三维空间MIMO信道接收天线阵列互耦效应及系统容量分析

针对非频率选择性瑞利衰落MIMO(multiple-input multiple-output)信道,建立了接收天线阵列的三维空间信道模型,将MIMO的一般信道建模推广到三维空间域。在建模过程中利用天线阵列在互耦效应下的等效网络模型,推导出三维空间域模型下的互耦相关性的通用表达式,阐明了互耦效应下相关性与无互耦相关性之间的关系。应用通用表达式分析了当接收端为不同的天线阵列结构时,入射信号的中心到达角和角度扩展分别对于在互耦效应下信道容量的影响。分析结果验证了不同的角度扩展对于互耦相关性的影响,揭示了在互耦效应下影响系统容量的主要因素为入射信号的平均中心到达角。     

X型极化分集系统中天线互耦效应分析

极化分集系统的分集增益性能受天线阵元间互耦因素的影响很大。为了探究存在互耦效应时天线分集增益与阵列夹角之间的关系,首先基于天线基本理论,推导出X型极化分集阵列互耦阻抗、空域相关性以及平均功率比等参数的显性数学表达式,并据此详细研究存在阵列耦合时,X型极化分集系统分集增益性能随阵列排布夹角而改变的变化趋势。理论分析与计算机数值仿真结果皆表明:引入阵列互耦效应后,X型极化分集阵列的分集增益性能优于不计互耦效应时的阵元夹角范围,将随着交叉极化鉴别度的增大而增大。鉴于实际通信环境大多处于较高交叉极化鉴别度值的情形,故此研究结果可为多输入多输出(MIMO)系统小型化设计提供重要的理论及数值分析参考。     

互耦效应对四元方阵天线阵列信道容量的影响

针对目前广泛研究的直线型排布阵列在来波平均到达角较大时信道容量会急剧下降的事实,提出并重点研究一种具空域对称结构的正方形排列四元天线阵列模型.在首先基于天线理论导出阵元耦合阻抗表达式的基础上,详细分析了引入阵列互耦效应后,阵元接收信号空域相关性及多输入多输出(MIMO)信道容量可能会受到的影响,并在来波角谱均匀分布情形...     

天线互耦对MIMO无线信道性能的影响

基于多天线系统等效网络模型,导出通用耦合系数矩阵,进一步推导天线单元平均接收功率以及空域相关系数的解析式,分析互耦对平均接收功率以及互耦与平均到达角对MIMO无线信道空域相关性及其容量的影响,并给出互耦无影响与天线单元功率平衡以及互耦解相关的条件,最后给出一些数值结果以指导MIMO多天线设计.     

互耦效应对超大规模MIMO天线系统信道容量的影响

超大规模多输入多输出(Multiple-Input Multiple-Output,MIMO)天线系统是6G的关键技术,由于天线单元间距很小,多个天线单元的互耦效应是影响其性能的因素之一。建立了基于石墨烯基贴片天线阵列-子阵列架构的超大规模MIMO天线系统,推导出了互耦效应影响下的信道容量表达式。通过电磁场数值计算仿真了超大规模MIMO天线系统的信道容量,结果表明,在不考虑互耦效应时,超大规模MIMO天线系统的信道容量与子阵列天线单元数、子阵列数以及发射机功率正相关;在互耦效应的影响下,系统的信道容量降低,互耦效应的强弱与子阵列天线单元的间距有关,天线单元间间距越小,相邻天线间的互耦效应越明显,系统的信道容量越小。该仿真结果可以为6G中超大规模MIMO天线系统的设计提供参考。     

基于单次快拍的自适应天线阵互耦效应分析与校正

本文基于天线阵列的单次快拍数据,分析和校正了自适应天线的单元互耦效应.文中首先阐述了基于单次快拍数据的信号处理方法,介绍了构造权矢量法方程的方法,给出了系统恢复期望信号的表达式和形成自适应方向图的公式.采用矩量法互耦分析模型和"前向"方法,分析互耦对系统性能的影响.提出校正互耦的方法,给出了具体的计算方法和简洁的表达式.最后分别模拟了在强、弱干扰的环境下,互耦对系统分辨率和输出方向图的影响,并验证了本文方法校正互耦的效果.     

阵列互耦对极化敏感阵列滤波性能的影响

在阵列互耦条件下,给出了极化敏感阵列接收信号模型;并在形式上把互耦误差分解为正交阵元接收因子误差和阵列接收因子误差,分别代表了阵列接收信号极化信息误差和空间信息误差.给出互耦条件下,信号、干扰空间匹配系数、极化匹配系数和最大SINR的数学表达式.在单干扰源情况下,分析了阵列互耦对极化敏感阵列滤波性能的影响.     

一种阵列互耦矩阵与波达方向的级联估计方法

当阵列天线存在互耦效应时,传统多重信号分类(MUltiple SIgnal Classification, MUSIC)算法的测向性能急剧下降。为了有效估计阵列互耦矩阵(MCM)与入射信号的波达方向(Direction Of Arrival, DOA),该文提出一种阵列互耦矩阵与波达方向的级联估计方法。利用互耦矩阵的结构特点,变换阵列流形,实现对互耦矩阵与DOA的解耦合。求解线性约束下的二次优化问题,利用谱峰搜索,得到阵列互耦矩阵和入射信号DOA,完成互耦误差自校正。通过计算机仿真验证了该文方法估计性能的有效性和优越性。     

阵元位置互质的线性阵列:互耦分析和角度估计

该文研究了阵元位置互质的线性阵列(CLA)的互耦分析和角度估计问题。首先,给出了阵元位置互质的线性阵列的定义,证明了其导向矢量是不模糊的。随后,利用高阶累积量,建立了阵列输出信号的3阶张量模型,并通过张量分解得到导向矢量的估计。最后,利用得到的导向矢量估计,推导了一种无模糊的信号角度估计的方法。CLA可将相邻阵元间的间距设计远大于半波长,因此可显著降低阵列互耦效应。通过阻抗匹配互耦模型比较了CLA和常用典型阵列结构的互耦与角度估计性能,表明了CLA的有效性。     

非理想馈电端口下的共形阵完备互耦分析与校正

针对非理想馈电端口下共形阵列天线的互耦分析和校正问题,该文提出“结构模式互耦”和“天线模式互耦”的概念,其二者的叠加共同导致了共形阵列的完备互耦效应.论文基于全波数值分析和微波网络理论,提出了共形阵列完备互耦的分析和校正方法.最后,通过全波数值仿真分析了非理想匹配馈电下的12元柱面微带共形阵列天线,有效验证了完备互耦校正方法的有效性.     

均匀天线阵列的空间相关性函数分析

推导了均匀圆形阵列与均匀线形阵列的空间相关性函数精确表达式和近似表达式。表达式由天线间距、阵列形状以及到达角分布构成。利用均匀角能量分布,分析均匀圆形阵列与均匀线形阵列的空间相关性精确模型和近似模型,并利用Matlab进行仿真。仿真结果表明,近似分析在一定的条件下可替代精确分析,并可减少74%的运算时间。     

基于电磁矢量传感器的MIMO天线阵列系统研究

将电磁矢量传感器(EVS,electromagnetic vetor sensor)信号处理法与传统MIMO信号处理有机地结合,建立了基于EVS的多天线三维信道模型。采用多重信号分类(MUSIC,multiple signal classification)算法对MIMO的达波信号方向(DOA,direction of arrival)进行空间谱估计,导出基于EVS的三维空间信道解析式,阐明了EVS信号处理与MIMO多径信道相关性的关系。与传统标量传感器阵列(SSA,scalar sensor array)MIMO天线阵列比较,EVS阵列能获取达波信号的多维极化信息,同时具有空间域和极化信号处理能力。因此可缓解空间多径信道相关性,使空间极化分量的相关性趋于零值,而且使MIMO系统性能受空间结构的影响较小。理论分析和仿真结果表明在提高MIMO天线系统性能上,基于EVS阵列的系统比SSA系统具有更高的优越性。     

Spectral efficiency of dual diversity selection combining schemes under correlated Nakagami-0.5 fading with unequal average received SNR

The spectral efficiency results for different adaptive transmission schemes over correlated diversity branches with unequal average signal to noise ratio (SNR) obtained so far in literature are not applicable for Nakagami-0.5 fading channels. In this paper, we investigate the effect of fade correlation and level of imbalance in the branch average received SNR on the spectral efficiency of Nakagami-0.5 fading channels in conjunction with dual-branch selection combining (SC). This paper derived the expressions for the spectral efficiency over correlated Nakagami-0.5 fading channels with unequal average received SNR. This spectral efficiency is evaluated under different adaptive transmission schemes using dual-branch SC diversity scheme. The corresponding expressions for Nakagami-0.5 fading are considered to be the expressions under worst fading conditions. Finally, numerical results are provided to illustrate the spectral efficiency degradation due to channel correlation and unequal average received SNR between the different combined branches under different adaptive transmission schemes. It has been observed that optimal simultaneous power and rate adaptation (OPRA) scheme provides improved spectral efficiency as compared to truncated channel inversion with fixed rate (TIFR) and optimal rate adaptation with constant transmit power (ORA) schemes under worst case fading scenario. It is very interesting to observe that TIFR scheme is always a better choice over ORA scheme under correlated Nakagami-0.5 fading channels with unequal average received SNR.     

Average probability of packet error with diversity reception over arbitrarily correlated fading channels

Closed form expressions for the average probability of packet error (PPE) are presented for no diversity, maximum ratio combining (MRC), selection combining (SC) and switch and stay combining (SSC) diversity schemes. The average PPE for the no diversity case is obtained in two alternative expressions assuming arbitrarily correlated Nakagami and Rician fading channels. For the MRC case, L diversity branches are considered and the channel samples are assumed to follow Nakagami distribution and to be arbitrarily correlated in both time and space. For the SC diversity scheme with L diversity branches, two bounds on the average PPE are derived for both slow and fast fading channels. The average PPE in this case is obtained in an infinite integral form for Nakagami channels while it is reduced to a closed form expression for the Rayleigh case. The average PPE is also derived in the case of SSC diversity with dual branches for both slow and fast Rayleigh fading channels. The new formulas are applicable for all modulation schemes where the conditional probability of error has an exponential dependence on the signal‐to‐noise ratio. The average PPE is then used to obtain a modified expression for the throughput for network protocols. In general, the diversity gain exhibits a little diminishing effect as the number of diversity branches increases. In addition, the system is found to be more sensitive to the space correlation than to the time correlation. The effects of different system parameters and diversity schemes are studied and discussed. Specific figures about the system performance are also provided. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

SINR loss and user selection in massive MU‐MISO systems with ZFBF

Separating highly correlated users can reduce the loss caused by spatial correlation (SC) in multiuser multiple‐input multiple‐output (MU‐MIMO) systems. However, few accurate analyses of the loss caused by SC have been conducted. In this study, we define signal‐to‐interference‐plus‐noise ratio (SINR) loss to characterize it in multiuser multiple‐input single‐output (MU‐MISO) systems, and use coefficient of correlation (CoC) to describe the SC between users. A formula is deduced to show the accurate relation between SINR loss and CoC. Based on this relation, we propose a user selection method that utilizes CoC to minimize the average SINR loss of users in massive MU‐MISO systems. Simulation results verify the correctness of the relation and show that the proposed user selection method is very effective at reducing the loss caused by SC in massive MU‐MISO systems.     

Spatially and temporally correlated MIMO channels: modeling and capacity analysis

Wireless communication systems employing multiple antennas at both the transmitter and receiver have been shown to offer significant gains over single-antenna systems. Recent studies on the capacity of multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) channels have focused on the effect of spatial correlation. The joint effect of spatial and temporal correlation has not been well studied. In this paper, a geometric MIMO channel model is presented, which considers motion of the receiver and nonisotropic scattering at both ends of the radio link. A joint space-time cross-correlation function is derived from this model and variates with this joint correlation are generated by using the vector autoregressive stochastic model. The outage capacity of this channel is considered where the effects of antenna spacing, antenna array angle, degree of nonisotropic scattering, and receiver motion are investigated. When n transmit and n receive antennas are employed, it is shown that the outage capacity still increases linearly with respect to n, despite the presence of spatial and temporal correlation. Furthermore, analytical expressions are derived for the ergodic capacity of a MIMO channel for the cases of spatial correlation at one end and at both ends of the radio link. The latter case does not lend itself to numerical evaluation, but the former case is shown to be accurate by comparison with simulation results. The proposed analysis is very general, as it is based on the transmit and receive antenna correlations matrices.     

On the analysis of peak-to-average ratio (PAR) for IS95 andCDMA2000 systems

Peak-to-average ratio (PAR) of a signal is an important parameter to a linear amplifier because it determines the backoff factor needed to be applied to the amplifier in order to avoid clipping and hence spectral regrowth. In this paper, we analyzed the PAR of the downlink direct code-division multiple-access (DS-CDMA) signal for the IS-95 (2G) and the CDMA2000 (3G) systems. Both the single-carrier (SC) and the multi-carrier (MC) situations are considered. For MC systems, an analytical model is developed to describe the PAR distribution. Closed-form expressions are obtained. Results are compared with simulations, and a nearly exact match is found. This is very useful since simulations for PAR distribution are very costly. Finally, PAR control by synthesis methods are proposed, and their effectiveness are discussed