铝合金弹性预应力超声喷丸成形试验

超声喷丸作为一种新型的板料成形技术,具有易操作,能耗少及优良成形性能等优点,广泛应用于板料成形中。但自由状态下,超声喷丸成形也易发生球面变形,因而提出了弹性预应力超声喷丸成形方法,以2024-T351铝合金壁板为研究对象,分析预弯力矩大小、成形轨迹和壁板厚度对成形曲率半径及成形性能的影响。试验中通过控制壁板展向的弯曲曲率来实现弹性预弯。结果表明:预应力超声喷丸能够大幅度减小壁板展向的成形曲率半径,同时增大弦向成形曲率半径,且随着预弯曲率半径的减小,这种减小和增大的效应随之逐渐增大。此外,与自由状态相比,预应力超声喷丸能够产生幅度和深度更大的残余压应力场,且表面粗糙度并未随着预弯曲率的增大而增加。分析认为,弹性预应力超声波喷丸能够进一步提高受喷材料的成形曲率并在一定程度上减小球面变形趋势,对大变形大厚度的单曲率零件成形具有重要的意义。     

先进喷丸成形技术及其应用与发展

介绍了包括预应力喷丸成形技术、数字化喷丸成形技术、双面喷丸成形技术、激光喷丸成形技术、超声喷丸成形技术和高压水喷丸成形技术等新型喷丸技术,并对这些喷丸技术的基本原理、研究和应用现状以及发展趋势进行了分析,对我国开展喷丸成形技术的研究和开发具有指导意义。     

金属板料的机械喷丸成形与激光喷丸成形技术

机械喷丸成形和激光喷丸成形是两种喷丸成形技术，用于成形外形变化平缓的蒙皮类镀金零件。论述了这两种喷丸成形技术的原理、特点和发展趋势，并对它们的工艺参数进行了分析和比较。     

激光冲击低碳钢箔的有限元分析

激光微冲击成形是利用脉冲激光产生的等离子体爆轰波的冲击力效应,使超薄板材产生塑性变形的新技术。为揭示板材参数、激光参数、微凹模直径等对成形过程的影响,利用动态显式有限元法,对低碳钢箔的激光微冲击成形进行了反映率效应和尺度效应的晶粒级有限元模拟,结果表明,晶界对激光微冲击成形的影响很大,薄板的下凹变形随晶界厚度的减小而增大,二者呈近似线性关系;板材晶粒越不规则,其变形量越大;激光冲击的峰值压力是箔材变形的主要因素,随峰值压力的提高,变形量增大;单点多次冲击时,首次冲击的变形量最大,以后各次冲击的变形量逐渐减小。     

基于ABAQUS的大尺寸弹丸喷丸过程数值模拟

利用ABAQUS软件建立了单弹丸和多弹丸的喷丸有限元模型,研究了大弹丸喷丸2024铝板的动力学过程,分析了弹丸直径和喷丸覆盖率对板材塑性应变和沿弹坑表面及厚度方向残余应力的影响。模拟结果表明,增加弹丸直径可以使板材塑性应变层及残余压应力层深度增大,弹坑尺寸及弹坑"凸边"附近的残余拉应力也随之增大;塑性应变层和压应力层深度随喷丸覆盖率的提高而增大,但覆盖率达到一定程度时增加不再明显。     

喷丸成形及强化对2024HDT-T351板材疲劳特性的影响

目的获得喷丸成形及喷丸强化工艺对2024HDT-T351板材疲劳特性的影响规律。方法设计了一种不传载的含紧固件单细节结构疲劳品质试验件,各组试验件相同,变化各组的喷丸参数,进行了试验基准组、喷丸强化组和4种不同参数喷丸成形组、4种不同参数喷丸成形后喷丸强化组的疲劳试验。结果通过疲劳试验和数据处理,获得了各组的疲劳性能、细节疲劳额定值和在相应应力水平下的疲劳寿命。试验结果表明,所有组的细节疲劳额定值均高于试验基准组,其中喷丸强化试验组的疲劳性能提高了24%,喷丸成形试验组的疲劳性能提高了9%~13%,喷丸成形后喷丸强化试验组的疲劳性能提高了9%~24%。结论给出了2024HDT-T351板材喷丸成形及强化疲劳分析合金和表面处理系数B。2024HDT-T351铝合金板材经喷丸强化后、经大弹丸喷丸成形后和经大弹丸喷丸成形后喷丸强化,疲劳分析时合金和表面处理系数B可保守取1.2、1.05、1.05。     

激光喷丸诱导的残余应力的有限元分析

激光喷丸成形是一项新技术,是利用强激光辐照材料表面产生的高压冲击波对材料内部诱导的残余应力来成形金属板料的,控制残余应力场的分布是精确成形板料的关键。有限元模拟技术是预测激光诱导的残余应力场的有效方法之一。该文建立激光诱导残余应力模拟的模型,讨论了模拟过程中关键问题的技术处理,如加载历史、本构关系、网格划分、求解时间等。数值模拟的过程主要包括动态分析和静态分析两个步骤,模拟结果表明,残余压应力的大小和残余压应力层的深度随激光的功率密度的增加而增加,最后趋于饱和。模拟结果和试验结果较为一致。     

Experimental study of shot peening and stress peen forming

Shot peening is a cold working process widely used to improve fatigue life of aerospace and automobile components. Stress peen forming is widely used in the aeronautic industry to produce thin components with complex shapes, involving double curvatures, such as wing skins. In this paper, quantitative relationships between the saturation, surface coverage and roughness with respect to peening time have been established based on aluminum Al2024 test strips. The influences of peening velocity and peening time on the resulting residual stress profiles have been experimentally presented. The quantitative relationships between the prebending moment and the resulting arc heights of narrow strips and square strips have been experimentally investigated. Experimental results show that with the increases of the prebending moment, the resulting arc height following the prebending direction increases and the tendency is almost linear. Quantitative equations of the saturation, coverage and roughness as well as the relationship between the prebending moment and resulting arc height can be used for the optimization of shot peening and stress peen forming process.     

On the effect of the orientation of sheet rolling direction in shot peen forming

Peen forming is commonly used in the aerospace industry to shape large and thin panels, such as wing skins. This manufacturing process uses shot peening to introduce unbalanced compressive stresses near the surface of the component. These stresses tend to bend the panel and, when optimized, lead to the desired contour. Sheet materials often exhibit both elastic and plastic anisotropy, which can alter the development of curvatures. Since peen forming relies on compressive stresses to upset equilibrium, resulting curvatures may also be affected by initial stresses in the part. In this work, the influence of the rolling direction orientation with respect to the sample was investigated experimentally and numerically for the first time for aluminium alloy 2024-T3 specimens. Although maximum deflections were only slightly dependent on the rolling direction orientation, it was found that radii of curvature varied by as much as 10% with respect to this parameter. Finite element simulations allowed quantification of the individual effects of non-equibiaxial initial stresses and elastic orthotropy. It was found that these factors can significantly influence curvature development. Comparison of experimental and numerical results suggested that plastic anisotropy should also be taken into account in future studies. The tools developed in this study show promises for the accurate prediction of peen forming process for large scale components.     

Novel Method of Aluminum to Copper Bonding by Cold Spray

Cold spray bonding (CSB) has been proposed as a new method for joining aluminum and copper. At high speeds, solid Al particles impacted the groove between the two substrates to form a bond between Al and Cu. Compared to traditional welding technologies, CSB does not form distinct intermetallic compounds. Large stainless steel particles were introduced into the spray powders as in situ shot peen particles to create a dense Al deposit and to improve the bond strength of joints. It was discovered that introducing shot peen particles significantly improved the flattening ratio of the deposited Al particles. Increasing the proportion of shot peen particles from 0 to 70 vol.% decreased the porosity of the deposits from 12.4 to 0.2%, while the shear strength of joints significantly increased. The tensile test results of the Al-Cu joints demonstrated that cracks were initiated at the interface between the Al and the deposit. The average tensile strength was 71.4 MPa and could reach 81% of the tensile strength of pure Al.     

送进速度对抛丸成形影响的试验研究

试验研究了送进速度与抛丸成形之间的关系 ,结果显示 ,横向抛丸变形是送进速度的指数函数。     

钛合金薄壁叶片喷丸变形的研究

目的 研究喷丸工艺对钛合金薄壁叶片变形的影响,找到解决喷丸变形的方法 .方法 对钛合金薄壁叶片进行喷丸强化,采用三坐标测定喷丸前后叶片的尺寸变化情况.结果 在喷丸强度和覆盖率一致的前提下,采用不同的路径对叶片进行喷丸后,叶片的变形趋势和变形量没有很大差异.叶片进行喷丸后,采用相同的喷丸强度对叶片进行二次喷丸,叶片几乎不发生变形,需要采用更高的喷丸强度进行二次喷丸才可以使叶片发生变形.在喷丸之前对叶片进行真空去应力,虽然叶片表面的残余应力有相应减少,但与不进行真空去应力的叶片相比,喷丸变形情况没有发生太大的改变.结论 可采用喷丸前预变形和喷丸校正的方法 解决喷丸变形的问题,使得叶片喷丸后的尺寸达到图纸的要求.     

分离式双向凸起特征的双面数控渐进成形过程有限元分析

双向凸起特征是指沿Z轴正方向和负方向两个方向上都存在相互分离凸起形状的特征。双面数控渐进成形是一种采用两个同步运动成形工具头的新的全无模成形技术。利用有限元分析软件ANSYS/LS-DYNA分析了基于双面数控渐进成形技术的双向凸起特征的成形可能性。分析结果表明:利用双面数控渐进成形技术完全可以成形加工出分离式双向凸起特征。     

微形电机机壳16工步连续级进弯曲模结构设计

针对微形电机机壳采用板料卷圆生产的工艺要求,设计了一种7工位连续冲裁、6工位连续弯曲冲裁、单工位落料的16工步的360°卷圆成形连续级进模。模具整体工序包括连续冲裁、连续弯曲冲裁和冲裁落料3道工序。针对壳件的成形特征,采用1个工位冲出定位孔,6个工位对壳体上的9个特征进行连续冲裁成形及倒角成形;针对壳件的弯曲成形,采用6个工位对冲裁壳体进行连续弯曲成形,工步中设置了3个弯曲成形机构,分别为仿形凹模机构、楔紧块驱动的双侧滑块挤压弯曲机构及接口压入成形机构,来实现壳件的360°卷圆成形;为保证后续弯曲工步载料及内圆成形,将内圆成形件设计成一种可以跟随弯曲凹模做小距离的向上浮动的成形构件。最终成形的壳件由单冲头落料,并由气缸驱动的接件圆柱进行接料转移。模具结构整体布局设计简单合理,机构设置巧妙,可为同类壳件的生产提供有益借鉴。     

盘型件双面辗压过程的数值模拟研究

利用商品化软件Deform3D,对盘型件双面辗压成形过程进行了24种不同工况的数值模拟,获得了辗压沟槽的形态特征以及工具参数、工件参数和工艺参数对沟槽形态的影响.最后对槽深与压痕深度的关系问题进行了数值模拟与实验结果对比,二者符合较好,说明数值模拟给出的研究结论是可信的.     

滑动摩擦接触对母线弯曲成形质量的影响

目的 研究滑动摩擦接触对1060纯铝母线弯曲成形质量的影响,得到表面质量更好的工件,降低废品率。方法 采用自行设计的V形三点式自由弯曲成形的摩擦力测试装置,通过更换不同表面粗糙度的凹模圆角、不同润滑介质以改变接触状况,进行一系列摩擦试验。通过钨灯丝扫描显微镜获得板料弯曲件表面微观形貌图,通过MATLAB软件对所采集的数据进行曲线处理。结果 得到不同粗糙度的凹模圆角以及不同润滑介质条件下的弯曲力-行程曲线。经测定,凹模圆角表面光滑时,无润滑状态下,最大摩擦力约为440 N;采用聚乙烯薄膜作为润滑介质,最大摩擦力约为100 N;采用聚四氟乙烯薄膜作为润滑介质时,最大摩擦力约为20 N。凹模圆角表面粗糙时,无润滑状态下,最大摩擦力约为235 N;采用聚四氟乙烯薄膜作为润滑介质时,最大摩擦力约为28 N。结论 添加润滑介质可以有效降低板料与凹模圆角之间摩擦力大小,进而提高弯曲件表面成形质量。滑动摩擦条件下,无论光滑还是粗糙的凹模圆角,采取润滑措施均能有效提高弯曲成形工件的表面质量,且聚四氟乙烯薄膜作为润滑介质时,得到的板料表面质量最好。     

四周封闭件的成形工艺及模具设计

对于四周封闭件的成形,由于制件有材料强度高、折弯角度大小与边宽不等、操作空间狭窄和向内凹进的加强筋等不利条件,使得最后封闭翻边十分困难。本文以车顶拉手支架为例,重点介绍了其工艺方案和最后封闭成形的模具结构设计,该模具采用斜楔机构置入与抽出芯模以及浮动托料机构,实现了四周封闭成形,这是一种比较新颖的模具结构。     

Numerical Investigations on the Influence of Superimposed Double-Sided Pressure on the Formability of Biaxially Stretched AA6111-T4 Sheet Metal

Lightweight materials have been widely used in aerospace, automobile industries to meet the requirement of structural weight reduction. Due to their limited plasticity at room temperature, however, lightweight materials always exhibit distinctly poor forming capability in comparison with conventional deep drawing steels. Based on the phenomenon that the superimposed hydrostatic pressure can improve the plasticity of metal, many kinds of double-sided pressure forming processes have been proposed. In the present study, the Gurson-Tvergaard-Needleman (GTN) damage model combined with finite element method is used to investigate the influence of double-sided pressure on the deformation behavior of biaxially stretched AA6111-T4 sheet metal, including nucleation and growth of microvoids, evaluation of stress triaxiality, and so forth. The Marciniak-Kuczynski (M-K) localized necking model is used to predict the right-hand side of the forming limit diagram (FLD) of sheet metal under superimposed double-sided pressure. It is found that the superimposed double-sided pressure has no obvious effect on the nucleation of microvoids. However, the superimposed double-sided pressure can suppress the growth and coalescence of microvoids. The forming limit curve (FLC) of the biaxially stretched AA6111-T4 sheet metal under the superimposed double-sided pressure is improved and the fracture locus shifts to the left. Furthermore, the formability increase value is sensitive to the strain path.     

Thin-sheet-metal bending by laser peen forming with femtosecond laser

A femtosecond laser is a type of ultrashort-pulse laser. Femtosecond laser irradiation induces high-pressure plasma and shock waves at the surface of a target. Under some irradiation conditions, such shock waves are enough to deform the target plastically. Laser peen forming is a type of sheet metal forming using this deformation by shock waves. The author adopted laser peen forming using femtosecond laser for thin-sheet-metal bending. Generally, shock waves induced in air are much smaller than those induced in water, and thus; are unfavorable for plastic deformation. However, the shock waves induced by a femtosecond laser were enough to bend a thin sheet metal even in air. Elastic pre-bending was adopted during the process. Bending angle was increased by applying pre-bending. The effects of laser irradiation conditions on bending efficiency were investigated. The large spot diameter and high fluence improved bending efficiency.     

矩形花键轴开式冷挤压成形力的数值模拟研究

成形力大小足决定花键轴开式冷挤压成形工艺成败的关键因素.借助刚塑性有限元软件Deform-3D,采用数值模拟的方法分析了矩形花键轴冷挤压过程中,坯料直径、凹模入模半角及键齿尺寸对花键成形力的影响.模拟计算表明,随着坯料直径的增加以及人模半角的增大会引起成形力显著提高;此外,键齿高度的增加及宽度的减小也会引起成形力增加.工艺实验表明,数值模拟的结果对实际生产可起到指导作用.