain concrete and steel fiber-reinforced concrete (SFRC) plate specimens containing 0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5% of hooked fibers were tested under biaxial compression. The experimental results obtained were used to verify a failure surface developed earlier by the authors for SFRC under multi-axial loads. An equation has also been proposed in this study to predict the strain at failure for SFRC under multi-axial loads, ε_ci. The proposed failure criterion and equation to predict ε_ci were incorporated into a constitutive model in a well-established finite-element software, ABAQUS. Experiments of SFRC plate specimens under multi-axial loads and beams under two-point load were modeled to illustrate the application of the failure surface to SFRC under varying load conditions. Good agreement between analytical and experimental results is observed.     

Interaction between loading, freeze-thaw cycles, and chloride salt attack of concrete with and without steel fiber reinforcement

In this paper, the deterioration of concrete subjected to the combined action of four-point bending—loading, freeze-thaw cycles, and chloride salt attack—is discussed. Test results show that concrete tested in chloride salt solution scaled much more severely than in fresh water, and its weight loss in chloride salt solution was twice that in water. However, dynamic modulus of elasticity (DME) of concrete in chloride salt solution dropped more slowly than that in water due to supercooling resulting from chloride salt. It is also shown that the degradation process of concrete simultaneously exposed to loading, freeze-thaw cycles, and chloride salt attack was significantly accelerated. The higher the stress ratio exerted, the lesser the freeze-thaw cycles that concrete could resist and, consequently, the shorter the service life. When a relatively high steel fiber content is introduced (1.5 vol.%), the deterioration process of concrete subjected to the three damaging processes is considerably reduced.     

不同引发剂对应马来酸酐改性橡胶混凝土抗冻性能研究

通过不同引发剂对马来酸酐改性橡胶并制备橡胶混凝土,对不同引发剂、橡胶粒径和橡胶掺量对抗冻性能影响进行研究,并通过SEM对冻融前后橡胶混凝土界面进行分析.试验结果表明,以DCP作为引发剂抗冻效果最佳,且橡胶粉粒径为60目、掺量为15%时,橡胶混凝土抗冻性能最佳.经200次冻融循环后,橡胶混凝土内部结构相对松散,结构发生破坏.     

磷酸钾镁水泥净浆抗盐冻性能研究

为了研究磷酸钾镁水泥抗盐冻性能,通过测定四种不同冻融介质中磷酸钾镁水泥净浆试件的质量损失、强度、体积变形和表观破坏形态,并与相同龄期的长期浸泡环境下的磷酸钾镁水泥净浆试件比较,借助微观手段研究磷酸钾镁水泥硬化体的物相组成和微结构.结果表明:磷酸钾镁水泥经过400次冻融循环时仍保持质量损失不超过5％、强度损失不超过25％、体积膨胀变形最大为0.275％,具有较好的抗盐冻性.四种冻融介质中,以5％硫酸钠溶液为冻融介质时破坏最严重,可作为评价磷酸钾镁水泥抗盐冻性能好坏的指标.     

Chloride induced corrosion of reinforcing steel evaluated by concrete resistivity measurements

The chloride threshold (Cl_TH) concentration for rebar corrosion initiation has received extensive attention over the last years. The chloride threshold concentration depends on several factors involving concrete composition and quality, exposure conditions and rebar surface characteristics. As a consequence, many researchers have proposed Cl_TH ranges that take into account the relative influence of each of these many factors. On the other hand, the electrical resistivity of concrete has proven to be an effective parameter that can be used to estimate the risk of reinforcing steel corrosion, particularly when corrosion is induced by chloride attack. The present study is based on a correlation of electrochemical parameters such as corrosion potential (E_corr) and current density (i_corr) together with concrete resistivity (ρ) and chloride concentration data. A relationship between chloride threshold values for rebar corrosion initiation and resistivity values (indicative of concrete quality) is proposed. According to this correlation, when the electrical resistivity of concrete increases from 2 to 100 kΩ cm, the value of Cl_TH increases from 0.44 to 2.32% relative to the weight of cement.     

Stratified damage characteristics of high-water quick-setting material exposed to sulfate under dry–wet cycles

The stability of the grouting material under the coupling effect of sulfate attack and dry–wet cycles is essential to engineering safety. As a novel grouting material, the stability research of high-water quick-setting material (HWQSM) under different corrosive environments is in the initial stage. Moreover, the stratified damage characteristics (SDC) of HWQSM under sulfate attack were not fully explored. To this end, the strength degradation and SDC of HWQSM exposed to three kinds of sulfate solutions (i.e., 10% MgSO₄ solution, 10% Na₂SO₄ solution, and hybrid solution of 5% Na₂SO₄ and 5% MgSO₄) and dry–wet cycles were analyzed by using ETM-C mechanical testing machine, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), XRD, and AFM. The results show that the strength reduction rate, the thickness of the corrosion layer, and roughness between the corrosion layer and the transition layer of HWQSM are all positively correlated with the concentration of Mg²⁺ in the erosion solution for the increase in dry–wet cycles. Under the combined action of ion erosion and carbonization, the pores and cracks of the corrosion layer expand, which would reduce the permeability resistance but increase the erosion damage rate. This research furnishes new views into the SDC of HWQSM under sulfate attack and dry–wet cycles, which would deeper our understanding to this special material undoubtedly; the research results are expected to furnish theoretical guidance of HWQSM resistance to different sulfate solutions.     

冻融循环下再生混凝土孔隙分布变化及其对抗冻性能的影响

为研究冻融循环下再生混凝土孔隙分布变化对抗冻性能的影响,选取再生骨料取代率为0%、50%、100%的三组混凝土进行冻融循环试验,基于核磁共振(NMR)技术,监测混凝土冻融破坏过程中内部孔隙结构的分布和变化情况.结果表明:冻融循环试验中,普通混凝土和50%取代率的再生混凝土抗冻性能相近,孔隙扩展不明显,而全取代再生混凝土内部孔隙扩展情况显著,混凝土抗冻性能明显降低;核磁共振测得的混凝土内部孔隙分布变化和孔隙体积变化率参数,能够很好的反映混凝土的抗冻性能,可以作为评判混凝土结构抗冻性的重要指标之一.     

Interaction between sulfate and chloride solution attack of concretes with and without fly ash

In this paper, the two sets of concretes under attack of erosion solution of sulfate and chloride salt were investigated. The one set is the plain concrete without fly ash addition. The other set is the concrete with 20% and 30% of fly ash addition, respectively. The corrosion solution includes three types: 3.5%NaCl, 5% Na₂SO₄, and a composite solution of 3.5%NaCl and 5% Na₂SO₄. In addition, two corrosion regimes were employed in this study: naturally immersion (stored in corrosion solution for long duration), drying-immersion cycles. The damage process of the two sets of concretes was systematically investigated under the above three types of corrosion solutions and two corrosion regimes. The interaction between sulfate and chloride salt was also quantitatively determined. The experimental results shown that a presence of sulfate in the composite solution increased the resistance to chloride ingress into concretes at early exposure period, but the opposition was observed at latter exposure period. For the damage of concretes, a presence of chloride in the composite solution reduces the damage of concrete caused by sulfate. Addition of fly ash may significantly improve the resistance to chloride ingress into concretes and the resistance to sulfate erosion when a suitable amount of fly ash addition and low water-to-binder (W/B) was employed. Studies of the different corrosion regimes indicate that concretes stored in corrosion solution for about 850 d, the changes in relatively dynamic modulus of elastically (RDME) could be described by three stages: linearly increasing period, steady period, and declining period. Whereas for drying-immersion cycles, an accelerated trend could be found. The changes in RDME included an accelerated decreased stage, linearly increased stage, and then a slowly decreased stage, finally accelerating failure stage. In order to elucidate the above experimental results in a microscopic scale, the mechanism was also investigated by the modern microanalysis techniques.     

Sulfate attack on cementitious materials containing limestone filler — A review

This review summarizes the results of sulfate performance in laboratory and field tests where limestone is used as a constituent of cement (PLC) or as a sand replacement where it is particularly beneficial to the properties of self compacting concretes (SCC).Laboratory studies on paste, mortar or concrete specimens exposed to Na₂SO₄ and MgSO₄ solutions in a wide range of concentrations at different temperatures as well as mixtures with different compositions, cement compositions and limestone proportions are considered in a conceptual analysis as for the resistance to external sulfate attack and, especially, thaumasite sulfate attack.A detailed analysis of environmental aggressiveness (concentration, temperature and pH), mixture composition and cement composition used in each study are presented for PLC and SCC. Reported field studies are also shown, only a few cases have used limestone filler in their composition. A conceptual graphical analysis is then proposed to relate the degree of surface deterioration and mineralogical composition of attacked surface to the main variables of external sulfate attack: water/cementitious material ratio, limestone content and C₃A content of the cement. Observation of graphical analysis clearly shows that deterioration by ESA is mainly governed by effective w/c ratio and C₃A content of the cement. Surface damage is controlled when low effective w/c ratio and low C₃A are used. In MgSO₄ solution, low temperatures increase the degree of deterioration. Thaumasite is the last attack stage in the different sulfate environments.     

Microclimate of concrete barrier walls: Temperature,moisture and salt content

The objective of this research was to establish the microclimate existing in the vicinity of concrete barrier walls used in highways. Temperature and moisture conditions obtaining at the surface and in the near sub-surface of south and north facing highway barrier walls are reported for two sites. The results indicate that a much more severe microclimate exists on south facing walls: a greater number of freeze-thaw cycles, higher rates of freezing and thawing, more severe temperature gradients in the 1 cm surface layer of concrete, a greater number of wetting and drying cycles, and the tendency to be above “critical” saturation levels more frequently. This more severe climate environment is attributed directly to the greater insolation received by south facing walls.     

Study of reversible electrode processes with unsymmetrical cyclic reciprocal derivative chronopotentiometry

In this paper, the theoretical study of cyclic reciprocal derivative chronopotentiometry (CRDCP) for totally reversible electrode processes with symmetrical and unsymmetrical programmed currents is presented. The main viewpoints are: (1) for symmetrical programmed current, the amplitudes of the successive currents are the same, i.e. I(t) = (−1)ⁱ⁺¹I₀, whereas the transition times of each current step, τ_i, have different values. The properties of the dt/dE-E curves corresponding to each current cycle also differ a lot. (2) For unsymmetrical programmed current proposed in this work for the first time, the applied current successively reversed at each transition time steps to different amplitude. The use of this unique programmed current is advantageous versus symmetrical programmed current since the transition times obtained are equal to each other anticipatively, and the dt/dE-E curves also coincide with each other for the successive cycles. In this case, the results obtained in CRDCP are almost similar to those of cyclic voltammetry (CV). The characteristic parameters obtained in the dt/dE-E curves in both cases are quantitatively related to the species concentrations adjacent to the electrode surface and afford simple diagnosis criteria to characterize the reversibility of electrode processes. Properties of reversible electrode processes have also been further studied through the use of more than one current cycle.