丙交酯与聚乳酸的合成

以D,L-乳酸为单体,氧化锌为催化剂,将乳酸合成D,L丙交酯;再以辛酸亚锡为催化剂,使丙交酯单体开环聚合制备聚乳酸。结果表明,乳酸在130℃、氧化锌质量分数为1.1%时,其粗产品产率大于60%;丙交酯聚合时,辛酸亚锡用量为0.02 mL时,聚合温度为160℃,常压聚合5 h即可得到粘均分子质量为6.0×104的聚乳酸;测试结果表明丙交酯在辛酸亚锡作用下发生了开环反应。     

聚D,L-乳酸的合成及表征

以D，L－乳酸为单体，辛酸亚锡为催化剂，乳酸先缩聚合解聚制备了D，L－丙交酯，并以丙交酯为单体开环本体聚合制备了聚乳酸。用IR、^1H－NMR对丙交酯及聚乳酸的结构加以证实；用TG、DSC测定了聚乳酸的热分解温度和玻璃化温度。测试结果表明，环状丙交酯在辛酸亚锡催化剂作用下发生了开环反应，所得聚合物的热分解温度为233．9℃，玻璃化温度为54．4℃。     

有机锡化合物引发D,L-丙交酯的开环聚合

D,L-丙交酯在有机锡化合物四苯基锡(Ph4Sn)、三正丁基醋酸锡(Bu3SnOAc)、辛酸亚锡(SnOct2)等催化剂引发下开环聚合,得到高分子量的聚D,L-乳酸,讨论了聚合单体D,L-丙交酯纯度、聚合温度、聚合时间、聚合体系真空度以及引发剂有机锡催化剂与聚合单体D,L-丙交酯的比例对聚D,L-乳酸合成的影响,通过红外光谱和核磁共振光谱对聚D,L-乳酸的结构进行了表征。实验结果表明,D,L-丙交酯开环聚合反应的较佳工艺路线是:D,L-丙交酯重结晶5次,聚合温度140℃,聚合时间24 h,聚合体系真空度13.3~133.3 Pa,引发剂有机锡催化剂与单体D,L-丙交酯比例0.2‰~0.5‰,此时聚D,L-乳酸的粘均分子量最高,分别达到32.46×104,33.43×104和41.36×104。     

聚D,L-丙交酯合成方法研究

以辛酸亚锡为催化剂,研究开发了环境友好材料聚D,L-丙交酯(PDLLA)的合成方法。探讨了单体丙交酯纯度、催化剂辛酸亚锡用量、反应时间、反应温度及真空度对聚合物相对分子质量的影响。实验结果表明,重结晶4次后的丙交酯作为单体,在辛酸亚锡摩尔分数为0.1%—0.18%,真空度0.098 MPa,聚合温度150—160℃下聚合6—8 h可获得粘均相对分子质量Mη大于20×104的聚D,L-丙交酯。分别采用FTIR和1H-NMR对产物的结构进行了表征。     

L-丙交酯的制备与聚合研究

首先以L-乳酸为原料，合成了L-丙交酯。考察了解聚温度对L-丙交酯产率的影响。结果表明，当解聚温度超过235℃时，丙交酯的构型发生变化，所得产物为现．丙交酯；然后以辛酸亚锡为催化剂，以开环聚合的方法合成了聚L-乳酸，研究了催化剂的用量、聚合时间、聚合温度对聚L-乳酸摩尔质量的影响。     

开环聚合法合成聚乳酸的研究

采用D,L-乳酸为原料,在丙交酯合成工艺中,以ZnO/Sn(Oct)2为催化剂,用量为反应物总质量的2.0%,同时采用减压气流法,能使丙交酯的收率高达39.2%;在丙交酯开环聚合工艺中,反应温度为160℃,制备出聚乳酸的分子量达到8.9×104。使用微机熔点仪、红外光谱(IR)分别对丙交酯的纯度与聚乳酸的结构进行了表征。     

2-乙基己酸亚锡催化合成丙交酯的合成工艺研究

丙交酯是以乳酸为原料制备高分子量聚乳酸的中间体。研究以2-乙基己酸亚锡为催化剂,以D,L-乳酸为原料,在催化剂存在下通过脱水环化合成D,L-丙交酯。研究了催化剂用量、脱水时间、解聚温度对丙交酯产率的影响。实验结果表明,采用2-乙基己酸亚锡为催化剂,最佳催化剂用量为1.3%,最佳脱水温度为140℃,最佳解聚时间为90 min。用乙醇作为重结晶溶剂,可获得总产率达25.3%的纯D,L-丙交酯。通过熔点、红外光谱(IR)对产品进行了表征。     

L-丙交酯的合成研究

L丙-交酯产率偏低是制约聚-L-乳酸大规模应用的关键因素之一,寻找合理的催化剂是其中的关键技术。分别采用氧化锌(ZnO)、辛酸亚锡[Sn(Oct)2]、氧化锌/辛酸亚锡[ZnO/Sn(Oct)2]、三氧化二铝/辛酸亚锡[A l2O3/Sn(Oct)2]催化剂合成L-丙交酯。实验结果表明,催化剂的种类和用量对L-丙交酯的收率有显著的影响。以A l2O3/Sn(Oct)2为催化剂,用量为反应物总质量的2.03%时催化效果较好,能使L-丙交酯的收率高达70.5%。     

链转移剂对D,L-乳酸聚合的影响

采用两步法合成了聚D,L-乳酸,即以D,L-乳酸为原料。先制得高纯度聚合单体丙交酯,再以辛酸亚锡为引发剂,月桂醇为链转移剂(即相对分子质量调节剂),高真空条件下开环聚合制得了一系列不同相对分子质量的乳酸均聚物。分别以引发剂用量、链转移剂用量、聚合温度和聚合时间为因素进行正交实验设计,确定了制备较高相对分子质量聚乳酸的反应条件：辛酸亚锡质量分数为0．1％,月桂醇质量分数为0．04％,聚合温度为130℃,聚合时间为10h。在170℃下,考察了链转移剂用量对聚乳酸相对分子质量的影响．得到了聚乳酸相对分子质量与链转移剂用量的定量关系式。用凝胶渗透色谱、红外光谱、核磁共振氢谱等对聚乳酸的结构和性质进行了表征。     

生物可吸收材料PDLLA的聚合条件研究

通过乳酸脱水合成出高纯度的D,L 丙交酯。以辛酸亚锡为引发剂,进行丙交酯开环聚合为聚乳酸(PDL LA)的实验研究。讨论了D,L 丙交酯开环聚合的影响因素和PDLLA聚合条件。     

乙烯酮(双乙烯酮)下游产品废水的治理技术

乙烯酮(双乙烯酮)是十分重要的化工中间体,其下游产品较多。江苏某化工厂开发生产乙烯酮(双乙烯酮)下游产品三十多个,年生产规模三万多吨,是国内以乙烯酮(双乙烯酮)为中间体生产精细化学品的综合骨干企业。针对乙烯酮(双乙烯酮)下游产品废水特点,该厂结合企业实际,开展了产品优化,结构调整,清洁生产,资源循环利用,节水降耗等工作,从源头削减了污染物的生产。同时投资二千多万元新建预处理装置三套,6000m3/d废水生化处理装置一套,使全厂乙烯酮(双乙烯酮)下游产品的废水得到了有效的治理。     

几种乙炔加压设备性能的比较

阐述并比较了几种加压设备在乙炔加压清净过程中的性能和特点。     

三种煤样燃烧热的测定

本文通过三个厂家提供的三种煤样燃烧热的测定,由测定结果综合得出3号煤样燃烧最完全、燃烧热也最大,是三个煤样中最好的一种。     

Semi-empirical equation of state of metals. Equation of state of aluminum

A semi-empirical equation of state for metals is described. Its capabilities are demonstrated by the example of the equation of state for aluminum. New experimental data are presented on the location of the isentrope of aluminum for unloading from the state at p = 229.71 GPa on the shock adiabat to an aerogel (SiO₂) of density 0.08 g/cm³. __________ Translated from Fizika Goreniya i Vzryva, Vol. 44, No. 2, pp. 61–75, March–April, 2008.     

水泥水化热测定方法综述

水泥水化热是中、低热水泥和核电工程用水泥的一项关键的技术指标。全球范围内测定水泥水化热的方法有溶解法、直接法/半绝热法、等温传导量热法三种。本文总结了中、美、欧相关方法标准,对其测试原理、仪器设备、试验过程等方面进行了比对,并对其在领域的应用做了简单的概括。     

小议汽车涂装工艺设计对涂装成本的影响

论述了涂装工艺设计对涂装设备投资、涂装生产成本的影响。     

Measurement of the gradient of viscosity with composition of mixtures of non-ideal gases

A perturbation viscometer is a differential capillary viscometer that measures the logarithmic viscosity gradient of the viscosity-composition curve for gas mixtures. Measurements are made at different gas mixture compositions. Integration of the logarithmic viscosity gradients measured over the full composition range gives the mixture viscosity relative to the viscosity of one of the pure components of the gas mixture. This method is attractive because, for measurements of equal precision, integration of the gradients is potentially an order of magnitude more precise than measurement of the viscosities directly. It can also work at high and low temperatures and perhaps high pressures.The perturbation viscometer has been used to make measurements on ideal gas mixtures at ambient and elevated temperatures. The situation is more complicated when the gas mixtures are non-ideal. Extra effects due to density differences, molar volume change on mixing and differential thermal expansion may be measured in addition to the desired viscosity change producing systematic errors in the results. Thus, a more sophisticated apparatus is required. The standard perturbation viscometer has been modified to separate out the extra effects to permit measurement of the true change in viscosity. In addition, the theoretical operation of the modified apparatus has been revised to account for the design changes to permit calculation of the viscosity-composition profiles from the results.The apparatus has been tested using helium-HFC-125 mixtures and two new viscosity-composition profiles are presented for these mixtures at 23 and . Internal consistency tests have been used to confirm that the data produced are of high quality with an estimated uncertainty in the viscosity ratio data at of 0.9% and at of 1.5%.     

Calorimetric and Computational Study of Enthalpy of Formation of Diperoxide of Cyclohexanone

A thermochemical rather simple experimental technique is applied to determine the enthalpy of formation of Diperoxide of ciclohexanone. The study is complemented with suitable theoretical calculations at the semiempirical and ab initio levels. A particular satisfactory agreement between both ways is found for the ab initio calculation at the 6–311G basis This set level. Some possible extensions of the present procedure are pointed out.     

塔设备改造选型的分析

就当前扩产增容中塔设备设计和改造时板式塔和填料塔的选型问题加以分析。在评述目前国内常用的几种塔板和新型填料之后，着重介绍一种新型塔板（导向梯形浮阀塔板）和一种新型填料（波环填料——乾隆帕克）。     

Effect of degree of deacetylation of chitin on the properties of chitin crystallites

In the present article, chitin from crab shell was systematically deacetylated using a NaOH treatment with control of the reaction time. The degree of deacetylation, monitored using solid-state NMR, revealed that the reaction was pseudo-first order. Based on this, swollen and NaOH-saturated particles are proposed as the reaction system. The weight loss of the partially saponified and neutralized samples after HCl hydrolysis increased linearly with the degree of deacetylation. The crystallinity of the samples was found to increase after acid hydrolysis. According to conductimetric titration, the surface charge density of the crystallites, after acid hydrolysis, was found to increase with base treatment time. The effect of surface charge on the formation of a chiral nematic phase, due to the rodlike nature of the crystallites, was explored. These results show that because the contribution of charged particles to the ionic strength was significant the double layer compression was affected, especially since the surface charge density was close to the Manning limit. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 65:373–380, 1997