Comparison of radioactive transmission and mechanical properties of Portland cement and a modified cement with trommel sieve waste

In this study, it was aimed to stabilize trommel sieve waste (TSW) occurring during manufacture of borax from tincal. The effects of TSW added on the mechanical properties and radioactive transmission of modified cement prepared by adding TSW to clinker was investigated. The properties which TSW as additive caused the cement to gain were tested and compared with normal Portland cement.Measurements have been made to determine variation of mass attenuation coefficients of TSW and cement by using an extremely narrow-collimated-beam transmission method in the energy range 15.746-40.930 keV with X-ray transmission method. The characteristic Kα and Kβ X-rays of the different elements (Zr, Mo, Ag, In, Sb, Ba and Pr) passed through TSW and cement were detected with a high-resolution Si(Li) detector. Results are presented and discussed in this paper.     

Utilization of clay wastes containing boron as cement additives

The utilization of clay wastes (CW) containing boron as cement additives was investigated. The effect of CW on mechanical and chemical properties of cement prepared by adding CW to clinker and gypsum was determined. The results obtained were compared with Portland cement properties and Turkish standards (TS) values. It was determined that the first clay waste (CW1) and the second clay waste (CW2) may be used as cement additives up to 5% and 10%, respectively.     

Utilization of borogypsum as set retarder in Portland cement production

Boron ores are used in the production of various boron compounds such as boric acid, borax and boron oxide. Boric acid is produced by reacting colemanite(2CaO·3B₂O₃·5H₂O) with sulphuric acid and a large quantity of borogypsum is formed during this production. This waste causes various environmental problems when discharged directly to the environment. Portland cement is the most important material in the building industry. This material is produced by adding about 3-5% gypsum (CaSO₄·2H₂O) to clinker as a set retarder. The aim of this study was to stabilize borogypsum, and to produce cements by adding borogypsum instead of natural gypsum to clinker. Concrete using cement produced with borogypsum was tested to find the mechanical properties and the test values were compared with those of concrete from cement with natural gypsum. Compressive strength of concrete from cement produced with borogypsum was found to be higher than that of natural gypsum. Also, the setting time of cement with borogypsum was longer than that of the Portland cement.     

Utilization of weathered phosphogypsum as set retarder in Portland cement

In this study, usability of weathered phosphogypsum (PG) from residue areas as set retarder in Portland cement was investigated. The effects on the setting and mechanical properties of PG added in ratios 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, and 12.5 wt.% to Portland cements were studied and compared with a Portland cement containing natural gypsum (NG). It was found that PG can be used in place of NG for Portland cement according to Turkish standards. The highest 28-day compressive strength was found in the sample with 3 wt.% PG.     

Replacement of raw mix in cement production by municipal solid waste incineration ash

The feasibility of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) ash utilized as the replacement of raw mix in cement production is investigated. Result shows that sieving, self-grinding, and magnet separation processes are necessary to remove the debris, salt, and metallic contents that existed in the MSWI ash. By using the pretreated MSWI ashes, the produced cement specimens were in compliance with the unconfined compression strength (UCS) standard in Taiwan at small replacement percentage (<5%). When ash replacement percentage is large (more than 10%), the strength development of specimens would be hindered due to the deficient formation of the calcium silicate. Calculation on lime saturation factor (LSF) also shows a descending trend in consequence of the increase in replacement percentage. Thus, compositional effect should be taken into consideration for promoting the calcium silicate formation at the case of large ash replacement. In this research, adjustment of chemical composition was achieved by adding 183 g calcium oxide per kilogram of cement raw mixture with 15% ash replacement. After adjustment, the produced cement could develop seven- and fivefold increase on UCS compared with those without calcium oxide supplement at 3 and 7 days of curing, respectively. Results concluded that the MSWI ash was suitable in reuse for cement production under a well-conditioned situation.     

Hospital waste ashes in Portland cement mortars

Nowadays, most concretes incorporate mineral additions such as pozzolans, fly ash, silica fume, blast furnace slag, and calcareous filler among others. Although the technological and economical benefits were the main reasons for the use of mineral additions, the prevention of environmental contamination by means of proper waste disposal becomes a priority. The chance of incorporating hospital waste ashes in Portland cement-based materials is presented here. Ash characterization was performed by chemical analysis, X-ray diffraction, radioactive material detection, and fineness and density tests. Conduction calorimetry and setting time tests were developed on pastes including ash contents from 0% to 100%. Mortars were prepared including ash contents up to 50% of cement. The results of setting time, temperature development, flexural and compressive strengths, water absorption, density, and leachability are analyzed. Results indicate that Portland cement systems could become an alternative for the disposal of this type of ashes.     

Effect of waste aluminosilicate material on cement hydration and properties of cement mortars

The effect of waste material (catalyst used previously in catalytic cracking of petroleum in fluidized bed—fluidized bed cracking catalyst denoted as FBCC) on cement hydration kinetics was investigated in terms of fineness of this admixture. The compressive strength and microstructure of cement mortars were also examined. Variable percentage of this aluminosilicate admixture, originating from batches of quite different grain size composition, was introduced to cement pastes. Further on, cement mortars were produced using the material of higher activity, as it has been found in admixtured cement investigations. The waste was added as cement replacement or, partially, as sand replacement. The activity of waste catalyst was strongly related to the fineness—finer grains indicate better activity. In the presence of a FBCC admixture, the Ca(OH)₂ content decrease in cement pastes due to the pozzolanic reaction is observed. The surface area of hydrated paste becomes higher and, simultaneously, the mean pore diameter decreases, as compared to reference sample, without admixture. The strength improvement is observed particularly when the aluminosilicate material is introduced as partial sand replacement.     

废弃混凝土中基质胶凝组分作水泥混合材料的研究

采用热处理和加入表面活性剂的方法将废弃混凝土中的骨料与基质胶凝组分进行分离。将分离出的基质胶凝组分（FWC）按照不同配合比掺入水泥熟料中粉磨不同时间测试其性能。结果表明：FWC的易磨性优于水泥熟料，FWC具有较强的水化能力和较好的胶凝性，可以作为一种水泥混合材料。     

Use of waste tire steel beads in Portland cement concrete

Large quantities of waste tires are generated every year. The proper disposal of the tires creates an increasing problem that needs to be addressed. Many researchers have investigated the use of recycled tire products in several traditional Civil Engineering materials. The use of crumb rubber and tire chips in Portland cement concrete has been the subject of many research projects over the last years. This study is focusing on the use of steel beads, a by-product of the tire recycling process, in concrete mixtures. Different concrete specimens were fabricated and tested in uniaxial compression and splitting tension. The main variable in the mixtures was the volumetric percentage of the steel beads. The experimental results indicate that although the compressive strength is reduced when steel beads are used, the toughness of the material greatly increases. Moreover, the workability of the mixtures fabricated was not significantly affected.     

High-alumina cement production from FeNi-ERF slag, limestone and diasporic bauxite

In this paper the utilization of ferronickel electroreduction furnace (FeNi-ERF) slag for the production of high-alumina cement (HAC) is investigated through laboratory and pilot-scale tests. The process followed consisted of smelting reduction of slag mixtures with low-grade diasporic bauxite and limestone. In the laboratory-scale trials the main process parameters were defined, concerning raw material proportions, kinetics of the reductions and cooling rate of the product. The presence of a carbon-containing iron bath enhances FeO_x reduction from the slag. Products from laboratory tests developed satisfactory compressive strengths relative to those of commercial HAC. According to the results of the laboratory tests, pilot-scale heat treatments were carried out in a 5-t electric arc furnace (EAF) and about 4 t of final mixture were produced.     

Waste fuels: their effect on Portland cement clinker

Nowadays, different kinds of industrial wastes are increasingly used in the clinkering process by the cement industry, with the aim of taking advantage of their energy content or confining unsuitable substances. This work evaluates the physicochemical characteristics of the clinkers obtained after incorporating three different wastes in different proportions: two of them with energetic capacity—trade marked waste fuel and waste carbon of petroleum—and the third that would be confined—pyrolitic carbon.The fusion temperature of the mixtures, the differential thermal analysis and the thermogravimetric analysis (DTA/TG) during clinkering and after hydration, the specific surface area at the same milling times, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and mechanical strength of the pastes elaborated with a water/cement 0.4 relation were analyzed. The results obtained were compared to those of the clinker obtained without additions.     

Effect of activation conditions of a kaolinite based waste on rheology of blended cement pastes

This paper reports the influence of calcining temperature on the rheology of blended cement pastes with 10 and 20% of thermally activated paper sludge as pozzolan at water/binder ratio of 0.5 and 0.4. The kaolinite based waste was activated at different activation temperatures (700–800 °C) and retention times of 2 and 5 h. The yield stress of the blended pastes increased when the activation intensity increased as a result of the increased calcite and free lime content. Due to the stiffness of the blended pastes, a superplasticiser (sodium lignosulfonate) was used in order to reduce the yield stress. The best results could be obtained using the lower calcining temperature (700 °C and 2 h).     

石灰石混合材掺量对水泥性能的影响

本文通过大量实验,系统地研究了石灰石混合材掺量对水泥一些性能的影响,分析了产生各种影响的原因.结果表明,石灰石硅酸盐水泥具有很好的物理性能,认为如果解决了高石灰石掺量下水泥力学强度大幅度下降的问题,石灰石将是一种很有前途的水泥混合材.     

The effect of waste oil-cracking catalyst on the compressive strength of cement pastes and mortars

Epcat, one of the spent fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalysts from oil-cracking refineries, shows pozzolanic activity. In this study, pastes and mortars with Epcat were prepared and cured, and their compressive strengths after 3, 7 and 28 curing days were measured. The water/binder (W/B) ratios were 0.2, 0.25 and 0.3, and the replacement levels of cement by Epcat were 0, 5, 10 and 15 wt.%. Proper amount of superplasticizer was added into each mix to ensure similar workability.The results indicate that the presence of Epcat would increase the compressive strength of mortars substantially, but increase the compressive strength of the related pastes only slightly. Epcat mortars with W/B=0.25 show more strength-enhancing effect than those with W/B=0.3, and this effect increases with the catalyst content. Therefore, the mix (W/B=0.25) incorporated 15% Epcat exhibits the greatest compressive strength (92.3 MPa). For mortars with W/B=0.2, the strength-enhancing effect occurs only for those containing 5% catalyst; this effect becomes unclear when mixes containing 10% Epcat or more because high dosage of superplasticizer was added in obtaining proper workability and that affects the strength development. The improvement in the mechanical properties of mortars is attributed to the increase in the hydrated cement paste itself and, more importantly, improved bonds between the cement paste and aggregate.     

Treating waste phosphogypsum for cement and plaster manufacture

In the investigation reported in this paper, treatment of phosphogypsum with aqueous citric acid solution was attempted to purify phosphogypsum and improve its quality to make it fit for manufacture of cement and gypsum plaster for the first time. The treatment of gypsum converts phosphatic and fluoride impurities into water-removable citrates, aluminates and ferrates. The findings of chemical and physical tests and differential thermal analysis of the phosphogypsum with and without citric acid treatment established improvement of the treatment for purifying phosphogypsum. The purified phosphogypsum was found to have lesser amount of impurities of phosphates, fluorides and organic matter than the impure material. The Portland and Portland slag cements produced with purified phosphogypsum were found to have strength properties similar to those produced from mineral gypsum, whereas gypsum plaster produced conformed to the relevant Indian Standards.     

An investigation into the effect of various chemical and physical treatments of a South African phosphogypsum to render it suitable as a set retarder for cement

The work describes various physical and chemical treatments to eliminate the deleterious effects of impurities in phosphogypsum on the delayed setting time and impaired strength development behaviour of cement to which it was added as a set regulator. The physical treatments included washing, milling, and ultrasonic treatment of the material, while the chemical treatments dealt with acidic and basic additions to the phosphogypsum during the washing stage. It was found that chemical treatment with a milk of lime solution, which is often recommended in literature, was ineffective in reducing set retardation. Treatment with ammonium hydroxide or sulphuric acid was more effective in this regard. Intergrinding phosphogypsum with slaked lime improved its effectiveness in reducing set retardation, but the use of unslaked lime was less effective and also resulted in marked reductions in compressive strengths. A combined treatment of wet milling phosphogypsum with a lime slurry in a ball mall was derived from these experiments and is recommended for full-scale plant applications.     

Study on steel furnace slags with high MgO as additive in Portland cement

In this study, usability of Basic Oxygen Process (BOP) slags of Kardemir Iron and Steel Plant, Karabük, Turkey as an additive into cement was investigated. Slags were ground to 4000 and 4700 cm²/g levels, and added in ratios 15, 30 and 45 wt.%. Volume expansion, setting time, compressive strength and bending strength tests were measured according to Turkish standards. Due to impurities of the slags, the 2- and 7-day compression strengths decrease with increase in amount of Mn, but this decrease is lower in the 28-day compression strength, 30 wt.%. It is observed that the physical and mechanical properties of the resulting concrete were acceptable in the Turkish Standards Institute (TSE).     

利用多种固体工业废渣配料生产水泥的经验

我厂为Φ2.5m×9m机立窑企业,为提高水泥质量、降低生产成本,从2004年初开始,将大量利用固体工业废渣作为技术攻关项目,2005年固体工业废渣的利用率已达到30%以上。1原燃材料黑炉渣:我厂附近的金化集团的工业锅炉所产生的废渣,排放量为60t/d。与黏土相比,黑炉渣中的SiO2含量较低,Al2O3含量较高,并含有一部分碳。主要作为硅、铝质校正原料,代替一部分黏土和煤。黄磷渣:金化集团生产黄磷时所产生的工业废渣,外观呈细颗粒状,略带白色,为水淬物,粒度多在2mm以下。其化学成分主要为SiO2、CaO,还有少量的Al2O3、Fe2O3、MgO、SO3、CaF2及P2…     

Colloidal graphite as an admixture in cement and as a coating on cement for electromagnetic interference shielding

A water-based colloid of submicron graphite particles is an effective admixture for enhancing the EMI shielding effectiveness of cement paste, though it is ineffective for lowering the electrical resistivity. As an admixture, it is more effective for shielding than 15-μm-diameter discontinuous carbon fibers, though it is less effective than 0.1-μm-diameter discontinuous carbon filaments. A shielding effectiveness of 22 dB at 1 GHz is reached by cement paste at a solid graphite content of 0.92 vol.%, compared to a value of 11 dB for a coating made from the graphite colloid and a value of 14 dB for graphite-colloid-coated cement paste (without admixture).