螺杆泵采油工艺的合理应用

介绍了螺杆泵采油工艺，并从井下管柱配套，转速调整技术，工况测试诊断，直驱式螺杆泵，连续杆装置等方面阐述了螺杆泵采油工艺及其配套技术的应用，同时，分析了螺杆泵采油工艺的未来发展。     

用氧化锌晶须改善稠油冷采中螺杆泵定子的耐磨性能

随着采油工艺技术的不断发展，螺杆泵采油技术在稠油出砂冷采中得到了普遍应用。并取得了巨大的经济效益。但在生产过程中，螺杆泵易因砂磨而失效。这主要是由于砂子的存在。使得泵中的元件发生缓慢的剪切作用。从而造成螺杆泵持续使用寿命平均为10～12月。通过螺杆泵的工作原理，分析了定子在工作过程中的受力状况，列出了造成螺杆泵磨损的因素。得出了螺杆泵的磨损分布规律，进而分析了螺杆泵橡胶定子在稠油携砂冷采中的磨损机理，最后提出了在传统的螺杆泵生产材料丁腈橡胶的基础上，用氧化锌晶须对其进行改性来提高螺杆泵在稠油冷采工况下的耐磨性。     

螺杆泵井高流压的原因及治理方法

螺杆泵采油技术是目前应用较广泛的人工举升采油方式，在油田生产中占有重要位置。由于螺杆泵井是一种特殊的有杆泵采油，不可避免地会出现各种机械故障，再加上管理不到位以及客观因素的影响等，使螺杆泵井出现高流压现象，降低了螺杆泵井产液量。能够及时发现、分析、诊断、处理螺杆泵井在生产过程中出现的高流压状态，将产量影响降低到最小，实现经济效益最大化。     

螺杆泵在粘胶制备应用中存在的问题及改进措施

简要阐述了螺杆泵的应用特点及与其它泵的对比，指出了螺杆泵在粘胶制备应用中存在的问题，并结合生产实际采取了相应的改进措施。通过对螺杆泵材质、结构、机械密封的改进，降低了故障率、提高了使用寿命。     

热采工艺中螺杆泵定子橡胶的研究与应用

随着各大油田对稠油开发日益受到重视，螺杆泵热采工艺已成为各油田针对稠油开采的一个重要的研究方向。稠油井以蒸汽吞吐开采为主，注气后井温较高，为200摄氏度以上，而普通螺杆泵耐温仅为90摄氏度，致使注气后不能直接下泵生产，螺杆泵应用受到很大局限。近年来我国在高温螺杆泵研制方面获得突破性进展，通过在多个油田现场应用，性能基本达到设计及生产要求     

探讨螺杆泵在原油集输中的应用

近年来随着技术的发展，螺杆泵开始越来越多的被广泛应用，本文从螺杆泵技术发展概况和应用范围。工作原理出发进行探讨。     

谈采油机械中螺杆泵的技术应用

石油的开采离开不采油机械，其中螺杆泵在采油技术中应用广泛，优势鲜明，可以降低能源消耗，提升采油效率，能够有效降低采油成本，减少采油环节工序。然而，在采油过程中，螺杆泵常会出现些许问题，诸如井杆、井管的磨损等等，以致于影响采油工程进展。笔者结合自身工作经验分析螺杆泵采油技术常常出现的问题，然后就如何解决谈几点见解。．     

螺杆泵井优化设计模型的建立及优化软件应用效果分析

随着螺杆泵作为新兴的举升方式在国内各油田大规模的推广,螺杆泵井合理的优化设计成为提高螺杆泵井的管理水平的关键。目前螺杆泵井优化设计方法及软件较多,应用比较成熟的有加拿大C—FER公司推出的PC-PUMP软件和东北石油大学开发的《螺杆泵系统优化设计软件》。可对新投产螺杆泵井和在用螺杆泵井进行单井优化和参数优选,本文主要是针对优化设计软件优化模型建立并对软件的实际应用效果进行分析评价,这对提高螺杆泵设计水平及螺杆泵井系统效率,充分发挥螺杆泵工艺的整体技术优势具有重要指导意义。     

螺杆泵采油工艺技术的探讨

在石油开采中，螺杆泵采油工艺具有原油产量高、施工成本低等方面的优点，在原油开采中得到了广泛的应用。基于此本文对螺杆泵采油工艺技术进行探讨。     

螺杆泵制造模式分析及影响因素探讨

将我国螺杆泵制造业现状同国外进行比较,主要从螺杆泵的定子转子结构、加工制造和检验方面寻找与国外螺杆泵制造业之间的差距,对螺杆泵的制造模式可行性进行分析和研究,进一步扩大螺杆泵的生产规模,为我国螺杆泵生产效率的提高提供有力依据。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Novel polyurethane coating technology through glycidyl carbamate chemistry

Glycidyl carbamate chemistry combines the excellent properties of polyurethanes with the crosslinking chemistry of epoxy resins. Glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers were synthesized by the reaction of polyfunctional isocyanate oligomers and glycidol. The oligomers were formulated into coatings with several amine functional crosslinkers at varying stoichiometric ratios and cured at different temperatures. Properties such as solvent resistance, hardness, and impact resistance were dependent on the composition and cure conditions. Most coatings had an excellent combination of properties. Studies were carried out to determine the kinetics of the curing reaction of the glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers with multifunctional and model amines. Detailed kinetic analysis of the curing reactions was also undertaken. The results indicated that the glycidyl carbamate functional group is more reactive than a glycidyl ether group. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, on October 27–29, 2004, in Chicago, IL.     

Highly moisture-proof polysilsesquioxane coating prepared via facile sol-gel process

A highly moisture-proof polysilsesquioxane coating was obtained from a new bis-silylated precursor, which was synthesized from 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) and m-xylylene diisocyanate (m-XDI) in tetrahydrofuran (THF) and verified by ¹H MAS NMR. For direct comparison purposes, an SiO₂ coating was also prepared by the Stöber method using tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) as the reactant. Interestingly, the coating obtained from the polysilsesquioxane sol exhibited a much higher moisture resistance capability than its counterpart, which was attributed to its more compact feature between nanoparticles as characterized by N₂ absorption experiment and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Furthermore, its high transparency of about 92% showed potential for application in the protection of optical crystals.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.