前斜视SAR成像目标高精度模拟技术

前斜视合成孔径雷达(SAR)成像的距离-方位存在强耦合,目标径向运动信息的模拟精度不仅影响雷达的距离像分辨性能,同时影响方位像分辨性能。通过对距离调制分辨率与SAR成像结果的理论分析,提出了一种频域插值升采样调制的SAR成像回波模拟方法,通过提高采样率以减小距离徙动引起的幅度误差,同时采用GPU并行处理,提高回波模拟的实时性。结果表明:所提出的方法能够达到0.1 m的距离延时模拟精度,并对256×256点场景回波的运算周期小于10μs,可适用于前斜视SAR目标高精度模拟。     

基于混沌信号的SAR抗距离向相干干扰方法

研究优化SAR抗干扰技术,针对干扰的欺骗性和复杂性,为了进一步提高SAR的抗欺骗干扰能力,应采用复杂发射波形抑制的关键技术,提出了一种改进型 Logistic映射产生混沌序列,使序列对信号进行相位调制,得到混沌调制SAR信号的方法,根据信号的自相关和互相关特性,可将信号作为SAR发射信号,然后对回波进行匹配滤波和成像.由于干扰信号和发射信号的相关性降低,干扰信号无法获得距离向压缩增益,从而抑制了欺骗干扰,获得了比采用传统LFM调制的波形信号更强的抗干扰能力.仿真实验证明了方法的有效性.     

斜视模式下基于Legendre展开的改进CS成像算法

在SAR的斜视模式下,针对传统的CS成像算法相位展开精度差的缺点,提出一种改进算法将Legendre展开应用其中。传统的成像算法主要对回波信号的二维频域的传递函数,还有算法流程中的三个相位校正函数应用Taylor多项式进行展开。将Legendre多项式取代Taylor多项式对算法进行处理,并进行了详细的推导,与传统的基于Taylor多项式进行展开的成像算法相比,减少了回波相位近似误差,相位展开精度得到了提高。最后从峰值旁瓣比和积分旁瓣比的角度评估了SAR图像的成像质量。理论推导和仿真结果都表明成像质量得到了进一步的提高。     

基于GPU并行处理的SAR回波仿真器设计方法

针对合成孔径雷达(SAR)设计了一种基于GPU的回波仿真器,使用并行计算的方法提高SAR回波模拟的效率。仿真数字回波信号通过数/模转换,转换为射频信号输出给SAR系统。使用了BP成像算法对仿真器模拟得到的点目标及分布式目标回波数据进行成像处理,验证了提出的SAR回波仿真器的有效性。实验分析表明,使用GPU并行处理的方法提高了SAR回波仿真的效率。     

双站聚束SAR极坐标格式成像算法

双站聚束SAR(Synthetic aperture radar)相对于双站条带SAR可以达到更高的方位分辨率,其成像算法受到越来越多的关注.本文介绍了双站聚束SAR成像几何关系,建立了回波信号模型,从Dechirp后的回波数据域出发,提出了一种适合双站聚束SAR的极坐标格式成像算法.该PFA算法采用斜视坐标旋转及沿视线方向的极坐标插值LOSPI,更好地利用空间域数据,适用于正侧视和斜视模式成像.最后分析了距离弯曲对成像区域的限制,以及残余视频相位误差对成像性能的影响,并将此算法与不进行Dechirp的PFA算法相比较.实验结果表明该方法降低了数据率和运算量,算法有效、可靠.     

相位噪声对双基SAR成像影响仿真分析

通过仿真分析研究了振荡器相位噪声对双基SAR成像的影响。根据振荡器相位噪声的幂律模型,建立了含有相位噪声的双基SAR相位同步误差模型。利用白噪声滤波法得到幂律谱中有色噪声的时域序列,在回波仿真过程中注入相位噪声,通过双基SAR成像处理和点目标质量评估,对比分析了在不同分辨率下相位噪声对成像性能的影响以及高分辨率成像对噪声的要求。仿真发现相位噪声主要使方位向PSLR、ISLR变大并使旁瓣上升,其中积分旁瓣比和峰值旁瓣比对噪声最敏感,并且方位向分辨率越高对噪声越敏感。文中的分析方法和结论对于双基SAR的工程实现具有一定的指导意义。     

基于切比雪夫多项式的双基地前视SAR成像算法

双基地前视合成孔径雷达(SAR)的特殊构型使其距离历程具有双根号和大斜视的特点,给回波信号的成像处理带来困难,也对成像算法的精度提出更高要求,为此提出一种基于切比雪夫多项式的双基地前视SAR RD成像算法.首先,建立双基地前视SAR的几何模型与回波信号模型,指出收发分离构型对二维频谱公式推导过程中驻定相位点求解的影响;然后,引入切比雪夫多项式展开代替传统成像算法中的泰勒级数展开,在此基础上进行双基地前视SAR斜距等效模型和二维频谱模型的推导;最后,通过分析确定双基地前视SAR RD成像算法的相位匹配函数,给出成像算法的完整流程.仿真结果表明,所提出算法可极大减小双基地前视SAR的斜距等效误差与频谱展开误差,有效提高成像算法的聚焦深度和成像质量.     

接收机固定的双基SAR的CS算法

分析了接收机固定的双基SAR系统的回波信号模型,结合单基SAR的CS成像算法思想,推导和提出了接收机固定的双基SAR系统的CS成像算法.该算法可以很好的解决包络徙动及其空变问题,且不需要插值,运算量小,与波数域算法相比,效率更高,而且相位保持性好.最后用该算法对仿真的点目标双基回波进行成像处理,得到了点目标的聚焦图像,验证了本文算法的有效性.     

大斜视双基地SAR的二维可分离成像算法

提出了大斜视双基地SAR的二维可分离成像算法.首先建立了大斜视双基地SAR回波信号模型,并对其距离徙动和方位调频率的变化特性进行了分析;在此基础上,将二维可分离成像算法推广应用到了双基地SAR领域,解决了大斜视双基地SAR回波信号线性距离徙动补偿后方位调频率在方位向出现的空变性问题.算法采用了由平移不变双基地SAR几何关系所确定的新匹配函数,并考虑了3次相位项对成像效果的影响,改善了成像的效果.最后通过点目标仿真验证了算法的有效性.     

机载高分辨SAR系统成像技术

基于某机载高分辨SAR系统的飞行试验,研究机载高分辨成像面临的问题以及补偿措施。由于INS/GPS数据难以满足精度要求,研究从回波数据中提取多普参数,进行运动补偿和视线位移补偿;剩余相位误差通过PGA进行补偿,从而得到0.3 m高分辨SAR图像的成像。     

Island connected sea bed signatures observed by multi-frequency synthetic aperture radar

Multifrequency X-, C-, and L-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images of the northern sea area off the isle of Heligoland in the German Bight of the North Sea have been analysed. The data were collected during the SAR and X-band Ocean Nonlinearities Research Platform North Sea Experiment (SAXON-FPN) which was carried out in November, 1990. Different oceanographic phenomena are visible on simultaneously obtained SAR images. Wind streaks and a vortex street can be identified only on the X- and C-band SAR images. Elongated streaks of predominantly low radar return are related to nearshore reefs and are imaged on all available radar scenes. The imaging mechanism of these submarine ridges is investigated and discussed using with some modifications the simple Bragg relaxation model proposed by Alpers and Hennings. The improved model differs from the original version in the representation of the unperturbed wave-energy spectral density. Also the advection term and the phase modulation (velocity bunching) have been included in the model. Due to the improvements it is now possible to simulate the radar cross-section modulation with the same order of magnitude at 0.4 GHz (X-band) and 5.3GHz (C-band) as well as at 1.3 GHz (L-band). However, the simulated radar cross-section modulation is still underestimated compared with the SAR data, but the phase of the calculated radar cross-section modulation agrees quite well with the SAR measurements.     

Three-dimensional space-borne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging with multiple pass processing

Three-dimensional (3D) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging via multiple-pass processing is an extension of interferometric SAR imaging. It exploits more than two flight passes to achieve a desired resolution in elevation. In this paper, a novel approach is developed to reconstruct a 3D space-borne SAR image with multiple-pass processing. It involves image registration, phase correction and elevational imaging. An image model matching is developed for multiple image registration, an eigenvector method is proposed for the phase correction and the elevational imaging is conducted using a Fourier transform or a super-resolution method for enhancement of elevational resolution. 3D SAR images are obtained by processing simulated data and real data from the first European Remote Sensing satellite (ERS-1) with the proposed approaches.     

Sparse SAR imaging based on L1/2 regularization

In this paper,a novel method for synthetic aperture radar(SAR)imaging is proposed.The approach is based on L1/2 regularization to reconstruct the scattering field,which optimizes a quadratic error term of the SAR observation process subject to the interested scene sparsity.Compared to the conventional SAR imaging technique,the new method implements SAR imaging effectively at much lower sampling rate than the Nyquist rate,and produces high-quality images with reduced sidelobes and increased resolution.Also,over the prevalent greedy pursuit and L1 regularization based SAR imaging methods,there are remarkable performance improvements of the new method.On one hand,the new method significantly reduces the number of measurements needed for reconstruction,as supported by a phase transition diagram study.On the other hand,the new method is more robust to the observation noise.These fundamental properties of the new method are supported and demonstrated both by simulations and real SAR data experiments.     

基于Vega软件的SAR实时仿真技术

进行合成孔径雷达（SAR）成像仿真是研究成像雷达的一个重要手段。本文在分析SAR成像仿真机理的基础上,提出了一种利用视景仿真软件Vega进行SAR实时成像的仿真方法。利用软件平台VC＋＋、Multigen Creator和Vega设计机载合成孔径雷达（SAR）成像仿真系统,分析了影响机载SAR成像质量的各种参数,论述了利用Vega的雷达仿真模块——RadarWorks开发机载SAR成像仿真软件的流程以及整体系统的实现等关键技术。     

Interferometric SAR imagery of a monochromatic ocean wave in the presence of the real aperture radar modulation

Abstract

The model which allows one to simulate the Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) and the along track Interferometric SAR (INSAR) imagery of a monochromatic ocean wave is presented. The model accounts for the effects of the real aperture radar (RAR) modulation of the radar backscatter cross-section. The comparison of the SAR and the INSAR imagery of the wave system under consideration is carried out and the performance of the two imaging systems is studied under various operational conditions. The results of the study indicate that the interferometric SAR is less sensitive to the RAR modulation as compared lo the regular SAR. This fact further augments the assertion that INSAR has considerable advantages over SAR in its potential of providing quantitative information about the ocean wave lengths, directions and amplitudes     

Monte-Carlo simulation studies of the nonlinear imaging of a two dimensional surface wave field by a synthetic aperture radar

Abstract

The imaging of ocean surface waves by synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is investigated using two-dimensional Monte-Carlo simulations. The properties of the SAR imaging mechanism for windseas and swell in the Bragg scattering regime are discussed as a function of a few governing non-dimensional parameters formed from a combination of SAR and ocean wave parameters. The parameter ranges may be classified into three regimes corresponding to linear and weakly nonlinear, medium nonlinear and strongly nonlinear imaging. The nonlinearities are induced by motion effects (velocity bunching, velocity spread and acceleration smearing), while the real aperture radar (RAR) tilt and hydrodynamic modulation processes are regarded as linear. In the strongly nonlinear imaging regime, the velocity bunching mechanism causes a rotation of the spectral peak towards the range direction and a stretching of the peak wavelength. In addition, the azimuthal resolution is degraded through the Doppler spreading arising from the different facet velocities within a SAR resolution cell. The imaging properties in this regime are largely governed by two non-dimensional parameters, the velocity bunching and velocity smearing parameter. The nonlinear imaging distortions are strongest for broad spectra (windseas) and are significantly weaker for narrow-band swell. In the linear and weakly nonlinear imaging regime, the superposition of the hydrodynamic and tilt cross-section modulation and the velocity bunching transfer function normally produces a rotation of the spectral peak towards the azimuthal direction. The interference characteristics of these different modulation mechanisms depends on the wave propagation direction and can lead to a significant distortion of the image. This is often seen in large differences in the image modulation depths of waves propagating parallel and anti-parallel to the flight direction.     

Radar imaging of Kelvin arms of ship wakes

The wave pattern generated by a moving ship is formed by two dominant features: the turbulent wake and a 'V'-shaped pattern trailing the ship, consisting of the two Kelvin arms. In this paper we investigate the radar imaging mechanism of Kelvin arms, which are formed by the cusp waves. A composite surface model for the radar backscattering at the ocean surface is used. The radar signatures of Kelvin arms can be attributed to tilt and hydrodynamic modulation of Bragg waves by the cusp waves. The proposed model allows the computation of the normalized radar backscattering cross-section (NRCS) as a function of radar frequency, polarization, incidence angle, wind speed and direction, and wavelength, direction, and slope of the cusp waves. By using this imaging model, radar signatures of cusp waves are calculated for several spaceborne Synthetic Aperture Radars (SARs): (1) the SEASAT L-band HH-polarized SAR, (2) the ERS-1/-2 VV-polarized SAR, (3) the RADARSAT C-band HH-polarized SAR, and (4) the X-, C- and L-band multipolarization SARs of the Space Radar Laboratory flown on the space shuttle during the SIRC/X-SAR mission in 1994. The results of the simulations are compared with SEASAT and SIR-C/X-SAR imagery of ship wake patterns. It is shown that the dependence of the observed radar signatures of Kelvin arms on radar look direction is consistent with the proposed imaging theory and that the measured relative mean NRCS values induced by Kelvin arms can be fairly well reproduced by the proposed model. The simulations indicate that ship wake signatures should be more clearly visible on SEASAT L-band SAR than on ERS-1/-2 or RADARSAT C-band SAR images. The radar signatures of Kelvin arms are strongest at low wind speeds and are not very sensitive to wind direction.     

Clutter suppression and moving target imaging approach for multichannel hypersonic vehicle borne radar

In this paper, a clutter suppression and ground moving target imaging algorithm is proposed for the hypersonic vehicle (HSV) borne multichannel synthetic aperture radar (SAR) system. Different from the traditional horizontal flight radar platforms, the HSV-borne radar platform is with a complex movement, and typically has a skipping trajectory. Therefore, the clutter suppression and imaging operations are difficult to implement. To deal with this problem, a descending stage signal model of multichannel SAR system is presented and studied for the HSV-borne radar. Then, the clutter and moving target echoes are transformed into the azimuth frequency domain. Considering that there exists a phase difference between clutter and the moving target, the clutter suppression approach is implemented with a series of spatial domain filters. After that, the moving target is focused based on the keystone transform. In addition, the performance analyses and related issues of the proposed method are presented. Finally, some simulation experiments are taken to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

基于微动调制的FMCW SAR无源压制干扰方法

调频连续波(FMCW)合成孔径雷达(SAR)体积小、重量轻、成本低、功耗低等优点,在无人机等小型飞行平台中具有较大的应用潜力,对FMCW SAR的干扰也将成为目前干扰技术研究的重点;在构建旋转微动目标回波模型的基础上,分析了FMCW SAR旋转微动目标的干扰特性,并进一步提出了一种基于微动调制的FMCW SAR无源压制干扰方法;该方法利用旋转角反射器在距离向和方位向上形成的二维干扰条带,能够实现对被掩护目标的有效保护;文章详细分析了对FMCW SAR实施干扰时旋转角反射器的参数选择方法,并利用仿真实验验证了理论分析与所提无源压制干扰方法的有效性。