改进的基于卡尔曼滤波的非均匀性校正算法

本文研究的对象是针对红外焦平面阵列探测单元响应的非线性对非均匀性校正精度的影响,提出了改进的基于卡尔曼滤波的非均匀性校正算法.该算法的研究方法是采用探测器响应的分段线性模型,对基于卡尔曼滤波器非均匀性校正算法进行扩展和改进,其结果能有效地克服红外焦平面阵列探测单元响应特性的非线性对校正精度的影响.实验结论表明,改进后的算法在一定程度上解决了探测器偏置和增益随时间漂移以及响应非线性影响非均匀性校正性能的问题,获得了较好的非均匀性校正效果.     

利用FPGA实现红外焦平面阵列实时非均匀性校正

实时非均匀性校正是红外成像的一项关键技术。根据红外焦平面阵列探测元光谱响应的特点和基于参照源的两点温标非均匀性校正理论，提出一种利用FPGA硬件实现红外焦平面阵列实时非均匀性两点校正的新方法。该方法动态范围大、处理速度快，适用于红外成像系统实时图像处理场合。仿真和实验结果证明是可行的。     

红外焦平面阵列非均匀性嵌入式实时校正技术

红外焦平面阵列(IRFPA)成像是当今红外成像技术发展的主流方向,然而IRFPA特有的非均匀性严重地限制了系统的成像质量.针对红外焦平面阵列在进行非均匀性校正中所涉及的运算量和数据量庞大、实时处理难于实现的特点,本文提出采用高速TMS320C6000系列DSP为核心的嵌入式硬件系统,结合分段线性和分段二次多项式算法,阐述了硬件设计和实现步骤,并给出实验结果,结果表明本系统完全满足实时高精度校正的要求.     

红外焦平面阵列非均匀性嵌入式实时校正技术

红外焦平面阵列（IRFPA）成像是当今红外成像技术发展的主流方向,然而IRFPA特有的非均匀性严重地限制了系统的成像质量。针对红外焦平面阵列在进行非均匀性校正中所涉及的运算量和数据量庞大、实时处理难于实现的特点,本文提出采用高速TMS320C6000系列DSP为核心的嵌入式硬件系统,结合分段线性和分段二次多项式算法,阐述了硬件设计和实现步骤,并给出实验结果,结果表明本系统完全满足实时高精度校正的要求。     

非均匀校正技术算法分析与实时系统设计

为获得良好的红外焦平面阵列非均匀校正效果,讨论了非均匀性的来源、噪声类型和目前基于定标,基于场景的常用非均匀校正方法.对修正的时域高通滤波、改进的神经元网络等利用场景信息来估计探测器参数的校正算法进行了仿真效果和实时性能的分析与评价.同时设计了一种以TMS320DM642为处理核心的小型低功耗DSP硬件系统平台,描述了系统流程和实时实现策略,为红外焦平面系统提供了一条有效的实现路径.     

制冷红外焦平面阵列响应特性的研究

文章分析了制冷红外焦平面阵列（IRFPA）的响应模型及响应特性,利用恒温黑体采集某320＊256长波红外焦平面阵列在不同辐射下的响应数据得到其非线性响应曲线,然后讨论分析响应曲线,在实际应用中划分不同的线性响应段,通过调整合适的积分时间结合两点温度定标法对图像的非均匀性进行线性校正,效果良好。     

基于维纳滤波的红外焦平面非均匀性校正算法

针对焦平面阵列上各探测单元光电响应的非均匀性,本文使用了维纳滤波技术来实现红外焦平面阵列非均匀校正.该方法首先根据实际情况确定一个输出延迟,然后采用维纳滤波并借助前后帧信息对当前帧进行多次估计,最后取其均值作为此帧的最终校正结果.文中使用了真实红外图像对算法性能进行验证,由于能够充分利用过去和将来的场景信息,因而本算法可以有效地去除原图像上的固定图案噪声.     

基于边缘检测的神经网络非均匀性校正及硬件实现

红外焦平面探测器的非均匀性校正技术仍然是当前红外热成像系统重点研究的关键技术之一。相对定标类算法,基于场景非均匀性校正根据场景进行非均匀参数更新,不需要使用挡板遮挡视场。本文介绍传统神经网络非均匀性校正算法及加快收敛速度的改进措施,引入边缘检测方法来克服传统神经网络算法的鬼影问题。文中阐述的方法已在以TMS320DM643为处理核心DSP硬件处理平台上实现,取得了较好的校正效果。     

自适应时间常数的时域高通滤波校正算法

针对时域高通滤波非均匀性校正算法中存在只对偏移响应系数进行校正、难以选取合适的时间常数以及滤波后图像细节不清晰等问题,本文通过分析时间常数对算法校正效果的影响,提出了一种改进的时域高通滤波非均匀性校正算法。首先采用离线采集的非均匀性噪声底图对红外焦平面阵列的原始输出图像进行预处理,去除部分固定模式噪声,保证了增益的均匀性;然后通过运动检测环节判断场景运动是否充分,根据运动程度自适应选取时间常数构造低通滤波器;最后运用高频提升滤波达到提升红外图像整体的亮度和增强目标细节的效果。对真实的红外视频图像实验表明,通过自适应选取时间常数有效地抑制了目标退化和伪像现象,且算法的收敛速度快,校正后图像细节清晰,有利于工程实时应用。     

一种新的红外焦平面器件非均匀性自适应校正算法

红外焦平面阵列（IRFPA）器件普遍存在着响应度的非均匀性问题,而且这种非均匀性随时间和环境改变会发生缓慢变化,目前常用的一次性校正算法不能适应这种变化,同时由于图像场景的多样性,现有的统计校正算法也存在着一定的适应性问题。本文结合图像运动分析中的光流技术,提出了一种新的基于场景的连续校正算法,该算法具有较好的自适应性能。     

Correction of photoresponse nonuniformity for matrix detectors based on prior compensation for their nonlinear behavior

What we believe to be a novel procedure to correct the nonuniformity that is inherent in all matrix detectors has been developed and experimentally validated. This correction method, unlike other nonuniformity-correction algorithms, consists of two steps that separate two of the usual problems that affect characterization of matrix detectors, i.e., nonlinearity and the relative variation of the pixels' responsivity across the array. The correction of the nonlinear behavior remains valid for any illumination wavelength employed, as long as the nonlinearity is not due to power dependence of the internal quantum efficiency. This method of correction of nonuniformity permits the immediate calculation of the correction factor for any given power level and for any illuminant that has a known spectral content once the nonuniform behavior has been characterized for a sufficient number of wavelengths. This procedure has a significant advantage compared with other traditional calibration-based methods, which require that a full characterization be carried out for each spectral distribution pattern of the incident optical radiation. The experimental application of this novel method has achieved a 20-fold increase in the uniformity of a CCD array for response levels close to saturation.     

Scene-based nonuniformity correction technique that exploits knowledge of the focal-plane array readout architecture

Spatial fixed-pattern noise is a common and major problem in modern infrared imagers owing to the nonuniform response of the photodiodes in the focal plane array of the imaging system. In addition, the nonuniform response of the readout and digitization electronics, which are involved in multiplexing the signals from the photodiodes, causes further nonuniformity. We describe a novel scene based on a nonuniformity correction algorithm that treats the aggregate nonuniformity in separate stages. First, the nonuniformity from the readout amplifiers is corrected by use of knowledge of the readout architecture of the imaging system. Second, the nonuniformity resulting from the individual detectors is corrected with a nonlinear filter-based method. We demonstrate the performance of the proposed algorithm by applying it to simulated imagery and real infrared data. Quantitative results in terms of the mean absolute error and the signal-to-noise ratio are also presented to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed algorithm. One advantage of the proposed algorithm is that it requires only a few frames to obtain high-quality corrections.     

Improved neural network based scene-adaptive nonuniformity correction method for infrared focal plane arrays

An improved scene-adaptive nonuniformity correction (NUC) algorithm for infrared focal plane arrays (IRFPAs) is proposed. This method simultaneously estimates the infrared detectors' parameters and eliminates the nonuniformity causing fixed pattern noise (FPN) by using a neural network (NN) approach. In the learning process of neuron parameter estimation, the traditional LMS algorithm is substituted with the newly presented variable step size (VSS) normalized least-mean square (NLMS) based adaptive filtering algorithm, which yields faster convergence, smaller misadjustment, and lower computational cost. In addition, a new NN structure is designed to estimate the desired target value, which promotes the calibration precision considerably. The proposed NUC method reaches high correction performance, which is validated by the experimental results quantitatively tested with a simulative testing sequence and a real infrared image sequence.     

Optimized algorithm for the spatial nonuniformity correction of an imaging system based on a charge-coupled device color camera

We present an optimized linear algorithm for the spatial nonuniformity correction of a CCD color camera's imaging system and the experimental methodology developed for its implementation. We assess the influence of the algorithm's variables on the quality of the correction, that is, the dark image, the base correction image, and the reference level, and the range of application of the correction using a uniform radiance field provided by an integrator cube. The best spatial nonuniformity correction is achieved by having a nonzero dark image, by using an image with a mean digital level placed in the linear response range of the camera as the base correction image and taking the mean digital level of the image as the reference digital level. The response of the CCD color camera's imaging system to the uniform radiance field shows a high level of spatial uniformity after the optimized algorithm has been applied, which also allows us to achieve a high-quality spatial nonuniformity correction of captured images under different exposure conditions.     

Scene-based nonuniformity correction and enhancement: pixel statistics and subpixel motion

We propose a framework for scene-based nonuniformity correction (NUC) and nonuniformity correction and enhancement (NUCE) that is required for focal-plane array-like sensors to obtain clean and enhanced-quality images. The core of the proposed framework is a novel registration-based nonuniformity correction super-resolution (NUCSR) method that is bootstrapped by statistical scene-based NUC methods. Based on a comprehensive imaging model and an accurate parametric motion estimation, we are able to remove severe/structured nonuniformity and in the presence of subpixel motion to simultaneously improve image resolution. One important feature of our NUCSR method is the adoption of a parametric motion model that allows us to (1) handle many practical scenarios where parametric motions are present and (2) carry out perfect super-resolution in principle by exploring available subpixel motions. Experiments with real data demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed NUCE framework and the effectiveness of the NUCSR method.     

Correction for detector uniformity of a gamma-ray telescope using coded aperture imaging

A hard X-ray/medium energy gamma-ray telescope is being developed using coded aperture imaging. The image recorded on the detector has to be corrected before being cross-correlated, because it suffers from nonuniformity which generates large defects in the reconstructed image. A correction method has been developed and tested with the help of a laboratory model of the experiment.     

基于NIOSII的红外图像实时非均匀性校正

实时红外图像非均匀性校正是红外热成像系统的基础.采用Altera公司的NIOSII嵌入式软核CPU技术,提出了一种基于非线性拟合的实时校正方法以及利用FPGA为核心的硬件实现途径.针对校正中耗时的算法用FPGA中模块完成,采用NIOSII处理器的自定制指令,使FPGA的并行性和DSP的灵活性完美结合在一起,极大的提高了系统的性能.该方法动态范围大,系统仅采用一片FPGA芯片,使得系统小型化成为可能.介绍了硬件电路的原理图以及工作过程并给出实验结果.实验证明了这种方法的优越性,并取得了满意的实验结果.     

Generalized algebraic scene-based nonuniformity correction algorithm

A generalization of a recently developed algebraic scene-based nonuniformity correction algorithm for focal plane array (FPA) sensors is presented. The new technique uses pairs of image frames exhibiting arbitrary one- or two-dimensional translational motion to compute compensator quantities that are then used to remove nonuniformity in the bias of the FPA response. Unlike its predecessor, the generalization does not require the use of either a blackbody calibration target or a shutter. The algorithm has a low computational overhead, lending itself to real-time hardware implementation. The high-quality correction ability of this technique is demonstrated through application to real IR data from both cooled and uncooled infrared FPAs. A theoretical and experimental error analysis is performed to study the accuracy of the bias compensator estimates in the presence of two main sources of error.     

便携式 X-射线透视仪图像非均匀性分析及校正

从射线场强度的非均匀性、转换屏响应不一致性和 CCD 相机像元光电响应不一致性三方面对便携式X射线透视仪图像非均匀性的产生机理进行了理论分析. 并在此基础上建立了透视仪每个像元通道光电响应的数学模型. 基于该模型,提出了一种多点线性拟合校正算法. 给出了应用本方法校正前后的图像结果及标准差对比情况. 本方法已应用于便携式安检排爆 X-射线检测系统.